RAPID GK TEST -1 - Government Jobs MCQ

Effect of Rusting on the Weight of Iron:
Rusting is a chemical process that occurs when iron reacts with oxygen and water. It results in the formation of iron oxide, commonly known as rust. The effect of rusting on the weight of iron can be explained as follows:
1. Rust Formation: When iron rusts, it combines with oxygen from the air and water molecules to form iron oxide. This process is known as oxidation.
2. Increase in Weight: The formation of rust on the iron surface leads to an increase in weight. This is because iron oxide has a higher mass than iron alone. The oxygen atoms that combine with iron contribute to this increased weight.
3. Additional Factors: The weight increase due to rusting can vary depending on various factors such as the extent of rust formation, the presence of impurities, and the conditions in which rusting occurs (such as humidity and temperature).
4. Corrosion: Rusting not only increases the weight of iron but also weakens its structure. The formation of rust can cause the iron to corrode, leading to structural damage and potential failure over time.
In conclusion, the weight of iron increases after rusting due to the formation of iron oxide. Rusting not only adds mass to the iron but also leads to corrosion and structural damage.

Main Gas Responsible for Air Pollution: Carbon dioxide

• Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main gas responsible for air pollution.


• It is a greenhouse gas that is primarily released through human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas.


• These activities include industrial processes, transportation, and energy production.


• When carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, it traps heat and contributes to the greenhouse effect, leading to global warming and climate change.


• High levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can also lead to other environmental issues such as ocean acidification.


• Carbon dioxide is a major contributor to air pollution and its concentration in the atmosphere has been steadily increasing over the past century.


• Efforts are being made to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through the use of renewable energy sources, energy-efficient technologies, and the implementation of policies to limit greenhouse gas emissions.

It is important to note that while carbon dioxide is the main gas responsible for air pollution, other gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) also contribute to air pollution and have harmful effects on human health and the environment.

Which of the following can be grown in black soil?
The correct answer is B: Cotton.
Explanation:
Black soil, also known as regur soil or black cotton soil, is a type of fertile soil that is found in certain regions of India. It is known for its high fertility and moisture-retaining capacity, making it suitable for the cultivation of various crops.
Here is a detailed explanation of the options:




A: Silk
Silk is not grown in black soil. Silk is produced from the cocoons of silkworms, which feed on mulberry leaves. The cultivation of mulberry trees is not specific to black soil.




B: Cotton
Cotton is grown in black soil. Black soil is particularly suitable for the cultivation of cotton due to its moisture-retaining capacity. Cotton requires well-drained soil, and black soil provides the ideal conditions for its growth.




C: Both (A) & (B)
This option is incorrect because silk is not grown in black soil, only cotton is.




D: None of these
This option is incorrect because cotton can be grown in black soil.
In conclusion, cotton can be grown in black soil, making option B the correct answer.

Explanation:

Permanent hardness in water is caused by the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. These ions are responsible for the formation of insoluble compounds that cannot be removed by boiling the water. The most common compound responsible for permanent hardness is calcium sulfate (CaSO4).

Detailed

Permanent hardness in water is caused by the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. These ions react with other compounds in the water to form insoluble compounds that cannot be removed by boiling the water. The different compounds responsible for permanent hardness include:

• Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): This compound is responsible for temporary hardness in water, but it can also contribute to permanent hardness if it is present in high concentrations. However, it is not the main cause of permanent hardness.


• Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2): This compound is responsible for temporary hardness in water and can also contribute to permanent hardness if it decomposes into calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide.


• Calcium oxide (CaO): This compound is not responsible for permanent hardness in water.


• Calcium sulfate (CaSO4): This compound is the main cause of permanent hardness in water. It is relatively insoluble and cannot be removed by boiling the water.

Conclusion:

Among the given options, calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is responsible for permanent hardness in water. It forms insoluble compounds that cannot be removed by boiling the water.

Why it is suggested to not keep burning charcoal in a packed room?

There are several reasons why it is not recommended to keep burning charcoal in a packed room:

1. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning:

• Burning charcoal releases carbon monoxide gas, which is colorless, odorless, and highly toxic.


• When charcoal is burned in an enclosed or poorly ventilated space, the carbon monoxide can accumulate to dangerous levels.


• Inhaling carbon monoxide can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning, which can cause symptoms like headache, dizziness, nausea, confusion, and even death in severe cases.

2. Oxygen Depletion:

• Charcoal burning consumes oxygen in the process of combustion, leading to a decrease in the oxygen levels in the room.


• Insufficient oxygen can cause difficulty in breathing, especially for individuals with respiratory conditions or compromised lung function.

3. Fire Hazard:

• Charcoal burns at high temperatures and can easily ignite flammable materials in the surroundings.


• In a packed room, there is a higher risk of accidental contact between burning charcoal and combustible objects, increasing the chances of a fire outbreak.

4. Heat Accumulation:

• Burning charcoal produces a significant amount of heat, which can raise the temperature in a packed room.


• This can lead to discomfort, excessive sweating, and even heat-related illnesses, especially in hot weather conditions.

