First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE) PDF Download

First Order Process
A first order process is a process whose output y(t) is modeled by a first order differential equation.
First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                                35

where, First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)  are input and output of the process espectively. If  First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE) , then define the following:  First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)  and  First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)

Hence, the first order differential equation takes the following form:

First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                           36

At steady state condition  First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE) , the equation can be re-written as
First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                                         37

Subtracting eq. (36) from eq. (37), we obtain

First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                   38

Alternatively,
First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                            39

Where,  First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE) are the deviation forms of the input and output variables of the process around the steady state, whose initial conditions are assumed to be the following:  First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE) .

Taking Laplace Transform of the eq. (39) we obtain,
First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                                 40

Rearranging the above we obtain,

First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                                     41

Gp(s) is called the transfer function of the process. Kp and τp are called as gain and time constant of the process. The unit of gain is the ratio of the units of output to that of input, whereas the unit of time constant is same as that of time.

 Example of a first order process

The following figure represents a water storage system.
First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)

It has a cylindrical tank of cross sectional area . Water flows into the tank with a rate of Fi and flows out of the tank with a rate of Fo . Height of water level is represented by h . A control valve, located on the inlet pipe, indicates that Fi can be considered as the manipulated input of the process whereas h can be considered as the controllable output of the process. From the basic knowledge of fluid mechanics (Bernoulli's principle), it is understood that pressure head of the water column provides the necessary kinetic energy for water to eject out of the tank at its bottom. Hence,

First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                              42

where, ρ is the density of water, g is the gravitational constant, v is the velocity of water, a is the cross sectional area of the exit pipe. Thus,

First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                           43

Where, is a process constant. A simple material balance would yield the following equation:

Accumulation of water inside the tank = Water flow in – Water flow out

or,

First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                       44

The steady state (nominal) point of operation is around  First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE) . The above equation is a nonlinear equation and hence this needs to be linearized before a Laplace Transform can be used. Hence, in order to linearize the nonlinear term (√h) of the above equation around the nominal point of operation, Taylor series expansion is carried out on it as the following: 

First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                            45

Hence, eq.(44) can be re-written as,
First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                          46

At steady state,
First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                47

Subtracting eq.(47) from eq. (46), we obtain
First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                  48

or

First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                                 49

Where,  First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)  and  First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)  are the deviation variables of inlet flow rate of water and height of the water level in the tank respectively. Taking the Laplace Transform of eq.(49), we obtain

First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                         50

or
First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                          51

The above equation indicates that the water storage system is a first order process whose
First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)                                                                                                                                                                                                               52

 

 

The document First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE) is a part of Electrical Engineering (EE) category.
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FAQs on First Order Process - Electrical Engineering (EE)

1. What is a First Order Process?
Ans. A First Order Process refers to a system or a phenomenon that can be described by a first-order differential equation. It is characterized by a single energy-storing element, such as a capacitor or an inductor, and exhibits an exponential response to a sudden input change.
2. How can a First Order Process be represented mathematically?
Ans. A First Order Process can be represented mathematically using a first-order differential equation. It is typically represented as: dx/dt + (1/τ)x = (1/τ)u(t) where dx/dt represents the derivative of the system variable x with respect to time, τ represents the time constant of the process, and u(t) represents the input function.
3. What is the time constant of a First Order Process?
Ans. The time constant of a First Order Process, denoted as τ, is a measure of the system's response time. It represents the time required for the system variable to reach approximately 63.2% of its final value in response to a step input.
4. How does a First Order Process behave in response to a step input?
Ans. In response to a step input, a First Order Process initially exhibits an exponential response. It starts from an initial condition and gradually approaches its final value with a time constant τ. The rate of change is highest at the beginning and gradually decreases until it reaches a steady-state.
5. What are the applications of First Order Processes?
Ans. First Order Processes find applications in various fields, including control systems, chemical engineering, electrical circuits, and environmental modeling. They are used to model and analyze systems with single energy-storing elements, such as RC circuits, RL circuits, and various chemical and biological processes.
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