MCQ (Practice) - Reproduction In Flowering Plants (Level 1) - Class 12 MCQ

False Statement: C: Pollen kitt is absent on pollen grains of Capsella
Explanation:
1. Pollens are received by stigma:
- This statement is true. In the process of pollination, the pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
- The stigma plays a crucial role in receiving the pollen grains.
2. Pollen tube discovered by Amici:
- This statement is true. The pollen tube was discovered by an Italian scientist named Amici.
- The pollen tube is a structure that grows from the pollen grain after it lands on the stigma and penetrates the style to reach the ovary for fertilization.
3. Pollen kitt is absent on pollen grains of Capsella:
- This statement is false. Pollen kitt refers to a sticky, gelatinous substance found on the surface of pollen grains.
- However, Capsella, also known as shepherd's purse, does possess pollen kitt on its pollen grains.
4. Tigellum is the main axis of the embryo:
- This statement is true. Tigellum is a term used in embryology to refer to the main axis of the embryo.
- It is the central region where the different parts of the embryo develop, such as the shoot apical meristem, cotyledons, hypocotyl, and root meristem.
In conclusion, the false statement is C: Pollen kitt is absent on pollen grains of Capsella.

The correct answer is A: Apogamy.
Explanation:
Apogamy is the process in which an embryo develops from a haploid cell of the embryosac other than the egg cell. Here is a detailed explanation of the other options given:
B: Apospory: Apospory is the development of a sporophyte from a haploid cell of the plant, usually found in the gametophyte generation, without the need for fertilization. It is a form of asexual reproduction.
C: Adventive embryony: Adventive embryony refers to the development of an embryo from cells other than the egg cell, but it can occur in both haploid and diploid cells. It is a type of asexual reproduction found in certain plants.
D: Diplospory: Diplospory is the formation of a diploid embryo without the process of meiosis. It occurs in plants where the embryo develops from diploid cells of the ovule, bypassing the formation of haploid cells through meiosis.
It is important to note that while all of these processes involve the development of an embryo from cells other than the egg cell, the specific conditions and mechanisms differ. In this case, the correct answer is A: Apogamy.

Explanation:
Flower is a modified shoot
- A flower is a reproductive structure found in flowering plants (angiosperms).
- It is considered a modified shoot because it develops from a bud on the stem.
- The bud contains modified leaves called floral organs that are arranged in a specific pattern.
- The main parts of a flower include the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
- The sepals are usually green and protect the developing flower bud.
- The petals are often colorful and attract pollinators.
- The stamens are the male reproductive organs, consisting of the filament and anther where pollen is produced.
- The carpels are the female reproductive organs, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary where the ovules are located.
- The flower's main function is to produce seeds through sexual reproduction.
- After pollination and fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds and the ovary develops into a fruit.
- Flowers exhibit a wide variety of forms and colors, which is one of the reasons for the immense diversity of flowering plants.
Therefore, the correct statement is that a flower is a modified shoot.

Introduction:
Androgenic haploid plants are produced through a process called androgenesis. Androgenesis is a form of plant tissue culture in which haploid plants are derived from pollen grains or other parts of the male reproductive system.
Explanation:
Androgenic haploid plants are produced from the following sources:
A. Pollen grains:
- Pollen grains are the primary source for androgenesis.
- The pollen grains are collected from the male flower and cultured in a suitable nutrient medium.
- Under specific conditions, the pollen grains can be induced to form embryogenic structures, which eventually develop into androgenic haploid plants.
B. Connective tissues:
- Connective tissues are not involved in the production of androgenic haploid plants.
- Connective tissues mainly provide mechanical support and help in the transport of nutrients and water within the plant.
C. Tapetum:
- Tapetum is a layer of cells present in the wall of the anther.
- Tapetum plays a crucial role in pollen development and nourishment.
- However, androgenic haploid plants are not directly produced from tapetum.
D. Wall of the Anther:
- The wall of the anther is not directly involved in the production of androgenic haploid plants.
- The anther contains pollen grains, which are used as the starting material for androgenesis.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, androgenic haploid plants are produced from pollen grains, not from connective tissues, tapetum, or the wall of the anther. Pollen grains are cultured in a suitable nutrient medium to induce androgenesis, leading to the development of haploid plants.

