Short and Long Questions with answers, Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Physical education | Physical Education Class 11 (XI) - CBSE and NCERT Curriculum PDF Download

Model Questions and Answers for Very Short Answers (30 words - 1 mark)

Q.1 Define anatomy.

Ans. Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. The term anatomy comes from Greek words: ANA means apart and TOMY means to cut. It is because anatomy was first obtained through dissection.

Q.2 Define physiology.

Ans. Physiology is the scientific exploration of how the human body works. It involves studying the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of organs and the cells that make them up. In simpler terms, it's the investigation of how our body parts function and interact.

Q.3 Name any four physiological systems of the human body.

Ans. (i) Skeletal System 

(ii) Muscular System 

(iii) Digestive System 

(iv) Respiratory System

Q.4 Define skeletal system.

Ans. The skeletal system is the bony framework of our body. It consists of all the bones of the body. It supports the body and gives it a shape.

Q.5 What do you understand by joint?

Ans. Joint is the place at which two or more bones meet in the skeleton of the body. Joint may be fixed or movable.

Q.6 Which is the longest and the smallest bone in the human body?

Ans. The longest bone in the human body is Femur (thigh bone). And the smallest bone in the human body is stapes (ear bone).

Q.7 What is a muscle?

Ans. Muscle is the tissue composed of fibers capable of contracting for effective bodily movements or muscle is the body tissue that can contract and produce movement.

Q.8 Enlist types of muscles.

Ans. (i) Voluntary/skeletal/striated muscle

(ii)  Involuntary or smooth or spindle muscle

(iii)  Cardiac muscle

Q.9 Which is the hardest working muscle in our body?

Ans. Cardiac muscle is the hardest working muscle in our body.

Q.10 Which is the strongest muscle in our body?

Ans. Jaw muscle is the strongest muscle in our body.

Q.11 How many bones are there in a Child and an Adult?

Ans. A child has 213 bones and an adult has 206 bones.

Q.12 What is tidal volume?

Ans. It is the volume of air that is taken in or given out during normal breathing.

Q.13 What is vital capacity?

Ans. It is the volume of air that can be breathed out by force expiration after taking a deep breath. It is about 4800 cc in males and about 3100 ccs in females.

Q.14. What is heart rate?

Ans. It is the number of pumping/contractions of heart in one minute. It is about 72 times per minute under normal conditions in an adult.

Q.15 What is stroke volume?

Ans. It is the volume of blood pumped out by heart in one beat contraction. It is approximately 80 ml/beat in a normal adult, whereas trained players have 110 ml/beat as stroke volume.

Q.16 What is cardiac output?

Ans. Cardiac Output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (amount of blood pumped per heartbeat) by the heart rate (number of heartbeats per minute). 

Q.17 Where is tricuspid value situated?

Ans. The tricuspid valve is situated in the right side of the heart. Specifically, it is positioned between the right atrium and the right ventricle, helping regulate the flow of blood between these two chambers.

Q.18 Which is the main artery of circulation:?

Ans. The main artery of circulation is Aorta. It carries pure blood to various parts of the body.

Q.19 What do you mean by axial skeleton system?

Ans. Axial skeleton system transmits weight from the head, trunk the upper limbs down to the hip joints. It is responsible for the upright position of the human being.

Q.20 What do you mean by appendicular skeleton system?

Ans. The appendicular skeleton system makes locomotion possible. It also protects the organs of digestion, reproduction, and excretion.

Q.21 Where are hinge joints found in the human body?

Ans. Hing's joint is found in the elbow joints, knee joints, and phalanges in finger in the human body.

Short Answer Type (60 words - 3 marks)

Q.1 Explain the structure of the muscle with the help of a diagram.

Ans. There are about 600 voluntary muscles in the body. Each muscle is made up of thousands of long and narrow muscle cells called muscle fibers. These muscle fibers are arranged in bundles and enclosed within a tough layer of connective tissue called epimysium (sarcolemma). Every muscle fiber is made up of a very large number of microscopic threads called myofibril. Myofibril consists of protein molecules called actin and myosin.

