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Turbulent Flow | Civil Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Civil Engineering (CE) PDF Download
Chapter 11 Turbulent Flow
- Velocity distribution is relatively uniform and velocity profile is much flatter than the corresponding laminar flow parabola for the same mean velocity, as shown below :
• Shear stress in turbulent flow
where,
μ = dynamic coefficient of viscosity (fluid characteristic)
h = eddy viscosity coefficient (flow characteristic)
- eddy viscosity come into picture due to turbulence effect
- Hydro-Dynamically Smooth And Rough Pipes
- If the average height of irregularities (k) is greater than the thickness of laminar sublayer (d'), then the boundary is called hydrodynamically Rough.
- If the average height of irregularities (k) is less than the thickness of laminar sublayer (d'), then the boundary is called hydrodynamically smooth.
- On the basis of NIKURADSE's EXPERIMENT the boundary is classified as :
Hydrodynamically smooth : (k/d) < 0.25
Boundary in transition :0.25 < (k/d)< 6.0
Hydrodynamically Rough :(k/d) > 6.0
- (R/K) is known as specific roughness. where ‘k’ is average height of roughness and ‘R’ is radius of the pipe.
- Velocity Distribution For Turbulent Flow in Pipes
(a) Prandtl’s universal velocity distribution equation :
where
shear or friction velocity.
y = distance from pipe wall
R = radius of pipe.
- The above equation is valid for both smooth and rough pipe boundaries.
(b) Karman - Prandtl Velocity distribution equation :
(i) Hydro Dynamically Smooth pipe
(ii) Hydro Dynamically Rough pipe
where
V* = shear velocity
y = distance from pipe wall
k = average height of roughness
v = kinematic viscosity.
(c) Velocity distribution in terms of mean velocity
The above equation is for both rough and smooth pipes.
- Friction Factor
(a) Friction factor ‘f’ for laminar flow :
f = (64/Re) where Re = Reynolds number
(b) Friction factor ‘f’ for transition flow :
There exists no specific relationship between f and Re for transition flow in pipes.
(c) Friction factor (f) for turbulent flow in smooth pipes :
(d) Friction factor (f) for turbulent flow in rough pipes
This equation shows that for rough pipes friction factor depends only on R/K (Relative smoothness) and not on Reynolds number (Re)
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FAQs on Turbulent Flow - Civil Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Civil Engineering (CE)
| 1. What is turbulent flow in civil engineering? |  |
Ans. Turbulent flow in civil engineering refers to the type of fluid flow where the fluid particles move in a chaotic and irregular manner. It is characterized by fluctuations in velocity, pressure, and direction, leading to mixing and increased energy dissipation. In civil engineering, understanding turbulent flow is crucial for designing structures such as pipelines, channels, and river systems.
| 2. How is turbulent flow different from laminar flow? | |
Ans. Turbulent flow and laminar flow are two different types of fluid flow. In turbulent flow, the fluid particles move in a chaotic and irregular manner, while in laminar flow, the fluid particles move in parallel layers with smooth and predictable motion. The main difference between the two is the level of mixing and energy dissipation. Turbulent flow has higher mixing and energy dissipation compared to laminar flow.
| 3. What factors affect turbulent flow in civil engineering? | |
Ans. Several factors can affect turbulent flow in civil engineering. Some of the key factors include the velocity of the fluid, the viscosity of the fluid, the roughness of the surface, and the geometry of the flow path. Higher velocities and lower viscosities tend to promote turbulent flow, while smoother surfaces and streamlined geometries promote laminar flow. Understanding these factors is essential for designing efficient and effective hydraulic systems.
| 4. How is turbulent flow measured in civil engineering? | |
Ans. Turbulent flow in civil engineering can be measured using various techniques. One common method is the use of flow meters, such as electromagnetic flow meters or ultrasonic flow meters, which can measure the velocity and volume of fluid flowing through a pipe or channel. Additionally, velocity profiles can be measured using instruments like pitot tubes or hot-wire anemometers. These measurements help engineers assess the characteristics and behavior of turbulent flow in a given system.
| 5. What are the applications of understanding turbulent flow in civil engineering? | |
Ans. Understanding turbulent flow is important in various civil engineering applications. It helps in designing efficient water distribution systems, such as pipelines and irrigation channels, by optimizing flow rates and minimizing energy losses. Turbulent flow analysis is also crucial in designing stormwater management systems to prevent flooding and erosion. Furthermore, understanding turbulent flow aids in hydraulic structure design, such as dams and weirs, to ensure their stability and performance under varying flow conditions.
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