Apomixis Discovery:
Key Points:
- Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction in plants, where seeds are produced without fertilization.
- The term "apomixis" was first coined by the Swedish botanist Albert Winkler in 1908.
- Albert Winkler discovered apomixis while studying the reproduction of plants, specifically the formation of seeds without fertilization.
- Prior to Winkler's discovery, other scientists made important contributions to the understanding of apomixis:
- Juel and Murbeck, in the late 1800s, conducted research on the development of embryos in plants without fertilization.
- Navashin and Guignard, in the early 1900s, studied the phenomenon of seed formation without fertilization.
- However, it was Winkler who coined the term "apomixis" and provided a comprehensive understanding of the process.
Detailed
1. Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction in plants, where seeds are produced without fertilization.
2. The term "apomixis" was first coined by the Swedish botanist Albert Winkler in 1908.
3. Albert Winkler discovered apomixis while studying the reproduction of plants, specifically the formation of seeds without fertilization.
4. Prior to Winkler's discovery, other scientists made important contributions to the understanding of apomixis.
5. Juel and Murbeck, in the late 1800s, conducted research on the development of embryos in plants without fertilization.
6. Navashin and Guignard, in the early 1900s, studied the phenomenon of seed formation without fertilization.
7. However, it was Winkler who coined the term "apomixis" and provided a comprehensive understanding of the process.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Winkler.

Angiosperms Originated in the Mesozoic Era:
- Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, originated during the Mesozoic Era.
- The Mesozoic Era is divided into three periods: the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
- Angiosperms first appeared in the fossil record during the early Cretaceous period, around 130 million years ago.
- They rapidly diversified and became the dominant group of plants during the late Cretaceous period.
- The Mesozoic Era is often referred to as the Age of Dinosaurs, as it was a time when dinosaurs thrived and dominated the land.
- Angiosperms played a crucial role in the evolution of ecosystems during this era, forming symbiotic relationships with insects and other animals for pollination.
- The evolution of angiosperms also led to the development of fruits and seeds, which contributed to their success and widespread dispersal.
- Today, angiosperms make up the majority of plant species on Earth and are essential for various ecological processes.
Conclusion:
Angiosperms originated in the Mesozoic Era, particularly during the late Cretaceous period. They rapidly diversified and became the dominant group of plants, playing a crucial role in the evolution of ecosystems. Their success and widespread dispersal are attributed to the development of fruits and seeds.

Monocarpic Plants:
Monocarpic plants are those that flower, set seeds, and then die. They have a single reproductive event in their lifetime. Let's examine the given options to determine which one is monocarpic.
A: Shisham
- No information provided about the reproductive behavior of Shisham.
B: Mango
- Mango trees are generally polycarpic, meaning they can flower and produce fruits multiple times throughout their lifespan.
C: Pinus
- Pinus, commonly known as pine trees, are gymnosperms. They are typically long-lived and produce cones with seeds multiple times in their lifetime, so they are polycarpic.
D: Bamboo
- Bamboo is a monocarpic plant. It goes through a unique reproductive cycle where the whole population of a particular bamboo species flowers and fruits simultaneously, after which the plants die.
Conclusion:
The monocarpic plant among the given options is D: Bamboo.

