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| 1. What were the main features of the Indian economy on the eve of independence? |  |
Ans. On the eve of independence in 1947, the Indian economy was characterized by several key features: it was predominantly agrarian, with around 70% of the population engaged in agriculture. The economy was largely underdeveloped, with low industrialization and a significant portion of the population living in poverty. The British colonial rule had focused on the extraction of resources, leading to widespread unemployment and a lack of investment in infrastructure. Additionally, India faced issues such as poor educational facilities, inadequate transportation networks, and a dependency on British markets for its goods.
| 2. How did British colonial policies affect the Indian economy? | |
Ans. British colonial policies had a profound negative impact on the Indian economy. The focus on cash crops for export led to food shortages and famine, as local needs were often ignored. The British imposed heavy taxes on Indian farmers, resulting in widespread poverty and indebtedness. Industrial growth was stunted as British interests were prioritized, leading to the deindustrialization of traditional Indian industries. Moreover, the extraction of wealth from India to Britain resulted in significant economic drain, leaving the Indian economy weak and under-resourced.
| 3. What role did agriculture play in the Indian economy before independence? | |
Ans. Agriculture played a central role in the Indian economy before independence, providing employment to a majority of the population and contributing significantly to the national income. However, the agricultural sector faced numerous challenges, including outdated farming techniques, lack of irrigation, and dependency on monsoons. The British policies often exacerbated these issues by favoring cash crops over food crops, leading to food insecurity and economic instability. Despite its importance, agriculture was neglected in terms of investment and modernization, limiting its potential for growth.
| 4. What were the economic challenges faced by India at the time of independence? | |
Ans. At the time of independence, India faced several economic challenges, including widespread poverty, high unemployment rates, and a lack of industrial infrastructure. The economy was heavily reliant on agriculture, which was often unproductive due to outdated practices and inadequate support. Additionally, the partition of India in 1947 led to further economic strain, with the displacement of populations and disruption of trade. The need for rapid industrialization and development was urgent, as was the challenge of creating a self-sufficient economy free from colonial influence.
| 5. How did the legacy of the colonial economy influence post-independence economic policies in India? | |
Ans. The legacy of the colonial economy significantly influenced post-independence economic policies in India. The government aimed to rectify the imbalances created by colonial rule by focusing on self-sufficiency and industrialization. Policies were directed towards land reforms, promoting agriculture, and establishing state-led industrial initiatives. The emphasis was on mixed economy models, combining public and private sectors to achieve growth. Additionally, the need to develop human capital and infrastructure was recognized as vital for overcoming the challenges inherited from colonialism.
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