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Angle Between Two Intersecting Lines

If l(x1, m1, n1) and l(x2, m2, n2) be the direction cosines of two given lines, then the angle θ between them is given by

cos θ = l112 + m1m2 + n1n2

(i) The angle between any two diagonals of a cube is cos-1 (1 / 3).

(ii) The angle between a diagonal of a cube and the diagonal of a face (of the cube is cos-1(√2 / 3)

Straight Line in Space

The two equations of the line ax + by + cz + d = 0 and a’ x + b’ y + c’ z + d’ = 0 together represents a straight line.

1. Equation of a straight line passing through a fixed point A(x1, y1, z1) and having direction ratios a, b, c is given by

x – x1 / a = y – y1 / b = z – z1 / c, it is also called the symmetrically form of a line.

Any point P on this line may be taken as (x1 + λa, y1 + λb, z1 + λc), where λ ∈ R is parameter. If a, b, c are replaced by direction cosines 1, m, n, then λ, represents distance of the point P from the fixed point A.

2. Equation of a straight line joining two fixed points A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2) is given by

x – x1 / x2 – x1 = y – y1 / y2 – y1 = z – z1 / z2 – z1

3. Vector equation of a line passing through a point with position vector a and parallel to vector b is r = a + λ b, where A, is a parameter.

4. Vector equation of a line passing through two given points having position vectors a and b is r = a + λ (b – a) , where λ is a parameter.

5. (a) The length of the perpendicular from a point Angle Between Two Intersecting Lines and Shortest Distance | Mathematics (Maths) Class 12 - JEE on the line r – a + λ b is given by

Angle Between Two Intersecting Lines and Shortest Distance | Mathematics (Maths) Class 12 - JEE

(b) The length of the perpendicular from a point P(x1, y1, z1) on the line

Angle Between Two Intersecting Lines and Shortest Distance | Mathematics (Maths) Class 12 - JEE

where, 1, m, n are direction cosines of the line.

6. Skew Lines Two straight lines in space are said to be skew lines, if they are neither parallel nor intersecting.

7. Shortest Distance If l1 and l2 are two skew lines, then a line perpendicular to each of lines 4 and 12 is known as the line of shortest distance.

If the line of shortest distance intersects the lines l1 and l2 at P and Q respectively, then the distance PQ between points P and Q is known as the shortest distance between l1 and l2.

8. The shortest distance between the lines

Angle Between Two Intersecting Lines and Shortest Distance | Mathematics (Maths) Class 12 - JEE

9. The shortest distance between lines r = a1 + λb1 and r = a2 + μb2 is given by

Angle Between Two Intersecting Lines and Shortest Distance | Mathematics (Maths) Class 12 - JEE

10. The shortest distance parallel lines r = a1 + λb1 and r = a2 + μb2 is given by

Angle Between Two Intersecting Lines and Shortest Distance | Mathematics (Maths) Class 12 - JEE

11. Lines r = a1 + λb1 and r = a2 + μb2 are intersecting lines, if (b1 * b2) * (a2 – a1) = 0.

12. The image or reflection (x, y, z) of a point (x1, y1, z1) in a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by

x – x1 / a = y – y1 / b = z – z1 / c = – 2 (ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d) / a2 + b2 + c2

13. The foot (x, y, z) of a point (x1, y1, z1) in a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by

x – x1 / a = y – y1 / b = z – z1 / c = – (ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d) / a2 + b2 + c2

14. Since, x, y and z-axes pass through the origin and have direction cosines (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1), respectively. Therefore, their equations are

x – axis : x – 0 / 1 = y – 0 / 0 = z – 0 / 0

y – axis : x – 0 / 0 = y – 0 / 1 = z – 0 / 0

z – axis : x – 0 / 0 = y – 0 / 0 = z – 0 / 1

The document Angle Between Two Intersecting Lines and Shortest Distance | Mathematics (Maths) Class 12 - JEE is a part of the JEE Course Mathematics (Maths) Class 12.
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FAQs on Angle Between Two Intersecting Lines and Shortest Distance - Mathematics (Maths) Class 12 - JEE

1. What is the angle between two intersecting lines?
Ans. The angle between two intersecting lines is the angle formed by these lines at their point of intersection.
2. How can the angle between two intersecting lines be calculated?
Ans. The angle between two intersecting lines can be calculated using the properties of angles formed by intersecting lines. If the lines are represented by their equations in the form Ax + By + C = 0, the angle can be found using the formula tan(θ) = |(m1 - m2) / (1 + m1 * m2)|, where m1 and m2 are the slopes of the lines.
3. What is the shortest distance between two intersecting lines?
Ans. The shortest distance between two intersecting lines is the perpendicular distance between them. It is the length of the perpendicular line segment drawn from a point on one line to the other line.
4. How can the shortest distance between two intersecting lines be determined?
Ans. The shortest distance between two intersecting lines can be determined by taking any point on one line and finding the perpendicular distance from that point to the other line. This can be done using the formula |Ax + By + C| / √(A^2 + B^2), where A, B, and C are the coefficients of the equation of the other line.
5. Can the angle between two intersecting lines be greater than 180 degrees?
Ans. No, the angle between two intersecting lines cannot be greater than 180 degrees. The angle formed by two intersecting lines is always less than 180 degrees because it is measured between the lines and not in the full circle.
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