Answer:
The correct answer is option C: Internode between calyx and corolla.
Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Definition of Anthophore:
- Anthophore is a term used in botany to describe a specific structure found in flowers.
2. Understanding the options:
- To determine the correct answer, we need to analyze each option and see if it matches the definition of Anthophore.
3. Analyzing option A: Receptacle between two carpels:
- The receptacle is the enlarged end of the flower stalk where the floral organs are attached.
- Carpels are the female reproductive organs of a flower.
- While the receptacle can be present between carpels, it is not specifically referred to as Anthophore. Therefore, option A is incorrect.
4. Analyzing option B: Internode between Androecium and Gynoecium:
- Androecium refers to the male reproductive organs of a flower, specifically the stamens.
- Gynoecium refers to the female reproductive organs of a flower, specifically the pistils.
- While there may be an internode (the part of the stem between two nodes) between the androecium and gynoecium, it is not specifically referred to as Anthophore. Therefore, option B is incorrect.
5. Analyzing option C: Internode between calyx and corolla:
- The calyx is the outermost whorl of the flower, consisting of sepals.
- The corolla is the second whorl of the flower, consisting of petals.
- Anthophore is the internode between the calyx and corolla, connecting these two floral whorls. Therefore, option C is correct.
6. Analyzing option D: None of these:
- This option can be eliminated as option C, "Internode between calyx and corolla," has been identified as the correct answer.
7. Conclusion:
- Based on the analysis, the correct answer is option C: Internode between calyx and corolla.

The Life Cycle of Angiosperm
The most logical sequence with reference to the life cycle of angiosperm is as follows:
1. Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
2. Fertilization: The fusion of the male gamete (sperm) with the female gamete (egg) to form a zygote.
3. Seed Formation: The zygote develops into an embryo and is surrounded by a protective seed coat.
4. Seed Dispersal: The seeds are dispersed away from the parent plant by various means such as wind, water, animals, or gravity.
5. Germination: The process by which the seed develops into a new plant under favorable conditions.
6. Growth and Development: The new plant undergoes mitosis, differentiation, and growth to mature into an adult angiosperm.
7. Reproduction: The mature plant produces flowers, undergoes pollination, and the cycle repeats.
The correct answer is C: Pollination, fertilization, seed formation, seed dispersal, germination. This sequence accurately reflects the chronological order of events in the life cycle of angiosperms.

Explanation:
The diploid plants obtained after culturing the anther of a plant indicate that there was a process of fertilization and the fusion of male and female gametes.
To determine which part of the anther gave rise to the diploid plant, we need to understand the process of fertilization in plants.
During fertilization in plants, the male gametes are produced within the pollen grain, which is located in the anther. The pollen grain consists of two cells - the generative cell and the vegetative cell.
Here is a breakdown of the options and their role in fertilization:
A: Vegetative cell of pollen
- The vegetative cell of the pollen is responsible for the growth and development of the pollen tube, which helps in the delivery of the male gametes to the ovule.
- The vegetative cell does not contribute to the genetic material of the offspring, so it is unlikely to give rise to a diploid plant.
B: Exine of pollen wall
- The exine is the outer layer of the pollen wall and provides protection to the pollen grain.
- It does not play a direct role in fertilization or contribute to the genetic material of the offspring.
C: Cells of anther wall
- The cells of the anther wall do not directly participate in fertilization but support the development and maturation of the pollen grains.
- However, they are diploid cells and can give rise to diploid plants through a process called somatic embryogenesis or callus induction.
D: Generative cell of pollen
- The generative cell of the pollen is responsible for the production of the male gametes (sperm cells).
- It undergoes mitosis to produce two haploid sperm cells, which participate in fertilization.
- The generative cell does not contribute to the genetic material of the offspring, so it is unlikely to give rise to a diploid plant.
Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that the cells of the anther wall (option C) are the most likely to have given rise to the diploid plant.

Is Capsella an angiosperm?

Yes, Capsella is an angiosperm because it possesses the following characteristics:
1. Seed:
- Angiosperms are seed-producing plants, and Capsella produces seeds. Seeds are formed after the process of fertilization and contain the embryo of the plant.
2. Pollen grain:
- Angiosperms produce pollen grains, which are responsible for the transfer of male gametes (sperm) to female reproductive structures. Capsella also produces pollen grains.
3. Vascular tissue:
- Angiosperms have specialized tissues for the transport of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant. These tissues are called vascular tissues, which include xylem and phloem. Capsella possesses vascular tissues, which enable the transport of water and nutrients.
4. Fruit:
- Angiosperms bear fruits, which are mature ovaries containing seeds. Fruits protect the seeds and aid in their dispersal. Capsella produces fruits, making it an angiosperm.
In conclusion, Capsella is an angiosperm because it possesses seeds, pollen grains, vascular tissue, and fruits. These characteristics are unique to angiosperms and differentiate them from other plant groups.

