31 Years NEET Previous Year Questions: Reproductive Health Free MCQ Practice

IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) is a medical procedure in which an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body and then implanted into the uterus. It is a widely accepted method for treating infertility in couples who are unable to conceive naturally.

• Expensive instruments and reagents (Option B): IVF is a costly procedure, requiring specialized equipment, reagents, and trained professionals. The high cost can make it inaccessible to many couples.
• Less adoption of orphans (Option D): The availability of IVF as a solution to infertility might reduce the willingness of couples to adopt orphaned children, as they prefer biological offspring.
• Possibility that the early embryo does not survive (Option F): There is a risk that the embryo created during IVF may not survive or fail to implant in the uterus, leading to emotional distress and additional financial costs.

Other options:

• High fatality risk to mother (Option A): IVF does not pose a high fatality risk to the mother. While there may be mild to moderate side effects, life-threatening risks are rare and are usually associated with pre-existing health conditions.
• Husband/wife necessary for being donors (Option C): This statement is inaccurate. Donor eggs or sperm can be used in IVF procedures, meaning that a husband or wife is not always required to be the donor.
• Not available in India (Option E): This is incorrect as IVF is widely available in India, with numerous clinics providing the procedure across the country.

Vaults are not a natural or traditional contraceptive method. They refer to barrier methods such as cervical caps, which are modern contraceptive devices used to prevent sperm from entering the uterus, unlike natural methods like coitus interruptus, periodic abstinence, and lactational amenorrhea that rely on behavioral practices without the use of physical devices.

Let's analyze each item in List-I and find the appropriate match from List-II:

Non-medicated IUD - This type of intrauterine device (IUD) does not contain any hormones or active pharmaceutical ingredients. It solely relies on the presence of a foreign body within the uterus to prevent pregnancy. A representative example of a non-medicated IUD is Lippes loop, which is an inert, flexible plastic loop. Therefore, A corresponds to III.

Copper releasing IUD - These IUDs release a small amount of copper into the uterus, which enhances contraceptive efficacy. Multiload 375 is a typical example of a copper-releasing IUD as it includes a copper component. Thus, B corresponds to I.

Hormone releasing IUD - These IUDs release a hormone to prevent pregnancy. One well-known hormone releasing IUD is LNG-20, also known as Mirena, which releases levonorgestrel, a type of progestogen, directly into the uterus. Consequently, C corresponds to IV.

Implants - These are typically small rods containing progestin that are implanted under the skin. Since the description coincides with the progestogens' action (such as Norplant), D corresponds to II.

Based on the analysis:

A corresponds to III (Lippes loop).
B corresponds to I (Multiload 375).
C corresponds to IV (LNG-20).
D corresponds to II (Progestogens).

Therefore, the correct matches for the options are: Option D: A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

(a) IVF (In Vitro Fertilization): A widely known ART where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body and then implanted in the uterus.
(b) GIFT (Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer): Another ART method where eggs and sperm are placed directly into the fallopian tubes to facilitate fertilization.
(c) IUI (Intrauterine Insemination): A procedure that involves placing sperm directly into a woman's uterus to increase the chances of fertilization.
(d) IUD (Intrauterine Device): A form of contraception that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy, but it is not a method of ART.

A. Copper releasing IUD – II. Multiload 375
Multiload 375 is a commonly used copper IUD which releases copper ions to prevent fertilization.
B. Non-medicated IUD – IV. Lippes loop
Lippes loop is an older type of IUD without any drug or hormone, hence non-medicated.
C. Contraceptive barrier – I. Vaults
Vaults are mechanical barriers placed in the vagina to block sperm entry.
D. Hormone releasing IUD – III. LNG-20
LNG-20 is a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device, a hormonal IUD.
Thus, option (d) is the correct match.

• Genital herpes and Hepatitis-B are caused by viruses and are not completely curable, though symptoms can be managed.
• Syphilis and Trichomoniasis are caused by bacteria and protozoa respectively and are curable with appropriate antibiotics.
• Genital warts, caused by HPV, may recur even after treatment. However, in many cases, they can be managed and may clear over time.

Hence, B (Genital herpes) and D (Hepatitis-B) are not completely curable.

• The correct answer is option (4) as ‘Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programme’ deals with creating awareness among people about various reproduction related aspects and providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society.
• Amniocentesis is basically used to test for the presence of certain genetic disorders such as Down’s syndrome, haemophilia, etc., to determine the survivability of the foetus.
• Amniocentesis is not a sex determination technique in India and is not a strategy of RCH.

