Physical Education Answer Key Set 18 (Q1-Q20) - Class 12 PDF Download

Q. 1. Describe the interval training method of development of endurance.
 Ans: This train ing method is very useful for development of endurance under aerobic conditions.
Through this method we can make more rapid improvement in maximum oxygen utilization capacity than by long, steady running method. However, the improvement effects are also lost quickly if not maintained through training.
This training method leads to cardiovascular adjustment and is based on the principle of effort, recovery and effort again. This recovery period in between the effort periods, is called interval. That is why this training method is called Interval Training. The recovery period in between efforts, helps an athlete to recover from increased respiratory rate, blood pressure and accumulation of waste products such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid etc. In this training, the intensity of the effort should be such that the heart beating rate rises to about 180 beats per minute. The interval or recovery period should enable an athlete to bring the heart beat down to less than 120 beats per minute. Interval training is done on a track by employing walking, jogging, running and sprinting. In order to increase the efficiency of an athlete, we increase the load by changing any one of the following variables: (a) Distance. (b) Time for completion of  the prescribed distance. (c) Repetitions of cycle. (d) Recovery period.
The distance to be covered is fixed by taking into consideration the event of an athlete. To increase the load, we should first reduce the time for completion of distance, but keep the distance, repetitions and recovery period the same. After some time, we increase the number of repetitions of a cycle and keep the other factors same. At the next stage of increasing load, we decrease the recovery period, without altering the other components. Changing or increasing the distance for increasing load is to be done in the last because with this change, there may be a need to change speed, repetitions and recovery periods also.
A training cycle or work load may be of the following type:
(i)  100 m run,  100 m sprint, 200 m jogging.
(ii)  150 m sprint, 250 m jogging,
 (iii) 200 m run, 200 m sprint and jogging for about 1 to 2 minutes.
The number of repetitions of a cycle should be decided by a coach, by taking into consideration, the capacity of a trainee. However, the intensity of sprints should be such that the heart beat rises to about 180 beats per minute and the recovery period should allow the individual’s pulse rate to come down below 120 beats per minute. In general, this recovery period should be such that the athlete should feel fresh to start a new cycle. Similarly, a trainee, after a days workout, should feel fresh the next day, i.e., after 24 hours. Care should be taken to increase the work load gradually. In case of difficulty experienced by an athlete, the load should be reduced.

Q. 2. Describe the following of terms of basket ball. (1) Front court (2) Dribbing  (3) Second dribble (4) Travelling or shifting (5) Pivoting  (6) Held ball (7) Jump ball (8) Violation  (9) Foul  (10) Feinting of dodhing (11) Dead-ball (12) Shooting  (13) Set Shot (14) Lay-up (15) Man to man defence (16) Fast break .
 Ans: 1. Front court. A centre line drawn parallel to the end lines divides the playin court iiito two equal halves. Thus one half   serves as the front court of one team and the other half as front court of the opposing team.
2. Dribbling. Dribbling actually means’ advancing with the ball. For advancing towards the opponents’ basket, a player may throw, bounce, tap or roll the ball, after gaining control over the ball.
3. Second dribbling. After completing a dribble once, a player cannot make a second dribble before the ball touches or is played by another player.
4. Travelling or shifting. Proceeding with the ball without releasing it first or progressing with the ball in excess of a legal two count,stop is called travelling.
5. Pivoting. A player holding the ball, steps once or more than once in any direction with the same foot, without raising the other foot, called the pivot foot, from the ground. Such movement is called pivoting.
6. Held ball.  Is given when two players of opposing teams have one or both hands on the ball or when a closely guarded player, fails to dribble a ball and holds it for more than five seconds.
7. Jump ball. Tossing up of a ball between two opposing players at the start of a game or for some other reason is called a jump
8. Violation. A violation is an infraction   rules in which no personal contact with the opponent is involved and  the  penalty for which is the loss of a ball.
9. Foul. Is an infraction of the run in which  a personal  contact. with the opponent is involved.
10. Feinting of dodging. Pretending to move or throw the ball in one directiion, but moving or throwing the ball in another direction.
11. Dead-ball. The ball is said to be dead when :
(a) A goal or basket is made.
(b) Official’s whistle is blown.
(c) Time expires after a quarter period or extra period of time.
(d) After a free throw to be followed by another free throw.
(e) It is certain that the ball will not enter th e basket after a technical foul.
12. Shooting. Means an attempt or try at the goal or basket for scoring points.
13. Set Shot. An unhindered shot taken from a wellbalanced position. It is usually a two handed shot but it may be a one handed shot also.
14. Lay-up shot. Is a shot at the basket, by a dribbler, by taking off on one foot, using  a  high jump action  and  a  full extension of the arm to place the ball directly or indirectly into the basket.
15. Man to man defence. In this system of defence, a defender is required to mark and check the attacking player assigned to him.
16. Fast break. In this system of attach, the speed of attack is the main feature.

