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Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET

1. On the Basis of Number of Carbon atoms Attached

(i) Primary carbon atom When carbon atom is attached with one other carbon atom only, it is called primary or 1° carbon atom.

(ii) Secondary carbon atom When carbon atom is attached with two other carbon atoms, it is called secondary or 2°carbon atom.

(iii) Tertiary carbon atom When acarbon atom is attached with three other carbon atoms, it is called tertiary or 3° carbon atom.

(iv) Quaternary carbon atom When carbon atom is attached with four other carbon atoms, it is called quaternary or 4º carbon atom.

The reactivity order of carbon atoms is as follows 3° > 2° > 1°.

Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET


2.

On the Basis of Functional Groups Attached:

Compounds with a particular functional group are given a particular name and are classified in one category. for example- functional group alcohol has an -OH attached to the carbon chain. The list of functional groups is below.

Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET


3. On the Basis of Position of Functional Group:

(i) α – carbon Carbon which is directly attached to the functional group.
(ii) β- carbon Carbon which is directly attached to the n-carbon.

Classification of Hydrogen Atoms:

  • 1°-hydrogen (primary) attached to 10-carbon,
  • 2°-hydrogen (secondary) attached to 2°-carbon.
  • 3°-hydrogen (tertiary) attached to 3°·carbon.
  • α- hydrogen(s) Hydrogens which are attached to n-carbon atom.
  • β – hydrogen(s) Hydrogens which are attached to ~-carbon atom (-R-).

Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET


Homologous Series

The series in which the molecular formula of adjacent members differ by a – CH2 unit, is called homologous series and the individual members are called homologue. e.g., The homologous series of alkene group is:

Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET

The general characteristics of this series are :

1. All the homologues contain the same functional group. That’s why their chemical properties are almost similar.

2. All the members of a series have a same general formula, e.g.,

Series                

General formula

Alkanes

CnH2n+ 2

Alkenes

CnH2n

Alkynes

CnH2n-2

Alcohol and ether

CnH2n+ 2O

Aldehyde and ketone

CnH2n O

Acid and ester

CnH2n O2

 

3. All the members can be prepared by almost similar methods.
4. With the increase in the molecular weight of a series, the physical properties vary gradually.


4.

 

On the Basis of Structure: 

The existing large number of organic compounds and their ever-increasing numbers has made it necessary to classify them on the basis of their structures. Organic compounds are broadly classified as follows:

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Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET

Classification Of Organic Compounds


I. Acyclic or open chain compounds

These compounds are also called as aliphatic compounds and consist of straight or branched chain compounds, for example:

Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET


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II Cyclic or closed chain or ring compounds

Alicyclic (aliphatic cyclic) compounds contain carbon atoms joined in the form of a ring (homocyclic). Sometimes atoms other than carbon are also present in the ring (heterocyclic). Some examples of this type of compounds are:

Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEETThese exhibits some of the properties similar to those of aliphatic compounds.


Aromatic Compounds

Aromatic compounds are special types of compounds. You will learn about these compounds in detail in Unit 13. These include benzene and other related ring compounds (benzenoid). Like alicyclic compounds, aromatic compounds may also have heteroatom in the ring. Such compounds are called heterocyclic aromatic compounds. Some of the examples of various types of aromatic compounds are:

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Benzenoid aromatic compounds

Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET

Non-benzenoid compound

Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds


Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET

Organic compounds can also be classified on the basis of functional groups, into families of homologous series.

The document Classification of Organic Compounds | Chemistry Class 11 - NEET is a part of the NEET Course Chemistry Class 11.
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FAQs on Classification of Organic Compounds - Chemistry Class 11 - NEET

1. What are aromatic compounds?
2. How are aromatic compounds classified?
Ans. Aromatic compounds can be classified into two main categories: monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic compounds. Monocyclic aromatic compounds consist of a single aromatic ring, such as benzene. Polycyclic aromatic compounds, on the other hand, contain multiple fused aromatic rings, such as naphthalene or anthracene. The classification of aromatic compounds is based on the number and arrangement of the aromatic rings present in the molecule.
3. What are some examples of aromatic compounds?
Ans. Aromatic compounds are widely found in nature and have various applications in industry and everyday life. Some common examples of aromatic compounds include benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, and phenol. These compounds are used as solvents, starting materials in the synthesis of organic chemicals, and even in the production of dyes, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
4. How are aromatic compounds different from aliphatic compounds?
Ans. Aromatic compounds differ from aliphatic compounds in terms of their chemical structure and properties. While aromatic compounds contain a cyclic aromatic ring, aliphatic compounds do not. Aliphatic compounds are characterized by their straight or branched chain structures and can be further classified into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Aromatic compounds are generally more stable, have distinct odors, and exhibit specific reactivity due to the delocalization of electrons within the aromatic ring.
5. What is the significance of aromatic compounds in organic chemistry?
Ans. Aromatic compounds play a crucial role in organic chemistry due to their unique properties and reactivity. They serve as building blocks for the synthesis of many organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymers. Aromatic compounds are also involved in various chemical reactions, such as electrophilic aromatic substitution and aromatic nucleophilic substitution. Additionally, aromatic compounds are used as solvents, additives, and fragrances in numerous industries.
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