Answer:


The anther of Arceuthobium plant is Monosporangiate. This means that each anther of the plant contains only one sporangium, which produces spores. Here's a detailed explanation:

• Tetrasporangiate: Anthers that have four sporangia. Each sporangium produces spores.


• Bisporangiate: Anthers that have two sporangia. Each sporangium produces spores.


• Monosporangiate: Anthers that have only one sporangium. This sporangium produces spores.


• (1) and (2) both: None of the options A or B satisfy this condition, as both options refer to anthers with multiple sporangia.

Therefore, the correct answer is option C, Monosporangiate.

Reproductive Structure and its Components
- The reproductive structure refers to the organs and tissues involved in the process of reproduction.
- It includes both male and female reproductive structures.
Function of Enzymes and Hormones in Reproduction
- Enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions in the body.
- Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various physiological processes, including reproduction.
Identification of the Part Producing Enzymes and Hormones
- Among the given options, the part of the reproductive structure that produces both enzymes and hormones is the Tapetum.
Role of Tapetum in Reproduction
- The tapetum is a layer of cells found in the anther of a flower, which is part of the male reproductive structure.
- It plays a crucial role in the development of pollen grains.
Enzymes produced by Tapetum
- The tapetum produces enzymes such as amylases, proteases, and lipases.
- Amylases help in the breakdown of starch into simple sugars.
- Proteases are involved in the degradation of proteins.
- Lipases assist in the breakdown of lipids.
Hormones produced by Tapetum
- The tapetum also produces hormones, including auxins and gibberellins.
- Auxins play a role in the growth and development of plant tissues.
- Gibberellins regulate various physiological processes, including flowering and seed germination.
Therefore, the tapetum is the part of the reproductive structure that produces both enzymes and hormones.

Ubisch Bodies - Production Location
Answer: D. Tapetum
Explanation:
Ubisch bodies are specialized structures found in the tapetum, which is a layer of cells located within the anther of a flower. The tapetum plays a crucial role in pollen development and maturation.
The production of Ubisch bodies occurs in the tapetum cells of the anther. These bodies are responsible for the deposition of sporopollenin, a complex substance that forms the outer layer of the pollen grain wall. Ubisch bodies are involved in the protection and preservation of the pollen grains.
Here is a breakdown of the key points:
- Ubisch bodies are specialized structures found in the tapetum.
- The tapetum is a layer of cells located within the anther of a flower.
- Ubisch bodies are responsible for the deposition of sporopollenin.
- Sporopollenin forms the outer layer of the pollen grain wall.
- Ubisch bodies protect and preserve the pollen grains.
Therefore, the correct answer is D. Tapetum.

The mature male gametophyte in angiosperm is represented by the germinating pollen grain.
The male gametophyte in angiosperms, also known as the pollen grain, undergoes several stages of development before it is considered mature. The process of pollen grain development is known as microsporogenesis and involves several key steps:
1. Microsporocyte formation: Within the anther, microsporocytes (2n) undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores (n).
2. Microspore mother cell division: Each microspore (n) undergoes mitosis to produce a generative cell and a tube cell.
3. Pollen grain formation: The generative cell and the tube cell are enclosed within a tough outer wall, forming the mature pollen grain. The generative cell will later divide to give rise to two sperm cells.
4. Pollination: The mature pollen grain is released from the anther and is transported to the stigma of a flower by various agents such as wind, water, or animals.
5. Germination: Upon landing on a receptive stigma, the pollen grain germinates. The pollen tube emerges from the pollen grain and grows through the style towards the ovary.
6. Fertilization: The pollen tube delivers the sperm cells to the embryo sac, located within the ovary. One sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, while the other sperm cell fuses with the central cell to form the endosperm.
Therefore, the mature male gametophyte in angiosperms is represented by the germinating pollen grain, as it is the stage at which the generative cell and tube cell are enclosed within the pollen grain's outer wall before undergoing germination and fertilization.

