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Well Hydraulics | Civil Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Civil Engineering (CE) PDF Download
Chapter 4:
Well Hydraulics
SPECIFIC YIELD (Sy) :
The specific yield of an unconfined aquifer is the ratio of volume of water which will flow under saturated condition due to gravity effects to the total volume of aquifer (V).
where, VWY = Volume of water yielded under gravity effect and V = Total volume of water.
SPECIFIC RETENTION:
The specific retention of an unconfined aquifer is the ration of volume of water retained against gravity effect to the total volume of aquifer (V)
where Vwr = Volume of water retained under gravity effect
Remember:-
Sy +SR=n where, n = porostiy
COEFFICIENT OF TRANSMISSIBILITY:
T=kH
where,
H = Thickness
K = Coefficient of permeability
UNCONFINED AQUIFER:
(a) Theims Theory
Where,
q = Rate of flow in m3/s
h1 = Height of water table of 1st observation well
h2 = Height of water table of 2nd observation well
s1 = Drawdown of 1st test well
s2 = Drawdown of 2nd test well.
h1 + s1 = h2 + s2
S1 = Drawdown of 1st test well
S2 = Drawdown of 2nd test well
r1 and r2 are radius of 1st and 2nd observation wells respectively.
(b) Dupits Theory:
where, S = Drawdown in the well
K = Permeability coefficient in m/s.
R = Radius of influence in ‘m’
150m ≤ R ≤ 300m
r = Radius of test well in ‘m’.
Results of dupits theory are not accurate because ‘R’ is based on empirical relation.
CONFINED AQUIFER:
(i) Theims theory:
(ii) Dupits theory
SPHERICAL FLOW THROUGH WELL
qs=k2πrs, R = Radius of well
S = Drawdown
qs = Rate of flow through spherical well in m3/s
PUMPING-IN-TEST
(a) Open end test
where, r = radius of pipe, h = head of water above the base of pipe, it may include gravity head and pressure head.
(b) Tacker test
where, L = Length of perforated section of pipe
r = Radius of pipe
h = head of which water is added
OPEN WELL (RCUPERATION TEST):
where,
Volume = A. H
A = Area of well
C/A = specific yield or specific Capacity of an open well.
T = Time in ‘sec’
h1 = Position of water table of t = 0
h2 = position of water table of t = T
VALUES OF PERMEABILITY:
| SOIL | K (cm/sec) | Degree of permeability | |
| 1. | Coarse Gravel | >1 | High |
| 2. | Fine gravel-Fine sand | 1 to 10-2 | medium |
| 3. | Silt-Sand admixtures,loose silts, rock flour and loess | 10- 2 to 10-4 | Low |
| 4. | Dense slit, clay silt admixutures,non-homogenous clays | 10-4 to 10-6 | Very low |
| 5. | Homogenous clays | < 10-6 | Impervious |
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FAQs on Well Hydraulics - Civil Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Civil Engineering (CE)
| 1. What is well hydraulics in civil engineering? |  |
Ans. Well hydraulics in civil engineering refers to the study of the flow of water in and around wells. It involves analyzing various factors such as aquifer properties, pumping rates, water levels, and well design to understand the behavior and performance of wells in extracting water resources.
| 2. How does well hydraulics impact groundwater extraction? | |
Ans. Well hydraulics plays a crucial role in determining the sustainability and efficiency of groundwater extraction. By studying factors like aquifer properties and pumping rates, it helps engineers and hydrogeologists assess the potential impacts on groundwater levels, evaluate well performance, and manage water resources effectively.
| 3. What are the key parameters considered in well hydraulics analysis? | |
Ans. In well hydraulics analysis, several parameters are considered, including the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, the transmissivity of the aquifer, the specific capacity of the well, the drawdown of groundwater levels, and the well efficiency. These parameters help in understanding the flow characteristics and performance of the well system.
| 4. How is well efficiency calculated in well hydraulics? | |
Ans. Well efficiency is calculated by comparing the actual pumping rate of the well to the theoretical maximum pumping rate. It is expressed as a percentage and is a measure of how effectively the well can extract water from the aquifer. Factors such as well design, aquifer properties, and pumping rates influence the efficiency of the well.
| 5. What are the common challenges faced in well hydraulics analysis? | |
Ans. Well hydraulics analysis can encounter challenges such as well interference, well clogging, and well deterioration. Well interference occurs when multiple wells in close proximity affect each other's performance. Well clogging refers to the accumulation of sediment or other materials inside the well, reducing its efficiency. Well deterioration can happen due to various factors, including corrosion or structural damage, leading to decreased well performance. Proper monitoring and maintenance are essential to address these challenges in well hydraulics analysis.
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