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India and the Contemporary World-II (The Age of Industrialisation)
Q.1: Explain the following:
(a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of eighteenth century.
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.
Ans: (a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny because it could spin many spindles with one wheel. This increased productivity and led to decrease in employment of women for spinning. Angry women therefore, attacked the machine.
(b) The trade and commerce guild controlled the market, raw materials, employees, and also production of goods in the towns. This created problems for merchants who wanted to increase production by employing more men. Therefore, they turned to peasants and artisans who lived in villages.
(c) By the end of 18th century the port of Surat declined mainly because of the growing power of the European Companies in India. These European Companies gradually gained power and started to control sea-trade in India. They secured a variety of concessions which they obtained from local courts and by gaining monopoly rights to trade. These companies did not want to use the old ports of Surat, Masulipatnam, and Hooghly etc. In stead they developed the port of Bombay.
(d) As the East India Company established political power in India, it wanted to further assert a monopoly right to cotton textile silk trade. The Company’s objective was to develop a system of management and direct control over the weavers so that it could eliminate competition over costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. They did this through a series of steps. So, with this aim they appointed ‘gomasthas’ as their paid servants to supervise weavers, ensure timely supplies, examine the quality of cloth and also advanced loans to weavers.
Q.2: Write True or False against each statement.
(a) At the end of 19th century, 80% of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the 18th century.
(c) The American civil war resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
(d) The introduction of fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity.
Ans: (a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T
Q.3: Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.
Ans: ‘Proto’ means the first or early form of something. By proto-industrialisation historians refer to the period in which Europe and England produced goods for the international market, on a large scale, even before there were factories. Thus, proto-industrialisation is meant for the phase of industrialisation when handmade products were produced for the industrial market.
Q.4: Why did some industrialists in 19th century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
Ans: Some industrialists in 19th century Europe prefer hand labour over machines due to the following reasons:
a. Machines were costly, ineffective, difficult to repair, and needed huge capital investments.
b. Labour was available at low wages at that period of time.
c. In seasonal industries only seasonal labour was required.
d. Market demands of variety of designs and colour and specific type could not be fulfilled by machine made clothes. Intricate designs and colours could be done by human-skills only.
e. In Victorian age, the aristocrats and other upper class people preferred articles made by hand only.
Q.5: How did East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
Ans: After establishing political power in India, the East India Company tried to acquire a monthly right to cotton textile and silk goods trade. It also started to procure regular supplies of these goods from Indian weavers. This could be achieved by tem after taking a series of steps. First, they established their management and a direct control over the weavers by appointing their paid servants called gomasthas. Gomasthas supervised weavers, examined the quality of goods and ensured regular supplies.
Second, the Company prevented weavers from dealing with their buyers by giving them ‘advances’ against purchase orders. Thus, the weavers after taking loans could not sell their cloth to any other trader and had to work under the Company’s gomasthas.
Q.6: Why did industrial production in India increase during First World War?
Ans: India witnessed increased industrial production during the First World War due to following reasons:
(i) British industries became busy in producing and supplying war-needs. Hence, they stopped exporting British goods or clothes for colonial markets like that in India.
(ii) It was a good opportunity for Indian industries to fill in empty Indian markets with their products. It was done so. Therefore, industrial production in India increased.
(iii) Also the British colonial government asked Indian factories to supply the war needs like - jute bags, cloth or army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddle, etc.
(iv) The increased demands of variety of products led to the setting up of new factories and old ones increased their production.
(v) Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours.
These were the various reasons responsible for the boom in the industrial production in India during the First World War.
FAQs on NCERT Solution - The Age of Industrialisation - Class 10
| 1. What is the Age of Industrialisation and why is it significant? |  |
Ans. The Age of Industrialisation refers to the period in history when there was a significant shift from handmade goods to machine-made goods. It began in the 18th century and brought about major changes in the economic and social structures of societies. This period is significant because it marked the beginning of a rapid industrial revolution, leading to mass production, urbanization, and technological advancements.
| 2. What were the key factors that led to the Industrial Revolution? | |
Ans. There were several key factors that led to the Industrial Revolution. Firstly, the availability of natural resources like coal and iron played a crucial role in providing the necessary raw materials for industries. Secondly, the advancements in technology, particularly in the textile industry with the invention of the spinning jenny and power loom, contributed to the industrialization process. Additionally, the growth of trade and colonization, access to overseas markets, and the accumulation of capital also played a significant role in driving the Industrial Revolution.
| 3. How did the Industrial Revolution impact the working class? | |
Ans. The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on the working class. While it led to increased production and economic growth, it also resulted in harsh working conditions, long working hours, and low wages for workers. The introduction of machinery often replaced skilled artisans' jobs, leading to unemployment and poverty. The working class faced overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions in urban areas, which further worsened their quality of life. The formation of labor unions and workers' movements emerged as a response to these exploitative conditions.
| 4. What were the major effects of industrialization on the environment? | |
Ans. Industrialization had significant environmental consequences. The burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil led to increased air pollution, causing respiratory problems and contributing to climate change. The rapid expansion of industries also resulted in deforestation and habitat destruction, leading to loss of biodiversity. Additionally, industrial waste and the discharge of pollutants into rivers and water bodies contaminated water sources, posing health risks to both humans and wildlife. These environmental impacts have long-lasting effects and continue to be a concern today.
| 5. How did industrialization impact colonialism and imperialism? | |
Ans. Industrialization played a crucial role in the rise of colonialism and imperialism. As industrialized nations sought to secure raw materials and new markets for their manufactured goods, they embarked on a process of colonization and imperialism. The Industrial Revolution increased the demand for resources such as cotton, rubber, and metals, leading to the exploitation of colonies for their resources. The colonizers established control over vast territories, exploiting the local populations and extracting wealth for their own industrial growth. This resulted in the economic and political domination of colonized nations by industrialized powers.
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