Structure of Pollen Grain that Protects it from Ultra Violet Rays:
The structure of pollen grain that protects it from ultra violet rays is the Sporopollenin.
Sporopollenin:
- Sporopollenin is a tough and resistant substance found in the outer layer of the pollen grain.
- It is a complex polymer made up of a variety of organic compounds, including fatty acids and phenolic compounds.
- Sporopollenin provides several protective functions for the pollen grain, including protection against UV radiation.
Functions of Sporopollenin in Protecting Pollen Grains:
- UV Protection: Sporopollenin acts as a natural sunscreen, absorbing and scattering harmful UV radiation. It helps prevent DNA damage and maintains the viability of the pollen grain.
- Chemical Resistance: Sporopollenin is highly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation, making it resistant to harsh environmental conditions.
- Physical Protection: The tough and durable nature of sporopollenin provides physical protection to the delicate internal structures of the pollen grain.
Conclusion:
The presence of sporopollenin in the outer layer of the pollen grain provides effective protection against ultra violet rays. It acts as a natural sunscreen, ensuring the survival and reproductive success of pollen grains.

Tapetum is the innermost layer of the anther wall and is of parietal origin.
The tapetum is a specialized layer of cells present in the anther, which is the male reproductive organ of flowering plants. It plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of pollen grains. Here is a detailed explanation of tapetum and its characteristics:
1. Parietal in origin:
- The tapetum is derived from the parietal layer of the anther wall.
- Parietal tissues are the innermost layer of the anther wall, which surrounds the sporogenous tissue.
- The tapetum is formed from the innermost layer of the parietal tissues.
2. Location within the anther:
- The tapetum is located between the sporogenous tissue and the anther wall.
- It surrounds and nourishes the developing microspores and pollen grains.
- The tapetum provides essential nutrients, proteins, lipids, and other substances required for pollen development.
3. Function of the tapetum:
- The tapetum is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of various substances necessary for pollen development.
- It produces enzymes, such as cellulase and callose synthase, which are involved in the formation of the pollen wall.
- The tapetum also secretes proteins, lipids, and other components that contribute to the formation of exine, intine, and the pollen coat.
4. Degradation during pollen development:
- As pollen grains mature, the tapetum undergoes programmed cell death and degenerates.
- The degeneration of the tapetum releases its contents, including nutrients and enzymes, which are absorbed by the developing pollen grains.
- The tapetum's degradation also creates space within the anther for the release and dispersal of mature pollen grains.
In conclusion, tapetum is the innermost layer of the anther wall, derived from the parietal tissues. It plays a critical role in providing nutrients and synthesizing essential substances for pollen development. The tapetum's degeneration allows for the release of mature pollen grains.

Division taking place in tapetum cell is:
The correct answer is C: Endomitosis.
Explanation:
Endomitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in tapetum cells. Here is a detailed explanation:
- Tapetum cells: Tapetum cells are a specialized layer of cells found in the anther of a flower. They provide nourishment and support to the developing pollen grains.
- Endomitosis: Endomitosis is a form of cell division where the nuclear division occurs without cytokinesis, resulting in the formation of cells with multiple nuclei. It is a common process in the tapetum cells.
- Meiosis: Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in reproductive cells (gametes) to produce haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes. It is not involved in the division of tapetum cells.
- Amitosis: Amitosis is a primitive form of cell division where the nucleus simply divides into two without the formation of a spindle or the involvement of other cellular structures. It is not the type of division that occurs in tapetum cells.
- Only mitosis: Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells. While mitosis may occur in tapetum cells, it is not the only type of division that takes place in these cells.
In conclusion, the division taking place in tapetum cells is endomitosis, where nuclear division occurs without cytokinesis, resulting in cells with multiple nuclei.

