CBSE Textbook Solutions: Law and Sustainable Development | Legal Studies for Class 12 - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

Based on your understanding, answer the following questions:

Q1. What is the meaning of sustainable development? What does it aim to achieve?
Ans: Sustainable development is defined as economic development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This concept emphasizes a balanced approach to growth, ensuring that environmental integrity is maintained while fostering economic progress.

• Environmental Protection: Reducing pollution and conserving natural resources.
• Economic Growth: Promoting economic activities that are environmentally sustainable.
• Social Equity: Ensuring equal opportunities for all individuals.
• Long-term Viability: Creating systems that can sustain themselves over time.

The aim of sustainable development is to achieve long-term economic growth while ensuring environmental protection and social equity. This holistic approach seeks to create a better quality of life for all, emphasizing the need for responsible resource management and community participation in decision-making processes.

Q2. When and why was the SDG Framework adopted? How can these SDGs be achieved? 
Ans: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework was adopted by the United Nations in 2015 during the 70th session of the General Assembly. This initiative was established to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. The overarching aim is to ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.
How to Achieve SDGs

• Collaboration: Engage governments, civil society, and the private sector to foster partnerships.
• Innovation: Utilize technology and innovative practices to solve complex problems.
• Investment: Mobilize financial resources to support sustainable projects and initiatives.
• Education: Promote awareness and understanding of sustainable practices among communities.
• Monitoring: Implement systems to track progress and ensure accountability.

Q3. Identify the SDG goals which provide for protection of environment. 
Ans: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encompass several objectives aimed at protecting the environment. Key goals include:

• Goal 13: Climate Action - Urges urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
• Goal 14: Life Below Water - Focuses on conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources.
• Goal 15: Life on Land - Aims to protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, manage forests sustainably, and combat desertification.
• Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production - Encourages sustainable practices to reduce waste generation and promote resource efficiency.

These goals collectively aim to foster a sustainable relationship between society and the environment, ensuring that natural resources are preserved for future generations. Achieving these goals requires collaboration among nations, communities, and individuals to implement effective environmental policies and practices.

Q4. Describe the legal framework in India for environment protection
Ans: The legal framework for environment protection in India is primarily governed by several key legislations aimed at safeguarding the environment. These include:

• Environment Protection Act, 1986
• Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
• National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
• Energy Conservation Act, 2001

Enacted in response to the Bhopal Tragedy, the Environment Protection Act of 1986 serves as an umbrella legislation that coordinates various environmental efforts across central and state authorities. It mandates the government to implement international environmental decisions and emphasizes the duty of every citizen to protect the environment, as enshrined in Article 51A(g) of the Constitution. This comprehensive legal framework aims to address environmental degradation and promote sustainable development in India.

Q5. What are the main functions of 
(a) Central Pollution Control Board 
(b) State Pollution Control Board
Ans: 
(a) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

• Promote cleanliness of water bodies and improve air quality.
• Set standards for water and air quality.
• Advise the government on pollution control measures.
• Coordinate nationwide programs for pollution prevention.
• Conduct research and provide technical assistance.

The CPCB, established under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, plays a crucial role in safeguarding environmental health. It focuses on preventing and controlling pollution through regulatory measures and public awareness initiatives.

(b) State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)

• Implement environmental laws at the state level.
• Issue necessary authorizations for businesses.
• Promote sustainable development and effective waste management.
• Conduct training programs for pollution control.
• Raise public awareness about environmental protection.

SPCBs operate under the supervision of the CPCB, ensuring that local industries comply with environmental regulations. Their efforts are vital for maintaining ecological balance and promoting responsible industrial practices.