BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY - Botany, CBSE, CLASS11 - Class 11 PDF Download

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

1. Palynology - Study of structure of pollengrains.

•  Father of Palynology is Erdtman.
•  Father of Indian Palynology - P.K.K. Nair.

 2. Palaeobotany - Study of fossil plants. Father of Palaeobotany - Seward .

•  Father of Indian Palaeobotany - Birbal Sahani. 
• Birbal Sahani institute of Palaeobotany (National Institute of Palaeobotany) located at Lucknow.

3. Pharmacognosy - Study of medicinal plants. Father of Pharmacognosy - Dioscorides. Indian contributors

•  Rishi Charak wrote "Charak Sanhita".
• Rishi Parashar - He wrote "Vriksha Ayurveda".

4. Plant Pathology - Study of pathogenic diseases of plants. Genetic diseases are studied under genetics.

•  Deficiency diseases are studied under plant physiology.
•  Father of plant pathology - De Bary 
•  Father of Indian plant pathology - E.J. Butler.

5. Plant physiology - Study of mechanism of plant processes.

•  Father of plant physiology - Stephan Hales 
• Father of Indian plant physiology - J.C.Bose. 
• lProfessor Nanda and Professor Ranjan are other famous Indian plant physiologists.

6. Plant Embryology - Study of embryogenesis in plants. It also includes the study of sporogenesis, development of gametophytes, pollination and fertilisation.

•  Father of plant embryology - Wolff.
•  Father of Indian plant embryology - Panchanan Maheshwari. 
•  S.C. Maheshwari, the son of late P. Maheshwari, is famous indian plant embryologist.

7. Plant ecology - Study of plants in relation to their environment.

•  Father - Reiter 
•  Indian Father - R. Misra 
•  Prof. T.N. Khushoo is famous Indian environmentalist.

 8. Plant breeding - Science which deals with the development of new varieties of plants.

•  Plant breeding is an application of Genetics l Father of Genetics and plant breeding - Mendel 
•  Indian Father - B.P. Pal 
•  Father of Green Revolution - Norman Borlaugh. He developed Mexican varieties of wheat and several high yielding varieties of potato. For this contribution, Norman Borlaugh was awarded Nobel prize for international peace (1970).
•   Father of Green Revolution in India - M.S. Swaminathan. By mutation breeding, he developed high yielding and Rust-resistant varieties of wheat likeSharbati sonora.

9. Phytosociology - Study of structure of plant community.

10. Phytogeography - Study of geographical distribution of plants.

 11. Phytochemistry (Biochemistry) - Study of plant chemicals and their reactions.

•  Father of Biochemistry - Leibig 

12. Molecular biology - Study of Nucleic acids.

13. Phycology - Study of algae.

•  Father of phycology - Fristch 
•  Fristch wrote a book "Structure and Reproduction of Algae".
•  Father of Indian phycology - M.O.P. Iyengar.

14. Mycology or Mycetology - Study of fungi.

•   Father of Mycology - Mitcheli, Mitcheli wrote a book "Nova Plantarum Genera".
•  Father of Modern Mycology - De Bary.
•  Fries - Linnaeus of Mycology. Book of Fries is "Systema Mycologicum".
•  Father of Indian Mycology - B.B.Mundker/E.J. Butler
•  E.J.Butler is also considered as father of Indian Mycology and plant pathology.
•  T.S. Sadasivan, C.V.Subramanian and B.C. Lodha are Indian mycologists of international fame.

15. Bryology - Study of Bryophytes.

•  Father of Bryology - John Hedwig and Cavers 
• Father of Indian Bryology - Professor Shiv Ram Kashyap 
• lProfessor Shiv Ram Kashyap was oldest Indian Botanist. Professor Birbal Sahani and Professor K.C.Mehta were students of Shiv Ram Kashyap. The name of Shiv Ram Kashyap is still alive through his cine actress daughter Kamini Kaushal.

16. Pteridology - Study of Pteridophytes.

•  Father – Bower
•  Indian Father - S.S.Bir 

17. Gymnospermology - Study of Gymnosperms

•  Father - Chamberlain 
•  Indian Father - Dogra. 

18. Plant taxonomy –

•  Father of Indian plant taxonomy - Father Santapau
•  Father Santapau was associated to Indian Botanical Garden, Kolkata.