• It was banned in India around 1994 under the Pre-Conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act, which is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to stop female foeticides and arrest the declining sex ratio in India.

(a) HIV Infection: Currently, there is no cure for HIV, although it can be managed with antiretroviral therapy.
(b) Genital Herpes: This condition is caused by the herpes simplex virus and is not curable, though symptoms can be managed.
(c) Gonorrhoea: This bacterial infection is completely curable with the right antibiotics when detected early.
(d) Hepatitis-B: While there are treatments available, Hepatitis-B is not completely curable; it can be managed but may remain in the body.

A. Vasectomy: III. Surgical method - This is a permanent method of male sterilization.
B. Coitus interruptus: IV. Natural method - This involves withdrawal before ejaculation.
C. Cervical caps: II. Barrier method - These are used to block sperm from entering the uterus.
D. Saheli: I. Oral method - This is a contraceptive pill taken orally.

(a) HIV infection and Trichomoniasis: HIV is not curable, making this option incorrect.
(b) Syphilis and Trichomoniasis: Both of these infections can be completely cured with appropriate antibiotics.
(c) Hepatitis-B and Genital herpes: Neither of these infections is completely curable; they can be managed but not eradicated.
(d) Genital Herpes and Genital warts: Both are manageable but not curable, making this option incorrect.

​(A) Non-medicated IUDs: III. Lippes loop - This is a type of non-medicated IUD.
(B) Copper releasing IUDs: I. Multiload 375 - This is a specific type of copper-releasing IUD.
(C) Hormone releasing IUDs: IV. LNG-20 - This is a hormone-releasing IUD.
(D) Vaults: II. Rubber barrier - This refers to barrier methods that prevent sperm from reaching the egg.

Statement I says ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) is an in-vivo fertilization method. This is incorrect because ICSI is actually an in-vitro (outside the body) technique. In this method, a sperm is directly injected into an egg in a lab.
Statement II says that if a male cannot inseminate naturally, artificial insemination (AI) can help. This is correct. AI is used to insert sperm into the female reproductive tract when natural insemination is not possible.

A: Reproductive health includes physical, emotional, social well-being –  True
B: Amniocentesis (a prenatal test) is banned for sex determination in India to prevent female foeticide –  True
C: "Saheli" is a birth control pill developed by CDRI (Central Drug Research Institute), not ICMR –  False
D: Amniocentesis is used to detect genetic disorders and health of fetus –  True

Option (b) is the correct answer as progestogens are the synthetic forms of progesterone.
Option (a) is not the answer as progestasert is an hormone releasing IUD.
Option (c) is not the answer as Multiload-375 is a copper releasing IUD.
Option (d) is not the answer as Lippes loop is an inert IUD.

(a) IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus.
(b) The released copper ions suppress the sperm motility.
(c) IUDs make the cervix hostile to the sperm.
(d) IUDs suppress the fertilisation capacity of sperms.
(e) The IUDs do not require surgical intervention for their insertion into the uterine cavity. 

• Lippe’s loop is an example of a non-medicated intrauterine device or IUD used in female contraception. 
• Lippes loop is a plastic double “S” loop. 
• It attracts the macrophages stimulating them to accumulate in the uterine cavity. 
• Macrophages increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and act as a contraceptive.

• Diaphragm are dome-shaped rubber plastic covers that have to be fitted on the cervix in the female's vagina to check the entry of sperms into the uterus. 
• Oral pills are the hormonal tablets are taken orally. These pills contain a combination of synthetic hormones like progesterone and estrogen. These hormones inhibit ovulation and implantation by inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.
• IUDs (Intrauterine Devices) are made of plastic, metal, or a combination of the two and are inserted into the uterus to prevent conception. IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
• Lactational Amenorrhea is also a natural method of birth control where there is no menstrual cycle and therefore ovulation does not occur during intense lactation following parturition.

• An effective and popular method is the use of Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs). These devices are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina.
• These Intra Uterine Devices are presently available as the non-medicated IUDs (e.g., Lippes loop), copper releasing IUDs (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375) and the hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG-20)

Image: Copper T
Hence, the correct option is A.
NCERT Reference: Page no. 60 of topic “4.2 POPULATION EXPLOSION AND BIRTH CONTROL” of chapter 4.