Considering these risks, it is crucial to avoid burning charcoal in a packed room and ensure proper ventilation when using charcoal for cooking or heating purposes.

Answer:
The correct answer is A: Lead.
Batteries are electrochemical devices that store and release electrical energy. They consist of two electrodes (anode and cathode) immersed in an electrolyte solution. The electrolyte allows the flow of ions between the electrodes, facilitating the chemical reactions that generate electricity.
In the case of lead-acid batteries, which are commonly used in vehicles and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), the following components are present:
Anode: Lead (Pb)
Cathode: Lead dioxide (PbO2)
Electrolyte: Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
When the battery is discharged, the lead reacts with the sulfuric acid to form lead sulfate (PbSO4) at both electrodes. When the battery is charged, the lead sulfate is converted back into lead and lead dioxide. This reversible chemical reaction allows the battery to be recharged and discharged multiple times.
It is important to note that different types of batteries may contain different materials. For instance, lithium-ion batteries use lithium compounds, nickel-cadmium batteries use cadmium compounds, and so on. However, in the context of the given options, lead is the correct answer for batteries.

 Option ( d) correct answer. 

Explanation:-  

Lower power consumption, less waste heat, and high efficiency than equivalent tubes, especially in small - signal circuits. They can operate on lower - voltage supplies for greater safety, lower costs, tighter clearances.

The relative densities of water, ice, and alcohol are 1.0, 0.9, and 0.8, respectively. Comment on ice cubes submerged at the bottom of a cocktail.

Mixed alcoholic drinks have less relative densities than water.

So, a greater volume of liquid must be displaced and ice cubes float lower in the mixed alcoholic drink.

On mountains and hilly regions, the air is less dense and the atmospheric pressure is also less. So the pressure is reduced as compared to the sea level or below the mountains. Water has a lower boiling point at a lower temperature. The food items like rice or meat need to be cooked at high temperatures.

Effect of Summer Heat on Pendulum Clock

Introduction:

A pendulum clock is a mechanical clock that uses a swinging pendulum to regulate its timekeeping. The swinging motion of the pendulum is affected by various factors, including temperature. Summer heat can have an impact on the functioning of a pendulum clock.

Effect of Summer Heat:

• Expansion of Pendulum: When the temperature rises, the materials used in the construction of the pendulum, such as the metal rod and the bob, expand. This expansion can affect the length and swing of the pendulum, leading to a change in the clock's timekeeping.


• Increased Friction: High temperatures can cause an increase in friction between the various components of the clock, such as the gears and bearings. This increased friction can result in a slowdown or irregular movement of the pendulum, causing the clock to run slow.


• Changes in Pendulum Length: The expansion of the pendulum due to heat can alter its effective length. As the length of the pendulum affects its period of oscillation, any change in length can lead to a deviation in the clock's accuracy.


• Stability: Heat can also affect the stability of the clock's mechanism. The expansion and contraction of different parts can introduce variations in the clock's timekeeping, making it less reliable.


• Materials: The materials used in the construction of the clock, such as the pendulum rod and the gears, may have different coefficients of thermal expansion. This can further contribute to the changes in the clock's timekeeping when exposed to summer heat.

Conclusion:

Summer heat can have a significant impact on the functioning of a pendulum clock. The expansion of the pendulum, increased friction, changes in pendulum length, instability, and variations in materials can all contribute to the clock running slow or experiencing irregular timekeeping. It is important to consider these factors and make adjustments or provide suitable conditions to ensure the accurate functioning of a pendulum clock during the summer season.

Speed of Sound in Dry Air at 20 degrees:
The speed of sound in dry air depends on various factors such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. At 20 degrees Celsius, the speed of sound in dry air is approximately:
- 343 meters per second: This is the standard speed of sound in dry air at 20 degrees Celsius.
Explanation:
- The speed of sound in a medium depends on the density and elasticity of the medium. In dry air, the speed of sound is primarily affected by temperature.
- At 20 degrees Celsius, the speed of sound in dry air is approximately 343 meters per second or 1235 kilometers per hour.
- This value is commonly used as a reference point for the speed of sound in dry air at 20 degrees Celsius.
- It is important to note that the speed of sound can vary slightly due to factors such as humidity, altitude, and composition of the air.
Conclusion:
- The speed of sound in dry air at 20 degrees Celsius is approximately 343 meters per second.
- This value is widely accepted as the standard speed of sound in dry air at that temperature.

The ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about 60 km (37 mi) to 1,000 km (620 mi) altitude, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere.

The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important role in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth.

