31 Years NEET Previous Year Questions: Biological Classification - 2 - NEET MCQ

Ring worm is a fungal disease caused by the dermatophyte fungi species of microsporum, trichophyton and epidermophyton.

Lichens (coined by Theophrastus) are composite or dual organisms which are formed by a fungus partner or mycobiont (mostly ascomycetes) and an algal partner (mostly blue green algae). Fungus forms the body of lichen as well as its attaching and absorbing structures. Algae performs photosynthesis and provides food to the fungus

Mad cow disease is actually Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy or BSE. In this disease cattles in Britain got their brain become spongy & ultimately gradual degradation of nervous system. It is caused by some virus like but nucleic acid devoid proteinaceous particles called prions (proteinaceous infectious particle).

While working at the Rockefeller Institute, Brown reported isolation of a PPLO from human arthritic joint tissue in 1938. In 1949, Diennes reported to the 7th International Rheumatology Congress the isolation of PPLO from the genitourinary tracts of men afflicted with arthritis. In discussing the significance of this observation, Brown reported successful treatment of arthritic patients in 1949 with a new antibiotic called aureomycin (Clark, 1997).

A domain of prokaryotic organisms containing the archaebacteria including the methanogens, which produce methane; the thermoacidophilic bacteria, which live in extremely hot and acidic environments, & the halophilic bacteria, which can only function at high salt concentrations are abundant in the world’s oceans. 

Phylogenetic system of classification is based on evolutionary relationships. This phylogenetic classification system names only clades-groups of organisms that are all descended from a common ancestor. Under a system of phylogenetic classification, we could name any clade on this tree. For example, the Testudines, Squamata, Archosauria, and Crocodylomorpha all form clades.

Single celled eukaryotes are included in protista. Protista includes all unicellular and colonial eukaryotes except green and red algae. It is also known as kingdom of unicellular eukaryotes.

Membrane bound organelles are absent in Streptococcus. Streptococcus is a bacterium that is included under kingdom Monera. Monerans are prokaryotes which lack membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, E.R, Golgi etc.
Saccharomyces, Chlamydomonas and Plasmodium are eukaryotes that have membrane bound organelles.

Virus envelope is known as capsid. The capsid is composed of protein subunits called capsomere.

Agrobacterium is a soil borne pathogen responsible for affecting many higher species of plant. But Rhizobium, Nostoc and Mycorrhiza are biofertilizers.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commercially used to produce ethanol. S. cerevisiae is a yeast which helps in alcoholic fermentation in which sugars such as glucose, fructose and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and produce ethanol

E. coli is a prokaryotic celled gram negative bacterium.

Archegoniophore is the female sex organ of bryophytes (Marchantia) and pteridophytes. Its neck region is made up of 4-6 vertical rows of cells.

Eubacteria are  prokaryotic but eubacteria are enclosed by plasma membrane like eukaryotic cells.

The plant kingdom is made up of nonvascular and vascular plants. Living groups of nonvascular plants include the bryophytes such as liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Examples of vascular plants are pines, ferns, corn, and oaks. Comparing the gametophytes of vascular and nonvascular plants it is found that the gametophytes of the vascular plants are not only smaller but also bear smaller sex organs.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

In Gymnosperms, the main plant body is a sporophyte. Sporophytic generation (diploid) is dominant and independent. It greatly exceeds the reduced and dependent gametophytic generation (haploid).

So,the correct answer is 'Pinus'

Methanogens are archaebacteria abundant in cattle yard and paddy fields.

Water hyacinth is a free floating perennial plant, can grow to a height of 3 feet.

The sporophyte is more developed in mosses rather than liverwort. The simplest sporophyte is found in Riccia, a liverwort, where it is represented by capsule only. The most complex sporophye is found in Funaria, a moss. However, the most advanced sporophyte is found in Anthoceros (a hornwort) due to the presence of intercalary meristem. Pinus (a gymnosperm) is a monoecious plant in which male and female cones are borne on different branches of the same plant.

Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kind of spores, macro (large) and small (micro) spores are known as heterosporous. Microspore and macrospore germinate and gives rise to male and female gametophyte respectively. The female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the parent sporophyte for variable period. The development of zygote into young embryo takes place within the female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to the seed habits considered as an important step in evolution.
So, the correct answer is 'Embryo develops in female gametophyte which is retained on parent sporophyte'

The female gametangiophore is called an archegoniophore; it grows up from the thallus and consists of a stalk and an archegonial head with pendant (hanging) lobes or fingers. The gametophyte plant body is called a thallus, which means that it lacks xylem and phloem and therefore does not have true stem, true leaf or true root. The gemma cups are cup-like structures containing gemmae. The gemmae are small discs of haploid tissue, and they directly give rise to new gametophytes. They are dispersed from gemma cups by rainfall. Rhizoids are simple hair-like protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes, Rhodophyta and pteridophytes. They are similar in structure and function to the root hairs of vascular land plants.  Rhizoids absorb water by capillary action, in which water moves up between threads of rhizoids.

The most abundant prokaryotes helpful to humans in making curd from milk and in production of antibiotics are the heterotrophic bacteria. Lactobacillis bacteria convert milk into curd.

Cyanobacteria are also referred as blue green algae, they perform oxygenic photosynthesis. They are most successful autotrophic organisms on earth which one found in all types of environment - fresh water, sea water, salt marshes, moist rocks, tree trunks, moist soils, hot springs, frozen waters.

All the viruses are obligate parasite i.e. they remain inert outside the host cell. They have ability to syntheize nucleic acids and proteins by using host cellular machinery (ribosomes, tRNAs, aminoacids, energy). Three shapes are found in viruses helical (elongate body e.g. T.M.V) cuboidal (short broad body with rhombic rounded, polyhedral shape e.g. Poliomyelitis virus) and binal (with birth cuboidal and helical parts e.g. many bacteriophages like T2). Antibiotics have no effect on them, antiviral drugs can only kill them.

Saccharomyces cervisiae is a yeast used in making bread (Baker’s yeast) and commercial production of ethanol. Paramoecium & Plasmodium are of animal kingdom while pencillium is a fungi. Lichen is composite organism formed from the symbiotic association of an algae and a fungus. Nostoc & Anabaena are examples of kingdom monera.

Autotrophs are those organisms that are able to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw material by using basic sunlight. Nostoc, Chara, Porphyra and Wolffia are photoautotrophs while Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter are chemoautotrophs.

Whittaker(1969) is an American taxonomist. He is known for his five kingdom classification. This system separated unicellular eukaryotes into kingdom Protista and does not consider viruses for classification.
Viruses are not included in this classification. The main criteria for classification used are as follows:
1. Cell structure
2. Thallus organization
3. Mode of nutrition
4. Reproduction
5. Phylogenetic relationship
Five kingdoms are-
Monera- It includes all the microorganisms with prokaryotic cells that lack a nuclear membrane, plastids, mitochondria, and advanced flagella.
Protista- These are generally single-celled eukaryotes such as Euglena and Amoeba, nutrition by photosynthesis, absorption, ingestion, and combination of these.
Plantae- Members of this kingdom are eukaryotic mostly multicellular autotrophs, with cellulose walls. The chloroplast is present and the nutritive mode is photosynthetic.
Fungi: It includes eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs with the absorptive mode of nutrition.
Animalia- It includes multicellular heterotrophs with wall-less eukaryotic cells lacking plastids and photosynthetic pigments with the ingestive mode of nutrition.
This system has put together organisms which in earlier classification, were placed in different kingdoms. This system separated unicellular eukaryotes into the kingdom Protista. Kingdom Protista has brought together Chlamydomonas, Chlorella (earlier placed in Algae) with Paramoecium and Amoeba.
So, the correct answer is option A. Protista.

UAG is also a stop codon. Wombats are also Australian marsupials. They are short-legged, muscular quadrupeds, approximately 1 metre (40 in) in length with a short, stubby tail. Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Cuscuta, or Dodder plant, is not a protozoan. It is a parasitic vine that wraps around other plants for nourishment.

Archaebactera live in some of the most harsh habitats such as extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas (methanogens) and in deep sea water.

Fungi lack chlorophyll, hence, they do not prepare their food by photosynthesis. They can grow where organic material is available. So, they are heterotrophs that acquire their nutrient by absorption and store in the form of glycogen.