Answer:
The correct answer is D: Two-celled stage.
In Capsella (a genus of flowering plants), pollen grains are shed at the two-celled stage. Here's a detailed explanation:

• Pollen grains: Pollen grains are the male reproductive structures of plants.


• Development stages: The development of a pollen grain involves several stages, starting from the microspore stage within the anther of the flower.


• Two-celled stage: At the two-celled stage, the pollen grain consists of two cells - a vegetative cell and a generative cell.


• Vegetative cell: The vegetative cell is responsible for providing nutrients and support to the developing pollen tube.


• Generative cell: The generative cell is the precursor to sperm cells. It undergoes division to form two sperm cells that are involved in fertilization.


• Pollen shedding: Once the pollen grain reaches the two-celled stage, it is mature enough to be shed from the anther and carried by wind, insects, or other means to the stigma of a receptive flower for pollination.

Therefore, in Capsella, the pollen grains are shed at the two-celled stage.

Polyploid Tissue in Angiosperm Plant
Definition: Polyploidy is a condition characterized by the presence of multiple sets of chromosomes in an organism. In angiosperm plants, polyploid tissue refers to the presence of cells or tissues with more than two sets of chromosomes.
Examples of Polyploid Tissue in Angiosperm Plants:
- Tapetum: The tapetum is the innermost layer of the anther in flowering plants. It provides nourishment and support to developing pollen grains. The tapetum is a polyploid tissue as it contains cells with more than two sets of chromosomes.
Other Options:
- Perisperm: Perisperm refers to the nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo in a seed. It is not a polyploid tissue.
- Embryo: The embryo is the young, developing plant within a seed. It is not a polyploid tissue.
- Placenta: The placenta is the tissue that connects the developing embryo to the uterus in animals. It is not present in angiosperm plants.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Tapetum, as it is an example of polyploid tissue found in an angiosperm plant.

Explanation:
The correct answer is B: Male gametophyte.
Definition:
A microspore is a small, single-celled structure that develops into a male gametophyte in plants.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
- A microspore is the first cell of the male gametophyte in plants.
- The male gametophyte is responsible for producing sperm cells in plants.
- Microspores are produced in the anthers of flowers.
- Anther is the part of the flower where microspores are formed.
- Microspores undergo mitosis and develop into pollen grains.
- Each pollen grain contains two cells: a generative cell and a tube cell.
- The generative cell divides and produces two sperm cells.
- The tube cell forms a pollen tube, which helps in the transfer of sperm cells to the female reproductive structure.
In summary, a microspore is the first cell of the male gametophyte, which plays a crucial role in the reproduction of plants by producing sperm cells.

Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Allergy.
Reasoning:
Pollen grains are one of the most common triggers for allergic reactions in humans. When people with allergies inhale pollen, their immune system responds by releasing antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies then cause the release of chemicals such as histamine, which leads to symptoms like sneezing, itching, runny nose, and watery eyes.
Summary:
Pollen grains of some plants cause allergies in humans. When people with allergies are exposed to pollen, their immune system reacts and triggers symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose.

Answer:
The anther is the male reproductive structure found in flowers. It is responsible for producing and releasing pollen grains, which contain the male gametes necessary for fertilization. The anther is generally composed of four sporangia, also known as pollen sacs. Each sporangium contains numerous pollen grains.
To answer the given question, we need to determine the number of sporangia found in the anther. The correct answer is D, which states that the anther is composed of four sporangia.
Here is a detailed explanation of each option:
A: One sporangium
- This option is incorrect because the anther is not composed of only one sporangium.
B: Two sporangium
- This option is incorrect because the anther is not composed of only two sporangia.
C: Three sporangium
- This option is incorrect because the anther is not composed of only three sporangia.
D: Four sporangium
- This option is correct. The anther is generally composed of four sporangia, each containing numerous pollen grains.
In summary, the anther is generally composed of four sporangia. Each sporangium contains numerous pollen grains, which are responsible for pollination and fertilization in flowering plants.