Fig: Structure of muscle.Q2.  Explain external and internal respiration.

Ans. External respiration involves inhalation and exhalation, the processes of breathing. In the lungs, oxygen is taken in, enriching the blood, while carbon dioxide is expelled, purifying the blood. This is essential for oxygenating the blood.

Internal respiration occurs in tissues and cells. Oxygen-rich blood reaches these areas, where oxygen is utilized in the energy production process. In return, carbon dioxide, a byproduct, is carried back by the blood to the lungs for elimination. Internal respiration ensures that cells receive the oxygen needed for their functions and removes waste carbon dioxide.

Q.3 Define the phenomenon of a second wind. What are its causes and symptoms?

Ans. The breathlessness caused due to prolonged exercise is removed automatically by our body within a short span of time of such exercise. This sense of relief is called 'second wind'.

Causes of second wind: When we perform strenuous exercise, our body takes some time to adjust according to the increased demand for energy. So, the second wind occurs before the adjustment.

Symptoms of second wind:

i. Faster breathing

ii.  Signs of tension and worry on the face

iii.  A headache

iv.  Suffocation in the chest appears

v.  Pain in muscles

vi.  The condition of giddiness appears. These painful feelings disappear with the onset of a second wind.

Q.4 What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Ans. The main functions of the respiratory system are given as under:

i. To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood,

ii.  To produce sound, it helps vocal cords to produce sound,

iii.  To regulate blood Ph.

iv.  To protect against some microorganism. Respiratory system blocks the entry of microorganism in the body at various levels, thus it provides protection against harmful microorganisms like a virus, bacteria, etc.

Q.5. Explain the functions of the heart.

Ans. The main functions of the heart are given below.

i. It circulates the pure blood to all parts of the body. This is called systemic circulation.

ii.  It carries the impure blood from all parts of the body to the lungs for purification. This is called pulmonary circulation.

iii.  It regulates the blood pressure.

i. It regulates the heart rate.

ii.  Regular exercise improves the efficiency of the heart.

Short Answer Question (80-100 words carrying 3 marks)

Q.1 Write down the main functions of muscles

Ans. The function of muscles:- Muscles are a machines for converting chemical energy into mechanical work. The contractions and relaxations of muscles due to certain chemical change muscles in our body are:

1.  To produce and control movements of the body

2.  To maintain the naturals posture of the body acting on the bony structure

3.  Helping in the economy of effort by working in association with long levers and pulleys.

Q.2 Write the difference between slow twitch fiber and fast twitch fire fiber.

Ans. Slow twitch fiber is also known as red fibers which contract slowly. These play a significant role in aerobic activities as we may see in the long distance and cross country races. Fast twitch fibers: These fibers are also known as white fibers. These fibers contract quickly and provide strength and speed but they fatigue more quickly. Those individuals who need an intense burst of energy for shorter as in boxing, jumping events or throws need more percentage of fast twitch fibers.

Long Answer Questions (150 words - carrying 5 marks)

Q.1 What are the functions of blood?

Ans. Important functions of blood are given as under:

1. Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
2. It carries food material absorbed from the intestines to the tissue, cells for growth, energy and repair process.
3. It carries the waste products of cellular activity and carries them to kidneys, lungs, and intestines for excretion.
4. It carries hormones, vitamin and other chemicals to the place of need.
5. It helps to maintain water balance in the body.
6. It regulates the body temperature.
7. White blood cells of the blood act as a defensive mechanism

Q.2 What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Ans. Main functions of the skeletal system are given below.

Q.3 Explain the structure of the heart with the help of a diagram.

Ans. The human heart is a four-chambered muscular organ shaped and sized roughly like a man's closed fist with two-thirds of the mass to the left of midline, self-repair.

Internal View of the Heart

Fig: Structure of heart.

