Glossary and Important Information - Working of Institutions | Social Studies (SST) Class 9 PDF Download

Glossary and Important Information

1.  Council of Ministers : A body of minister collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.It usually has 60 to 80 Ministers of different ranks.

2.  Cabinet : A body of senior minister who control important ministries.They often meet to make decisions for the entire Council of Ministers. So, the Cabinet is the main group within the Council of Ministers. It comprises about 25 ministers. 

3. Impeachment. : A special parliamentary procedure to prosecute or to remove the President and Judges etc. for violation of the constitution.

4. Money Bills. : Bills dealing with money matters like taxes, income, expenditure and grants.

5. Lok Sabha : The Indian Parliament is bicameral  in nature. The Lok Sabha also known as the lower House is composed of the elected representatives of the people.

6. Rajya Sabha : The Rajya Sabha or Upper House represents the interests of the states and Union Territories.

7. Speaker : He is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha and is responsible for the efficient conduct of business in the Lok Sabha.

8. Executive : It is an organ of government which implements the laws passed by the legislature.

9. Legislative : It is the organ of government which makes laws and keeps a check on the executive.

10. Judiciary : It is the organ of government which ensures that justice is meted out impartially and settles disputes between the individuals and the state.

11. Criminal Cases : Cases involving violation of penal laws such as murder, theft, assault etc.

12. Independence of the Judiciary : The Constitution has made provisions to keep the judiciary independent of the control of the executive so that the judiciary is not biased in favour of the government.

13. Coalition Government: A coalition government is formed when multiple political parties unite to govern collectively, typically in situations where no single party holds a majority.

14. Government: Government refers to the system or organization responsible for administering and governing a country, state, or community, exercising authority over various aspects of public life.

15. Office Memorandum: An office memorandum (OM) is an official document used within government departments to communicate administrative instructions, policies, or decisions internally.

16. Political Institutions: Political institutions are formal structures within a society, such as government bodies and political parties, that regulate political processes and exercise authority.

17. Reservation: Reservation is a policy or practice aimed at providing special opportunities or benefits to disadvantaged groups, often through quotas or set-asides in areas like education and employment.

18. State: A state is like a group of people who live in a certain area, have their own rules, and can make decisions for themselves. Even if the leaders of the government change, the state remains the same. In everyday talk, people often use the words country, nation, and state to mean the same thing. 

19. Legislative Assembly: A legislative assembly is a governing body responsible for making laws within a particular region or jurisdiction.

20. Parliament: Parliament is the supreme legislative body of a country, composed of elected representatives who make laws and oversee the government.

21. Political Executive: The political executive refers to the branch of government responsible for implementing laws and policies, led by elected officials such as the president or prime minister.

22. Public Interest Litigation: Public interest litigation (PIL) is legal action initiated in the interest of the general public, aimed at addressing issues of social justice, human rights, or public welfare.