To determine the equivalent structure of the anther in the Capsella plant, we need to compare it with the structures found in fern plants.
The options given are:
A: Sporangia - These are structures found in fern plants that produce spores. They are not equivalent to the anther in Capsella.
B: Sorus - A sorus is a cluster of sporangia found on the underside of fern fronds. This is the correct answer as it is equivalent to the anther in Capsella.
C: Antheridia - Antheridia are the male gametangia found in bryophytes and some ferns. They are not equivalent to the anther in Capsella.
D: Male gametangia - This is a general term used to describe the male reproductive structures in plants. It is not specific to fern plants and is not equivalent to the anther in Capsella.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Sorus.

Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Polyspory.
Polyspory refers to the occurrence of more than four spores from spore mother cells. It is a type of reproductive strategy found in certain organisms.
Here is a detailed explanation of each option:
- A: Polysiphony: This term refers to the branching pattern of certain plants, such as ferns, where the stem grows in a complex, branching manner.
- B: Polyspermae: This term is not directly related to the occurrence of spores. It may be a misspelling or an incorrect option.
- C: Polyspory: This is the correct answer. Polyspory describes the production of more than four spores from spore mother cells. This phenomenon is observed in some plants and fungi.
- D: Polyembryony: Polyembryony refers to the development of more than one embryo from a single fertilized egg. It is a reproductive strategy seen in certain animals and plants.
In summary, the occurrence of more than four spores from spore mother cells is known as polyspory.

The male gametophyte of Capsella contains three cells or nuclei.
The male gametophyte of Capsella, also known as the pollen grain, undergoes several stages of development before it is fully mature and capable of fertilizing the female gametophyte. During this process, the male gametophyte undergoes mitosis to produce several cells or nuclei.
Here is a breakdown of the different cells or nuclei present in the male gametophyte of Capsella:
1. Generative cell: The generative cell is one of the cells present in the mature male gametophyte. It is responsible for the production of two sperm cells through mitosis. These sperm cells will later be involved in fertilization.
2. Tube cell: The tube cell is another cell present in the mature male gametophyte. It plays a crucial role in the process of fertilization. The tube cell elongates and forms the pollen tube, which serves as a conduit for the sperm cells to reach the female gametophyte.
3. Ventral cell: The ventral cell is a central cell present in the mature male gametophyte. It is involved in the formation of the endosperm, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo after fertilization.
Therefore, the male gametophyte of Capsella contains three cells or nuclei - the generative cell, tube cell, and ventral cell. These cells are essential for the successful fertilization and development of the plant embryo.

The male gametophyte of Capsella produces two types of male gametes. Let's break down the options and explain why answer D is correct:
Option A: One, multiciliated
- This option is incorrect because it states that only one gamete is produced, whereas Capsella produces two gametes.
Option B: Two, biciliated
- This option is incorrect because it suggests that the male gametes have two cilia, whereas Capsella gametes are non-motile.
Option C: Two, multiciliated
- This option is incorrect because it suggests that the male gametes of Capsella have multiple cilia, whereas they are non-motile.
Option D: Two, non-motile
- This option is correct because it states that the male gametes of Capsella are non-motile, which is true. These non-motile gametes rely on external factors like wind or insects for fertilization.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: Two, non-motile male gametes are produced by the male gametophyte of Capsella.

Pollen Grains and their Role in Exploration
The type of fossils found in an area can provide valuable information about the geological history and the presence of certain resources. In the case of pollen grains, they can be particularly helpful in the exploration of coal, petroleum, and fossil plants. Here's a detailed explanation:

1. Coal Exploration

- Pollen grains can be used as indicators of the presence of ancient vegetation, which is a key component in the formation of coal.
- By analyzing the type and abundance of pollen grains preserved in sedimentary rocks, geologists can determine the types of plants that existed in the past.
- This information can help in identifying regions with a high potential for coal deposits.

