Elements and Principles of Visual Art and Design Chapter Notes | Cultural & Creative Arts for JSS 2 PDF Download

Introduction

Visual art and design are built using certain basic ingredients, just like a recipe needs flour, sugar, and water to prepare halwā. In the same way, an artwork is created by combining different elements such as point, line, shape, colour, texture, value, and space. When these elements are arranged thoughtfully, they form a meaningful visual expression. Along with the elements, the principles of design guide the arrangement to bring harmony, balance, and beauty into the artwork.

Elements of Visual Art and Design

• Point: A point is the smallest element in any visual composition. It is a single dot that can form the basis of more complex structures.
• Line: A line is the visible path that connects two points. Lines can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, dashed, wavy, zigzag, or any other variation. They also differ in thickness.
• Shape and Form:
  • Shape: A shape is a two-dimensional area defined by a boundary, which can be geometric (like circles, squares) or organic (like free-flowing, irregular forms).
  • Form: A form is a three-dimensional version of a shape. It occupies space and has depth, such as a sphere or cube.
• Texture: Texture can be both visual and physical. It refers to the surface quality of an object, which can be felt through touch (like rough or smooth) or perceived visually (through patterns).
• Colour: Colour is the result of light reflecting off a surface. It can be natural (like those found in nature) or synthetic (created in labs for pigments and dyes).
• Value or Tone: This refers to the lightness or darkness of a colour. By adding white or black, you can create tints or shades of a colour, which helps in creating depth and contrast in artworks.
• Space: Space is where elements are arranged within the artwork. It can be divided into positive space (where elements are placed) and negative space (the empty space around the elements).

Shadanga

Shadanga refers to the six limbs of art as described in the Vishnudharmottara Purana. It provides guidance on combining visual elements aesthetically, similar to combining ingredients in the right proportion for cooking.

• Roopabhedah: Difference between forms.
• Pramānāni: Measurement and structure.
• Bhāva: Expression and emotion.
• Lāvanya Yojanam: Aesthetic composition and grace in art.
• Sādrishyam: Similitude and resemblance.
• Varnikabhangam: Use of tools and colours.

Principles of Visual Art and Design

• Unity and Harmony: These are created by combining elements in a way that is visually appealing and cohesive. The elements should work together to create a pleasing overall effect.
• Balance: Balance refers to the visual stability of an artwork. It can be symmetrical (equal elements on both sides) or asymmetrical (different elements balanced in a unique way).
• Rhythm and Movement: Rhythm guides the viewer’s eyes through the artwork in an engaging way. This can be achieved through repeated patterns, shapes, or lines.
• Emphasis: Emphasis is created by making one element stand out more than the others. This draws attention to a specific part of the artwork, like a bright colour or an intricate detail.
• Proportion: Proportion is the relationship between different elements in an artwork. It refers to the size and scale of objects relative to each other, contributing to the harmony and beauty of the composition.
• Hierarchy: Hierarchy refers to the order of importance within the artwork. The most important elements are given the most space or attention, guiding the viewer’s focus.