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Measurement of Baseline
The accuracy of any order of triangulation depends upon the accuracy of the measurement of its baseline.
Hence, in triangulation, a base line is of prime importance.
Select the site for a Baseline: The ground of the sight should be fairly level or uniform.
Number of zeros: To eliminate the error due to inaccurate graduations of the horizontal circle, the measures of the horizontal angles are taken in two or three different zones, i.e., Face Ð 90º, Face L 180º Face L 270º.
Type of Triangulation stations
(i) Main station
(ii) Subsidiary stations
(iii) Satellite stations or Eccentric or false stations
(iv) Pivot stations
Signals and Towers The signals may be classified as
(a) Luminous signal, and
(b) Opaque signals or non-luminous signal
- The baseline is measured by standard tape, and after that, the following connections are applied to the measured base length.
(1) Correction for standard length
where L = measured length of the line
l = designed length of the tape
Ca = correction for absolute length
C = correction to be applied to the tape
The sign of the correction Ca will be the same as that of C. (2) Correction of Alignment
Cn = (l1+l2) – (l1 cosq1 + l2 cos q2)
= l1 (1– cosq1)+ l2 (1- cosq2)
It is always substantial
If A and B are not intervisible, then
(3) Correction for slope
Cs = L – D = L – (L2 –b2)1/2
It is always substantial
or slope correction =L-L cos q = L (1-cos q)
DOAP, tan
0r
and 
Where, r = radius of the signal q = angle between the sun and the line Op.
Resonance
Preliminary field inspection of the entire area to be concerned by triangulation is known as resonance.
It includes the following operations:
(i) Proper examination of the terrain
(ii) Selection of suitable position for baselines
(iii) Selection of suitable positions of triangulation stations.
(iv) Determination of intervisibility of triangulation stations.
Determination of intervisibility of stations If there is no obstruction due to intervening ground, the distance of visible horizon from the station of known elevation above mean sea level may be calculated with the formula. h = 0.06735 D2
- While deciding the intervisibility of various stations, the line of sight should be at least 3 meters above the point of tangency of the earth’s surface to avoid grazing sights.
- Intervisibility of stations intervened by ground profiles
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FAQs on Reconnance: Triangulation - Civil Engineering SSC JE (Technical) - Civil Engineering (CE)
| 1. What is triangulation in civil engineering? |  |
Ans. Triangulation in civil engineering is a surveying method used to determine the location of points by measuring the angles between them. It involves creating a network of interconnected triangles using known reference points and measuring the angles at each vertex. This technique is commonly used for topographic mapping and land surveying.
| 2. How is triangulation used in civil engineering? | |
Ans. Triangulation is widely used in civil engineering for various purposes. It is used to establish control points for surveying and mapping, determine elevations and distances, create accurate land surveys, and design infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and buildings. Triangulation helps engineers accurately measure angles and distances to ensure precise calculations and designs.
| 3. What are the advantages of using triangulation in civil engineering? | |
Ans. There are several advantages of using triangulation in civil engineering. Firstly, it provides accurate measurements of angles and distances, allowing engineers to make precise calculations for their projects. Secondly, it enables the creation of detailed and accurate maps and survey data. Additionally, triangulation is a cost-effective method that requires minimal equipment and manpower. It also allows for efficient data collection and analysis.
| 4. Are there any limitations or challenges associated with triangulation in civil engineering? | |
Ans. Yes, there are some limitations and challenges associated with triangulation in civil engineering. One challenge is that it requires clear visibility between the reference points, which can be difficult in densely populated or forested areas. Another limitation is that errors can occur due to measurement inaccuracies or distortion caused by environmental factors such as atmospheric refraction. Additionally, the accuracy of triangulation may decrease over long distances, requiring additional control points.
| 5. What is the role of triangulation in land surveying? | |
Ans. Triangulation plays a crucial role in land surveying. It helps surveyors accurately determine the positions of various points on the land by measuring the angles and distances between them. By creating a network of triangles, surveyors can establish control points and accurately map the terrain. Triangulation also aids in the creation of boundary surveys, topographic maps, and land subdivision plans.
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