2. Petroleum Exploration

- Similar to coal, petroleum is also formed from the remains of ancient organisms, including plants.
- Pollen grains can provide important clues about the types of plants that were present in the past, indicating the potential for petroleum source rocks.
- By studying the distribution and composition of pollen grains in sedimentary rocks, geologists can identify areas with a higher likelihood of containing petroleum reserves.

3. Fossil Plants

- Pollen grains are essential in the study of fossil plants.
- By examining fossilized pollen grains, paleobotanists can reconstruct past plant communities and ecosystems.
- This information helps in understanding the evolution and distribution of plant species over time.

Conclusion

The presence of particular types of pollen grains in an area can provide valuable insights into the potential for coal deposits, petroleum reserves, and the study of fossil plants. Therefore, the fossils of pollen grains can be helpful in the exploration of coal, petroleum, and fossil plants, making option D the correct answer.

Ubisch bodies are associated with the development of pollen grains.
Explanation:
Ubisch bodies are a type of proteinaceous cytoplasmic inclusion found in the tapetal cells of anther wall during the development of pollen grains. They are named after the botanist Ludwig Ubisch who first described them. Here is a detailed explanation of their association with the development of pollen grains:
1. Ubisch bodies:
- Ubisch bodies are small, spherical or oval-shaped structures found in the cytoplasm of tapetal cells.
- They are composed of proteins and lipids and are highly electron-dense, making them visible under an electron microscope.
2. Tapetal cells:
- Tapetal cells are specialized cells found within the anther wall of flowering plants.
- They play a crucial role in the development of pollen grains by providing nutrients and other essential substances.
3. Pollen grain development:
- Pollen grains develop within the anther, which is the male reproductive structure of flowering plants.
- The process of pollen grain development involves several stages, including the formation of microspores, their division, and differentiation into pollen grains.
4. Role of Ubisch bodies:
- Ubisch bodies are involved in the synthesis and accumulation of various substances necessary for the development of pollen grains.
- They store lipids, proteins, and other nutrients that are later released into the developing pollen grains.
- The nutrients provided by Ubisch bodies support the growth and maturation of pollen grains.
5. Other functions of Ubisch bodies:
- Ubisch bodies also play a role in the formation of the pollen coat, which is the outer layer of the pollen grain.
- They contribute to the development of the exine, which is the tough outer wall of the pollen grain.
- Additionally, Ubisch bodies are involved in the formation of the intine, which is the inner layer of the pollen grain wall.
Conclusion:
- Ubisch bodies are proteinaceous cytoplasmic inclusions found in tapetal cells during the development of pollen grains.
- They play a crucial role in providing nutrients and other essential substances for the growth and maturation of pollen grains.
- Ubisch bodies are involved in the synthesis and accumulation of lipids, proteins, and other substances necessary for pollen grain development.

Generative Nucleus in a Pollen Grain
The small nucleus in a pollen grain is known as the generative nucleus. The generative nucleus plays a crucial role in the process of pollination and fertilization in plants. Here is a detailed explanation of the generative nucleus and its functions:
Definition:
The generative nucleus is a small nucleus found within the pollen grain of a flowering plant. It is responsible for the formation of male gametes or sperm cells.
Functions:
1. Sperm Cell Formation: The generative nucleus divides mitotically to produce two sperm cells. These sperm cells are involved in the process of fertilization, where they fuse with the female gametes to form a zygote.
2. Pollen Tube Formation: After pollination occurs, the generative nucleus, along with the tube nucleus, helps in the formation of the pollen tube. The pollen tube is a long, slender structure that grows from the pollen grain towards the ovule, allowing the sperm cells to reach the embryo sac.
3. Double Fertilization: Once the pollen tube reaches the ovule, the generative nucleus divides again to release the two sperm cells. One sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote, while the other sperm cell fuses with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo.
In conclusion, the small nucleus in a pollen grain is called the generative nucleus. It is involved in the formation of male gametes, the growth of the pollen tube, and the process of double fertilization.