19. Spermology - Study of seeds.

20. Pomology - study of fruits

21. Anthology - Study of flowers 22. Dendrology - Study of trees and shrubs

23. Dendrochronology - Determination of age of trees by calculating its annual rings.

24. Silviculture - Study of forest cultivation

25. Arboriculture - Cultivation of ornamental trees.

 26. Horticulture - Cultivation of vegetables (Olericulture), fruits (Pomiculture) and flowers (floriculture).

27. Pedology or Edaphology - Study of soil for crop cultivation.

28. Agronomy - Study of agricultural practices like preparation of fields, sowing of seeds, Irrigation, manuring, harvesting etc.

29. Limnology - (Fresh water ecology)- Ecological study of fresh water lakes.

30. Ethanobotany - Study of folk uses of plants (uses of plants by tribal peoples).

•   Father of Ethanobotany - Harshberger

31. Microbiology - Study of microbes (Bacteria, viruses, Mycoplasma etc.)

•  Father of Microbiology - Louis Pasteur / Leeuwenhoek 
• Father of modern Microbiology - S.A Waksman (Soil microbiologist)

 32. Bacteriology - Study of Bacteria.

•  Father of Bacteriology - Leeuwenhoek / Louis pasteur.
•   Father of modern Bacteriology - Robert Koch 

33. Virology - Study of viruses

•   Father of virology - Iwanowsky 

34. Aerobiology - Study of air borne living things like pollengrains, spores, Bacteria etc. Most abundant living organisms in air are bacteria.

35. Space biology - study of effects of space conditions on living beings.

36. Actinobiology or Radiation biology - Study of effects of radiations on living beings.

37. Phenology - Study of seasonal variations in plant communities.

 38. Bio-nomics - Study of interactions of plants like the symbiosis, predation, parasitism etc.

39. Ethology - Study of behavior of organisms.

40. Anthropology - The science of man and mankind, including the study of the physical and mental constitution of man his cultural development, social conditions, as exhibited both in the present and the past.

41. Entomology - A branch of zoology which deals with structure, habits and classification of insects.

42. Fishery - The occupation or industry of catching fish or other products of the sea, lakes or rivers.

43. Poultry Science - Science dealing with domestic fowls, such as chickens, ducks and geese.

44. Sericulture - The breeding and treatment of silkworms for producing raw silk.

45. Apiculture - The rearing of bees; beekeeping especially for commerical purposes.

46. Dairy Technology - The application of science for the manufacture of milk products. 47. Psychology - The branch of knowledge which deals with the human mind, its behaviours and mental qualities.

48. Forensic science - Application of scientific knowledge to the questions of civil and criminal law (includes use of finger-prints, blood typing, identification of narcotics, etc.)

49. Human Reproductive Biology - The science of understanding and regulating human reprodution. 50. Physiotherapy - The treatment of diseases, bodily weakness, or defects by physical remedies, such as massage and exercise.

51. Genetic Engineering - Involves genetic manipulations to produce an organism with a new combination of inherited properties.

52. Biomedical Engineering - Production of spare parts for man, implants, artificial limbs, heart-lung mechines, etc.

53. Phytophysics (Biophysics) - Study of physical activities of plants.

54. Bio-matrics or Bio-statistics - Use of statistics in Biology, like the statistical analysis of data obtained from experiments.

55. Agrastology - Study of grasses and grass lands.

56. Cecidology - Study of pathogenic tumors in plants.

57. Exobiology or Xenobiology - Study of life on other planets.

58. Cryobiology - Study of effects of low temperature on living beings.

Cryopreservation is technique concerned with preservation of living things at low temperature for e.g. the preservation of semen in liquid nitrogen.

59. Speleology - Study of fauna (animals) and flora (plants) of caves.

60. Gerontology - Study of aging, i.e., effects of age on living beings.

61. Teratology - Study of abnormalities in embryo.

62. Physiognomy - External appearance of community (vegetation). It is determined by the growth form of domainant species.

SOME GENERAL BRANCHES

1. Eugenics - Improvement of individuals yet to borne by the application of genetic principles like selective mating. Father of Eugenics - Galtan and Peerson.

2. Euthenics - Science of better living - Improvement of individuals already borned by providing better environment, good food, education and Training.

3. Euphenics - Study of control of genetic diseases.

Ecospecies -It contains one or more ecotype which although interfertile (capable of interbreeding ), do not produce viable offsprings due to some natural interruption (mountain, ocean etc.).