DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Part - 10) - Notes, Zoology, Class 11 PDF Download

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

VITAMINS

• The study of vitamins is called as vitaminology.
• Vitamins were discovered by "Lunin".
• The term "Vitamin" was given by "Funk" and "Hopkins" (B1 from unpolished rice–1912)
• Vitamins are micronutrients, biological regulators and metabolic regulators (Vitamin theory)
• Vitamins are imporant to maintain health, but cannot synthesize in the body.
• Earliest known vitamin = vitamin 'C' (James Lind – scottish naval surgeon – 1747)
• Earliest extracted vitamin = Vitamin - B1 Vitamins are following types – 

(1) Fat soluble vitamin

(2) Water soluble vitamin

FAT - SOLUBLE VITAMIN

Vitamin-'A' (Retinol) – 

• Isomer of vitamin 'A' are –

(i) A1 – Retinol for vision.

(ii)A2 – Dehydro retinol which is essential for epithelial lining, glands and tear production.

Deficiency diseases – 

(1) Night blindness – Due to deficiency of A1 It is also known as Nyctolopia (Inability to see in dark)

(2) Xeropthalmia – due to deficiency of A2 Tear formation is absent.

In this disease conjunctiva & cornea become dry due to keratinization of conjunctiva & cornea.

It is the main problem of blindness in children throughout the world.

Source – Good source is carrot, other sources are Guava, papaya, mango, spinach etc.

(3) Vitamin - "D" (Calciferol) It is also known as "Sunshine vitamin" or "Anti Ricket" vitamin.

Synthesized in skin from cholesterol by UV light.

It is necessary for bone & teeth Deficiency disease – Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adult.

Source– Good source cod liver oil and shark liver oil for both 'A' & 'D', Other sources are meat, liver, egg, milk etc.

Vitamin 'E' (Tocopherol) – 

• It is also known as "antisterility" vitamin or "beauty" vitamin.
• This vitamin removes scar & wrinkles from skin.

Deficiency disease– Sterility.

Source – Egg, meat, cotton, seed oil Vitamin 'K' (Naphthoquinone) 

• It is also known as "antihaemorrhagic" vitamin.
• Essential for synthesise of prothrombin.

Menadiane is the important source of the synthetic vitamin K.

Deficiency disease– Bleeding or delayed blood clotting.

Source– Carrot, tomato, liver, cabbage etc.

WATER – SOLUBLE VITAMIN

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) – 

• It is also known as "anti beri-beri" factor or antineuritic factor.
• Beri-Beri affects peripheral nervous system, alimentary canal & cardiovascular system.

Defi. disease–  Beri-Beri, Wernicke's encepholopathy.

Source – Rice, wheat, egg and fish etc.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 

• It is also known as vitamin 'G' or lactoflavin or yellow enzyme.
• It is essential for formation of FMN & FAD Defi. Disease– Cheliosis (Cracked lips at the corner of mouth) sore mouth and ulceration, digestive disorder, Pellegra like, beri-beri like.

Source– Cow's milk, egg, liver, yeast etc.

Vitamin B3 (Pantothenic acid) – greek word panthothen = everywhere

• It is also known as yeast factor or chick antidermatitis factor.
• It is help in formation of acetylcholine and Co enzyme A.

Defi. disease– Burning feet syndrome, fatigue & paralysis of muscles.

Source– Kidney, liver, yeast, milk, egg, meat etc.

Vitamin B5(Niacin or Nicotinic acid) – It is also known as "antipellagra" factor or vitamin PP (Pellagra preventing factor) It forms essential component of NAD & NADP Defi. disease– Pellagra in human beings (diarrhoea, dermatitis, dementia) and black tongue (hyper pigmentation) disease in dogs.

Source– Kidney, liver, milk, yeast, egg etc.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Function as co-enzyme. It is also known as rat antidermatitis factor.

Defi. disease – Dermatitis, Anaemia, nervousness.

Source– Liver, meat, yeast, egg etc.

Vita B7 (Biotin) It is also known as vitamin 'H' or antiegg white injury factor (egg white contain avidin protein which is antagonist to vit. B7 – dermatitis, hair loss, nervous symptom).

It is essential for fat synthesis Defi.disease – Dermatitis Source – Vegetables, yeast, wheat egg etc.

Vitamin B12(Cyanocobalamine) – Extrinsic factor of castle It is also known as "antipernicious anaemic" factor or "RBC maturing" factor It promotes DNA synthesis & Maturation of RBCs.

Defi. disease – Pernicious anaemia.

Source–  meat, liver etc.

Folic Acid – It is also known as folacin or Vitamin M.

It is needed for formation of RBC & synthesis of DNA Deficiency disease – Anaemia.

Source– green foilage of plant – cabbage, cauliflower Vitamin 'C' (Ascorbic Acid) It is also known as"anti-scurvy" or anti-viral, anti-cancer vitamin.

It is necessary for healing of the wound Deficiency disease– Scurvy (deficient formation of collagen fibres).

Source – Amla, Tomato, orange, Guava, Lemon (citrus fruit).

WINNING STROKE

1. Citrin is also known as vitamin 'P' and controls vascular permeability.

2. Vitamin B17 – It is recently discovered anticancer vitamin.

3. Vitamin Q – helps in blood clotting.

4. Vita B15 – It is also known as pogonic acid, deficiency causes disorder in liver.

5. Vitamin B6 also used in the treatment of tuberculosis.

6. Thecodont teeth are also found in crocodile.

7. One pair of vomerine teeth is found in the palate of frog.

8. Fangs are the poison teeth of snakes, these are the maxillary teeth.

9. Upper incisor teeth are modified in tusk in elephant.

10. Upper canine teeth are modified in tusk in walrus.

11. Homodont type dentition are found in toothed whale.

12. Enamel is absent in Sloth and Armadillo.

13. Salivary glands are absent in whale.

14. The tongue is non-motile in whale.

15. Gall bladder is absent in lemprey, whale, rat and horse.

16. The main pancreatic duct is also known as duct of wirsung while accessory pancreatic duct is known as duct of santorini.

17. Antinueritic Vitamins - A, E and C.

18. Nature's most potent antioxidant - vitamin E, which is maximum in liver.

19. Vitamin B12 is absent in plants, However it is considered that Spirulina (an alga) contains B12.

20. Anticancer vitamins-A, B17, C etc.

Comparative Study of digestive system of Rabbit & Human