Test: Working Of Institutions- 1 - Class 9 MCQ

A Special Order of the Government is an Office Memorandum. It is released for administration on a regular basis. It is a document usually used by an organization for communication.

• Basically, an Office Memorandum is a document released by a proper authority stating the government’s policy or decision.
• It is recognized as an order from the government or a circular released by the executive branch.
• It is released for administration on a daily basis.

Explanation:
The institution that exercises greater power over the Union budget is the Lok Sabha. Here's why:
- The Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament of India, comprising elected representatives from the people of India.
- The Union budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister of India.
- The Lok Sabha has the power to discuss, debate, and make amendments to the budget.
- The Lok Sabha also has the power to approve or reject the budget.
- If the Lok Sabha rejects the budget, it can lead to the resignation of the government, as the budget is considered a matter of confidence.
- The Rajya Sabha, on the other hand, is the upper house of the Parliament of India and does not have as much power over the Union budget.
- The Reserve Bank of India, although it plays a crucial role in the country's economic policies, does not exercise direct power over the Union budget.
- The Supreme Court of India's role is primarily to interpret the constitution and ensure the legality of government actions, and it does not have direct control over the Union budget.
In conclusion, the Lok Sabha exercises greater power over the Union budget compared to the other institutions mentioned.

Office Order dated 13-8-1990: Reservation of Seats
The office order dated 13-8-1990 regarding the reservation of seats was signed by the Joint Secretary.
Explanation:
- The office order, which pertains to the reservation of seats, was issued on 13-8-1990.
- The order was signed by a specific individual holding a designated position within the office hierarchy.
- Among the given options, the most appropriate position to sign such an order would be the Joint Secretary.
- The Joint Secretary typically holds a high-ranking position within an organization and is responsible for assisting the Secretary in carrying out administrative duties.
- Given their role in overseeing various departments and functions, the Joint Secretary would be authorized to sign an office order related to reservation of seats.
- It is important to note that the other options provided, namely the Secretary, Deputy Secretary, and Under Secretary, may also hold positions of authority within the office but are less likely to be directly responsible for signing such an order.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Joint Secretary.

Answer:
The Second Backward Class Commission was appointed in 1979.
Explanation:
The Second Backward Class Commission was appointed to study and identify the social and educational conditions of the backward classes in India. Here is a detailed explanation:
- The appointment of the Second Backward Class Commission took place in 1979.
- The commission was formed to assess the social, educational, and economic status of the backward classes in India.
- The purpose of the commission was to identify the backward classes and recommend measures for their upliftment.
- The commission conducted extensive research, surveys, and consultations with various stakeholders to gather data and insights.
- After analyzing the collected information, the commission submitted its report, which included recommendations for reservation policies and other initiatives to improve the conditions of the backward classes.
- The report of the Second Backward Class Commission played a significant role in shaping the reservation policies and welfare programs for backward classes in India.
In conclusion, the Second Backward Class Commission was appointed in 1979 to study and recommend measures for the upliftment of the backward classes in India.

The president is indirectly elected by an electoral college comprising the Parliament of India (both houses) and the legislative assemblies of each of India's states and territories, who themselves are all directly elected.

The three categories of ministers which constitute the Council of Ministers are : 
(i) Cabinet Ministers are usually top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in-charge of the major ministries. Usually the Cabinet Ministers meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers. Cabinet is thus the inner ring of the Council of Ministers. It comprises about 20 ministers. 
(ii) Ministers of State with independent charge are usually in-charge of smaller ministries. They participate in the Cabinet meetings only when specially invited. 
(iii) Ministers of State are attached to and required to assist Cabinet Ministers.

The head of the Second Backward Classes Commission was B.P. Mandal.
- B.P. Mandal served as the head of the Second Backward Classes Commission, also known as the Mandal Commission.
- The Mandal Commission was established in India in 1979 by the Janata Party government.
- The commission was tasked with identifying and recommending measures for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes in the country.
- B.P. Mandal, who was a politician and a member of the Janata Party, was appointed as the chairman of the commission.
- The Mandal Commission submitted its report in 1980, which proposed the reservation of a certain percentage of government jobs and educational institutions for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in India.
- The recommendations of the Mandal Commission led to widespread protests and debates, eventually resulting in the implementation of reservation policies for OBCs in government jobs and educational institutions.
- The Mandal Commission and its report played a significant role in shaping India's policies on affirmative action and social justice for backward classes.

Article 131 of Indian Constitution provides for Original Jurisdiction that deals with disputes (i) between the Government of India and one or more States, (ii) between the Government of India and any State or States on the one side and one or more other States on the other, or (iii) between two or more states. Apart from it, SC can also take up disputes between the centre and the citizens of country as well as between citizens of the country.

The two houses of Parliament in India are:

• Lok Sabha: Lok Sabha is the lower house of Parliament. It is also known as the House of the People. Members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India.


• Rajya Sabha: Rajya Sabha is the upper house of Parliament. It is also known as the Council of States. Members of Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of State Legislative Assemblies.

Explanation:
- The Parliament of India consists of two houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
- Lok Sabha represents the people of India, while Rajya Sabha represents the states and union territories.
- Lok Sabha has a maximum of 545 members, out of which 543 members are directly elected by the people and 2 members are nominated by the President.
- Rajya Sabha has a maximum of 250 members, out of which 238 members are elected by the members of State Legislative Assemblies and Union territories, and the remaining 12 members are nominated by the President.
- Both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha play important roles in the legislative process, including the passage of bills, debates on important issues, and holding the government accountable.
- The two houses work together to ensure the functioning of a democratic system in India.

Explanation:
To determine the highest formed authority in a country, we need to consider the structure and hierarchy of the government. In the given options, we have:
A: Prime Minister
- The Prime Minister is the head of government in many countries, responsible for leading the executive branch and implementing policies.
B: President
- The President is the head of state in many countries, representing the nation and its sovereignty. The President may have varying degrees of executive powers depending on the country's political system.
C: Chief Justice of India
- The Chief Justice of India is the head of the judiciary in India, responsible for the overall administration of the judicial system.
D: Chief Election Commissioner
- The Chief Election Commissioner is responsible for overseeing elections in India, ensuring fairness and transparency in the electoral process.
Answer: B - President
- In many countries, the President holds the highest formed authority. They are the head of state and may have significant executive powers. However, it's important to note that the specific powers and authority of the President can vary depending on the country's political system.
Overall, the highest formed authority in a country can vary depending on the specific government structure and constitution of that country.