NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Geography - Secondary Activities

Q1: Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below.
(i) Which one of the following statements is wrong?
(a) Cheap water transport has facilitated the jute mill industry along the Hugli.
(b) Sugar, cotton textiles and vegetable oils are footloose industries.
(c) The development of hydro-electricity and petroleum reduced, to a great extent, the importance of coal energy as a locational factor for industry.
(d) Port towns in India have attracted industries.
Ans: (b)

(ii) In which one of the following types of economy are the factors of production owned individually?
(a) Capitalist
(b) Mixed
(c) Socialist
(d) None
Ans: (a)

(iii) Which one of the following types of industries produces raw materials for other industries?
(a) Cottage Industries
(b) Small-scale Industries
(c) Basic Industries
(d) Footloose Industries
Ans: (c)

(iv) Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ?
(a) Automobile industry … Los Angeles
(b) Shipbuilding industry … Lusaka
(c) Aircraft industry … Florence
(d) Iron and Steel industry … Pittsburgh
Ans: (d)

Q2: Write a short note on the following in about 30 words.
(i) High-Tech industry
Ans:  High technology is the latest generation of manufacturing activities which is best understood as the application of intensive research and development (R and D) efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character. Highly skilled specialists greatly outnumber the actual production (blue collar) workers. Examples are robotics on the assembly line, computer -aided design (CAD) and manufacturing.

(ii) Manufacturing
Ans: Manufacturing literally means ‘to make by hand’. However, now it includes goods ‘made by machines'. It is a process which involves transforming raw materials into finished goods of higher value for sale in local or distant markets.

(iii) Footloose industries
Ans: Footloose industries are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight losing or otherwise. They largely depend on component parts which can be obtained anywhere. They produce in small quantity and also employ a small labour force. It can be located in a wide variety of places.

Q3: Answer the following in not more than 150 words.
(i) Differentiate between primary and secondary activities.
Ans:

(ii) Discuss the major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries of the world.
Ans: Modern industrial activities involve the application of power, mass production of identical products and specialised labour in factory settings for the production of standardised commodities.
Some major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries are:

• Specialisation of Skills of Production: Mass production involves production of large quantities of standardised parts by each worker performing only one task repeatedly.
• Mechanisation: Mechanisation refers to using gadgets which accomplish tasks. Automation is the advanced stage of mechanisation. Automatic factories with feedback and closedloop computer control systems where machines are developed to ‘think’, have sprung up all over the world.
• Technological Innovation: Technological innovations through research and development strategy are an important aspect of modern manufacturing for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency, and combating pollution.

Modern manufacturing is characterised by:

• a complex machine technology
• extreme specialisation and division of labour for producing more goods with less effort, and low costs
• vast capital
• large organisations
• executive bureaucracy.

(iii) Explain why high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centres.
Ans:

• High-tech industries are the latest generation of manufacturing activities. It is the application of intensive research and development (R and D) efforts leading to the manufacture of products of an advanced scientific and engineering character. Professional (white collar) workers make up a large share of the total workforce. High qualified need better facilities such as institutions, hospitals, shopping malls, restaurants etc.
• Neatly spaced, low, modern, dispersed, office-plant-lab buildings rather than massive assembly structures, factories and storage areas mark the high-tech industrial landscape. Planned business parks for high-tech start-ups have become part of regional and local development schemes. Therefore, high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centres.

(iv) Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backward continent. Comment.
Ans: The continent of Africa is very rich in natural resources such as crude oil, copper, coal, manganese but they are still backward because:

• Colonial Exploitation: African countries remained under foreign rules who exploited the natural resources for their own benefits rather than developing industries and infrastructure.
• Lack of Human Resources: The continent lack good institutions and thus the people are not well educated and skilled. The utilization of natural resources demands human resources.
• Civil Wars: The civil wars in the countries of Africa are frequent. There is mass scale corruption in the governments of the African countries which hinder the growth of countries.
• Lack of technological development: The countries of Africa are technologically very poor. The exploration and extraction of natural resources could not be possible without technology.

Project/Activity
(i) Carry out a survey in your school premises of the factory-made goods used by students and the staff.
Ans: The factory-made goods used by students and the staff are as under:

• Clothes, shoes, paper, table, chair, soap and other goods.

(ii) Find out the meaning of the terms bio-degradable and non-biodegradable. Which kind of material is better to use? Why?
Ans:

• Biodegradable and non-biodegradable refer to the ability of materials to decompose or break down naturally over time.
• Biodegradable materials are those that can be broken down by microorganisms into simple, natural substances like water, carbon dioxide, and biomass. These materials can include organic matter like food scraps, paper, and wood, as well as certain types of plastics and other synthetic materials that are designed to break down in the environment.
• Non-biodegradable materials are those that cannot be broken down by natural processes and remain in the environment for a long time. These materials include many plastics, metals, and synthetic chemicals that do not decompose easily or at all.
• In general, biodegradable materials are better to use because they have a lower environmental impact. They can break down naturally and do not accumulate in the environment, reducing pollution and waste. Non-biodegradable materials, on the other hand, can persist in the environment for hundreds or even thousands of years, causing pollution and harm to ecosystems.

(iii)Look around and make a list of the global brands, their logos and products.

Ans.Here's a list of some well-known global brands along with their logos and products:

1. Apple

   • Logo: A stylized apple with a bite taken out of it.
   • Products: iPhone, iPad, MacBook, iMac, Apple Watch, Apple TV, AirPods, software like iOS and macOS, and various services such as Apple Music and iCloud.

2. Nike

   • Logo: The "Swoosh" symbol.
   • Products: Athletic footwear, apparel, sports equipment, and accessories.

3. Coca-Cola

   • Logo: The classic red and white script logo.
   • Products: Coca-Cola beverage, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero Sugar, and various other soft drinks and beverages.