Physical Geography Chapter Notes | Social Studies for Grade 4 PDF Download

Introduction

Earth's Land Features Using Photographs

• Mountains are tall, rocky areas that rise high above the ground.
• Hills are smaller than mountains and have gentle slopes.
• Valleys are low areas between mountains or hills, often with rivers flowing through them.
• Plains are flat, wide-open areas with few trees, good for farming.
• Plateaus are flat, raised areas higher than the land around them.
• Canyons are deep, narrow valleys with steep sides, often carved by rivers.
• Deserts are dry areas with little rain and sandy or rocky surfaces.
• Forests are areas with many trees and plants, home to animals.
• Photographs show clear details of these features, like their shapes and colors.
• Photographs help us see how land features look up close, like the roughness of mountains or the green of forests.

Earth's Land Features Using Satellite Images

• Satellite images show land features from high above the Earth.
• Mountains look like rough, bumpy areas in satellite images.
• Plains appear as large, flat, and smooth areas from space.
• Valleys show up as long, narrow dips between higher lands.
• Plateaus look like flat, raised patches in satellite views.
• Deserts appear as sandy or light-colored areas with little green.
• Forests show as dark green patches because of many trees.
• Rivers look like thin, winding lines flowing through the land.
• Satellite images help us see how land features are spread out over large areas.
• These images show patterns, like how rivers flow or where forests grow.

Oceans and Continents

• Oceans are huge bodies of saltwater that cover most of the Earth's surface.
• Continents are large land areas where people, animals, and plants live.
• There are five major oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic.
• There are seven continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.
• Oceans are much bigger than continents and connect them.
• Continents have different shapes, sizes, and types of land features.
• Oceans are deep and home to many sea creatures like fish and whales.
• Continents have rivers, mountains, and forests, while oceans have waves and currents.
• The Earth’s surface is about 71% water (oceans) and 29% land (continents).
• Oceans and continents together make up the Earth’s surface.