The heart is like a powerful pump, and its internal space is divided into four chambers:

• Right Atrium: This chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic veins.
• Right Ventricle: From the right atrium, blood is pumped into the right ventricle, which then propels it towards the lungs for oxygenation.
• Left Atrium: Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium.
• Left Ventricle: The left ventricle, being the strongest chamber, pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body.

Note: The atria receive blood, and the ventricles pump it out.

Valves of the Heart: For the heart to function effectively, it relies on two types of valves:

• Atrioventricular Valves (Cuspid Valves): These valves, found between the atria and ventricles, ensure that when the ventricles contract, blood doesn't flow back into the atria.
• Semilunar Valves: Located at the bases of the large vessels leaving the ventricles, these valves close when the ventricles relax, preventing blood from flowing back into the ventricles.

Q.4 Explain different types of joints in the human body.

Ans. Following are the different types of joints,

(i)  Immovable or fibrous joints: They are fixed joints. They never move. Example: joints of the skull.

Fig: Fixed joints.

(ii) Slightly movable or cartilaginous joints:

These joints provide very little movement. Example: backbone joints, pelvic joints.

Fig: Hip bones.(i) Freely movable or synovial joints.

These joints provide different movements. There are five main types of movable joints,

a.  Hinge joint. These joints allow a forward and backward movement. Example; knee joints, elbow joints.

b. Pivot joint. These joints give a rotation movement. Such as the movement of the neck.

c.  Ball and socket joint. In these joints, one bone has ball-like shape and other has a socket like a shape. They are fit together to make a free movable joint. Example shoulder joint and hip joint.

d. Saddle joint. It is a point where one of the bones forming the joint is shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on it like a rider on a horse. Example: wrist joint.

e.  Gliding joint. It is a joint in which articulation of contiguous bones allows only gliding movements, as in the wrist and the ankle.

Fig: Classification of joints.Q 5. Write in detail about the classification of bones.

Ans. Classification of Bones

1. Long bones: They are long and wide. They act as a lever. They are found in legs and arms. Example: humerus, femur, tibia, and fibula.

2. Short bones: They are short in size and cube-shaped. They are found in wrist and phalanges. Example: metatarsal and carpal.

3. Flat bones: These bones are flat and thin. They are composed of a central layer of sponge bone fixed between two outer layers of compact bone. Example: ribs and shoulder.

4. Systemwide bones: These bones are seed-like shaped and developed in the tendons where there is more friction. Example: palms of hands, the sole of feet and kneecaps,

5. Irregular bones: These bones have completely shaped as compared to other types. The bones of the spinal column and skull are examples of these bones.

6. Sutura bones: They are situated in Sutura points in the skull.

Fig: Classification of bones.Q.6 Elucidate the importance of anatomy and physiology in the field of sports.

Ans. Importance of Studying Anatomy and Physiology in Sports:

(i) Boosting Fitness: Understanding the body's structure helps athletes build a strong, fit body essential for sports.

(ii) Tailoring Training: Knowing individual strengths and weaknesses enables athletes to focus on specific skills, enhancing performance.

(iii) Informed Game Selection: Coaches and players can choose sports based on individual body structures, optimizing success.

(iv) Injury Prevention: Anatomy-based equipment design minimizes the risk of injuries during physical activities.

(v) Quick Rehabilitation: Knowledge of ligaments, tendons, and muscles supports efficient recovery after injuries.

(vi) Health Maintenance: Detailed anatomy knowledge empowers athletes to adopt healthy practices for optimal performance.

(vii) Recognizing Differences: Acknowledging physiological distinctions between genders guides the customization of sports facilities and equipment for male and female players.

Value-based question

Arjita is studying in class 8th she has started playing football recently. While chasing the ball she feels breathlessness and hardness in muscles so, she takes some rest. After a short while, she fees comfortably and again started playing.

Q.1 While running we feel breathlessness and after resting we feel better. Write the process behind this phenomenon.

Ans. Second wind.

Q.2 What should be done to avoid this process?

Ans. One should do continues training.

Q.3 Football players needs which components of physical fitness more?

Ans. Speed, strength, and endurance.