Q. 3. Explain the rules of a Kabaddi match.
 Ans: 1. A Kabaddi team consists of 12 players, out of which seven form a playing team and the remaining five serve as reserves.
2. The duration of a match should be two halves of 20 minutes each for men and 15 minutes each for women and men below 50 kgs weight. The interval for rest between halves should be five minutes. The side that scores the highest number of points at the end, wins the match.
In the case of a tied score at the end of two halves, two extra periods of five minutes duration should be played immediately with the same number of players in the court at the end of second half. If the tie is still not broken then the team that scores the first leading point at the end of these two extra halves, wins the match.
3. The toss should decide about the choice of raid or court by a team.
4. One point is awarded to a team for every opponent put out. A team that puts out the whole team, scores two extra points for a “Lona”.
5. A maximum of three players can be substituted with the permission of a referee. A substituted
player cannot be replaced.
6. A team may start a match with one or two players less in the team but when all the players of the side are out, the absentees shall also be counted as out and “Lona” be scored against that team.
7. A match should be supervised by at least two Umpires and one Scorer.

Q.4. What are the aims of physical education?
  Ans. Since physical education has been accepted as an integral part of education, it is necessary that the aim of education and physical education should be the same.
The aim of education is reflected in the objectives of education which have been laid down by the educationists as
(1) promotion of health,
(2) development of basic process,
(3) worthy home membership,
(4) vocation,
(5) citizenship,
(6) proper use of leisure, and
(7) moral character.
Keeping in view these objectives, we can conclude that the aim of education should be the achievement of successful living. Aim of education reflects the philosophy of the times or the expectations of those times and therefore it may change from time to time. However, according to the present day expectations from the system of education, primary aim of education should be to develop : “in each individual the knowledge, interests, ideals, habits and powers whereby he will find his place and use that place to shape both himself and society towards ever nobler ends.” From this definition, it becomes clear that the aim of education is to develop full potentials of an individual so that he may contribute to his own welfare and welfare of society.
The aim of physical education should be similar to the aim of education in order to demonstrate their intimate relationship. Therefore, the aim of physical education should be to influence the experiences of individuals in such a way that each and every individual while performing his duties as a citizen, should be able to satisfy his wants. As per another definition, “The aim of physical education is to influence the experiences of persons to the extent that each individual within the limits of his capacity may be helped to adjust successfully to society to increase and improve his wants and to develop the ability to satisfy his wants.” In simple words, we can say that the aim of physical education is to develop an individual to such an extent that he may able to live most and serve best.

Q. 5. What is Oxygen debt? What is the reason for it?
 Ans. As the very name suggests, it is the debt of oxygen that muscles have to experience during strenuous muscular activity. It is similar to taking loan from some source in order to meet a financial crisis and trying to repay it later. We know that sufficient supply of oxygen is required for the oxidation of nutrients contained in the muscles for production of energy for muscular activity.
As the speed and intensity of exercise increases, the demand for oxygen supply increases. Under certain conditions of severe muscular activity, the supply of oxygen falls short of demand. The body, however, as a natural adjustment to the demands of the situation, somehow is able to carry on that activity by suitable adjustments and thus incurs a debt of oxygen which has to be adjusted or repaid during recovery period. For this reason, the rate of breathing of an athlete remains much faster than the normal even after stopping the exercise.
Several reasons have been given for the oxygen debt that takes place during heavy exercise. According to one assumption, lactic acid production in muscles during severe exercise is the cause of oxygen debt because lactic acid is produced in muscles during exercise and disappears when it breaks down into carbon dioxide and water during recovery. But it has been noticed that oxygen debt might occur even without the storage of lactic acid in muscles.
Now it is said that oxygen debt is due to accumulation of simpler energy bonds during exercise. These simpler bonds are the result of the breakdown of High Energy Bonds during muscular activity and get accumulated due to the shortage of oxygen required for the reconversion of simpler bonds into high energy bonds. This shortage of oxygen is met out during recovery and simpler bonds are again converted into higher energy bonds. The amount of oxygen debt is directly related to the severity of the exercise.

Q. 6. What are the effect of Drugs on Sportsmen?
 Ans. Drugs have been used in the field of medicine to relieve pain, misery and sickness of man, but the use of certain drugs for kicks and enhancing performances in modern times, has become a source of worry. Use of drugs by sportsmen to enhance performances and win medals has been going on since long, but this practice has assumed alarming proportions now. The increase in drug use or abuse by sportsmen is prompted by the desire to win medals in national and international competitions. This desire becomes strong because a win in such competitions brings not only fame and recognition, but a lot of money also.
For this reason, sports competitions have become a professional affair and the ideal of playing the game in the spirit of the game have been thrown to the winds.
Drugs are often used by sportsmen during training and competitions to build muscular strength and ignore the effects of fatigue and thereby enhance performances.
Such drugs are:
(a) Narocotics and strong pain killers such as Morphine and other Opiates.
(b) Stimulants like Cocaine, Caffeine and Amphetamines that increase heart rate and improve performances.
(c) Diuretics, which Cause the body to lose fluids.
(d) Local Anaesthetics, Corticosteroids, Alcohol and Marijuana etc.
Use of drugs in training and competitions is technically termed as Doping. It may be defined as the introduction of an artificial substance or a drug into the body to improve performance and gain advantage. The first case of doping on record is of a Marathon
runner Thomas Hicks, who had injected a mixture of Brandy and Strichmine in to his body to win gold in the 1904 Olympics at St. Louis in U.S.A. This menace increased many folds thereafter and therefore I.A.A.F. had to ban this practice of doping in 1928.
Even upto that stage, doping cases were not so common. But now it is turning out to be a regular feature in national and international competitions. It is a matter of common knowledge that many well known Indian sportsmen and women have also been found guilty of doping in national and international competitions. In the present times, name, fame, money and national prestige etc are so much involved in competitions that every means appears to be justified for achieving victories.
Moreover the competitions have reached such a stage that it is being felt that it is exceedingly difficult to win with normal training.
The harmful effects may be noted as under: 
(a) Drugs used by sportsmen being pain killers and performance enhancers, help a sportsman to indulge in harder training to improve his strength and stamina. But during this training a sportsman may develop some permanent damage to some part of his body due to an over use of that part. The effect or damage may not be noticed by the person concerned due to the effect of drugs.
(b) His behaviour may be affected due to the side effects of a drug.
(c) He may become an addict, due to the continuous use of drugs for doping.
The use of drugs by sportsmen is full of risks to his body and for this reason only, this practice is banned in sports competitions. Use of drugs by sportsmen may not only cause some permanent damage to some part of his body but in some cases can also lead to death. Because of the risks involved, sports controlling bodies have banned the use of such drugs.
Q.7. How many officials are there in boxing?
 Ans. Referee-1, Judges-3, Timekeeper-1 .

Q.8. Who decides the winner and runner in boxing?
 Ans. Winner and runner are decided by the three judges.

Q.9. What is the weight of gloves in boxing?
 Ans. Up to 67 kg. weight category = 8 ounces.
Above 67 kg. weight category = 10 ounces.

Q.10. Is bandage on hands allowed in boxing?
 Ans. Yes, it is allowed but not necessary.

Q.11. Is it foul, if a boxer punches his opponent with unlaced gloves?
 Ans. Yes, it is foul, if any boxer does so.

Q.12. Can the assistant of a boxer impart coaching with direction during the round?
 Ans. No, the assistant of a boxer can not impart coaching or direction during any round.

Q.13. Can a boxer be allowed to eat or drink immediately before or during the bout?
 Ans. No, he is not allowed to eat or drink anythingexcept water.

Q.14. How the scoring is done in boxing?
 Ans. The boxer, who will punch more to his opponent, will be awarded 20 points after every round, whereas the opponent will be given less points of punches in the same ratio. If the number of punches remains equal each boxer will get 20 points. If they get equal points even after the final round, then that boxer will be declared the winner who has showed more number of beginnings. If it is still undecided, the decision will be taken by viewing the style of each boxer. If the position remains the same, the boxer, who was good at defence, will be declared the winner.

Q.15. What is the duration of handball match for women?
 Ans. The duration of handball match for women is 25-10-25 minutes.

Q.16. How many players are required to start a match?
 Ans. At least 5 players at each side are required to start a match.

Q.17. For how much time the ball can he kept by the player.
 Ans. It can be kept for 3 seconds only.

Q.18. How many time-outs are permitted for rest in a handball match?
 Ans. One time-out is permitted for rest in each half in a handball match.

Q.19. What is the duration of hockey match?
 Ans. The duration of match is 35-5-35 minutes.

Q.20. At what time the rule of tie-breaker is applied?
 Ans. If a match remains tied then extra time of 15-2-15 minutes is given. If still it remains the same, the tie breaker rule is applied.