Ashoka Chakra Spokes:
The Ashoka Chakra is a prominent symbol in India's national flag and represents the wheel of law. It consists of 24 spokes, which have significant symbolism. Here is a detailed explanation of the Ashoka Chakra spokes:
1. Symbolism:
- The Ashoka Chakra represents the eternal wheel of law and righteousness.
- It signifies the continuous progress and movement of the nation.
2. Number of spokes:
- The Ashoka Chakra consists of 24 spokes evenly spaced around a central hub.
- The spokes are designed in a way that they radiate from the center to the outer rim.
3. Historical significance:
- The 24 spokes in the Ashoka Chakra are derived from the Lion Capital of Ashoka, which is an ancient Indian sculpture.
- This Lion Capital is one of the national symbols of India and is preserved in the Sarnath Museum in Uttar Pradesh.
4. Buddhist symbolism:
- The number 24 holds great significance in Buddhism.
- It represents the twelve causal links of dependent origination and the twelve-fold chain of causation.
- These twelve links are associated with the Buddha's teachings on the concept of samsara (the cycle of birth and death).
5. Unity and harmony:
- The 24 spokes in the Ashoka Chakra also symbolize unity and harmony among the diverse states and regions of India.
- Each spoke represents one hour of the day, signifying that the nation should always be vigilant and progress round the clock.
Overall, the Ashoka Chakra with its 24 spokes is a powerful symbol that represents India's rich cultural heritage, Buddhist principles, and the continuous progress of the nation.

The national anthem of India, "Jana Gana Mana," has a duration of 52 seconds. Let's break down the solution into bullet points to provide a detailed explanation:
- The duration of a song is measured by the time it takes to sing or play it completely.
- "Jana Gana Mana" is the national anthem of India, composed by Rabindranath Tagore.
- The song consists of five stanzas in total, but only the first stanza is officially recognized as the national anthem.
- The average time taken to sing "Jana Gana Mana" is approximately 52 seconds.
- This duration may vary slightly depending on the tempo and style of rendition.
- It is important to note that the duration mentioned here is an approximation and may not be exact in every performance.
In conclusion, the national anthem of India, "Jana Gana Mana," has a duration of approximately 52 seconds when sung or played in its entirety.

The Saraswati Supercluster is a massive galaxy supercluster about 1.2 gigaparsecs away within the Stripe 82 region of SDSS, in the direction of the constellation Pisces. It is one of the largest structures found in the universe, with a major axis in diameter of about 200 Mpc.

World's Smallest and Cheapest Jet: VISION JET
Key Points:
- The Vision Jet is considered the world's smallest and cheapest jet.
- It is manufactured by Cirrus Aircraft, an American aviation company.
- The Vision Jet is a single-engine personal jet that can accommodate up to 7 passengers.
- It has a unique design with a single, forward-facing engine and a V-tail.
- The jet is known for its advanced safety features, including the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS), which can deploy a parachute to safely land the aircraft in case of an emergency.
- The Vision Jet has a range of around 1,200 nautical miles and can reach a maximum speed of approximately 345 knots.
- It is powered by a Williams FJ33-5A turbofan engine.
- The jet offers a spacious and comfortable cabin with luxurious amenities, including reclining seats, large windows, and a customizable interior.
- The Vision Jet is popular among private pilots and individuals looking for a cost-effective and efficient mode of transportation.
- Its smaller size and lower operating costs make it an attractive option for personal and business use.
Overall, the Vision Jet stands out as the world's smallest and cheapest jet, offering a combination of affordability, performance, and safety features.

Country that Awards Nobel Prize: Sweden

• Introduction:



The Nobel Prize is a prestigious international award given annually in several categories, including Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. It was established by the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor, engineer, and industrialist, in 1895.




• Origin of the Nobel Prize:



The Nobel Prize was established in accordance with the will of Alfred Nobel. He left his entire estate to fund these prizes, specifying that they should be awarded to individuals who have made outstanding contributions in their respective fields.




• Selection and Awarding Process:



The Nobel Prizes are awarded by various organizations and committees. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the prizes in Physics and Chemistry, the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute awards the prize in Physiology or Medicine, the Swedish Academy awards the prize in Literature, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the prize for Peace. The Sveriges Riksbank (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) also awards the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.




• Location of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony:



The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony takes place annually on December 10th in Stockholm, Sweden, except for the Nobel Peace Prize, which is awarded in Oslo, Norway.




• Significance of the Nobel Prize:



The Nobel Prize is considered one of the highest honors in the world and recognizes exceptional achievements in various fields. It aims to promote advancements in science, literature, and peace, and to inspire further contributions to humanity.

Therefore, the country that awards the Nobel Prize is Sweden.

The first transgenic cow was named Rosie. Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
Introduction:
- The question asks about the first transgenic cow.
- Transgenic refers to an organism that has been genetically modified by introducing genes from another species.
Options:
A: Dollie
- Dollie is not the correct answer.
B: Polly
- Polly is not the correct answer.
C: Molly
- Molly is not the correct answer.
D: Rosie
- Rosie is the correct answer.
Explanation:
- Rosie was the first transgenic cow and gained recognition for her contribution to the field of genetic engineering.
- Rosie was created in 1997 by a team of scientists led by Dr. James Robl and Dr. Steven Stice at the University of Massachusetts.
- The researchers used a technique called nuclear transfer to introduce a human gene into Rosie's DNA.
- The introduced gene produced a protein called alpha-1-antitrypsin, which has potential medical applications.
- Rosie's birth was a significant milestone in the field of genetic engineering and opened up possibilities for the production of valuable proteins in the milk of transgenic cows.
Conclusion:
- Rosie was the first transgenic cow.
- She was created in 1997 using nuclear transfer to introduce a human gene into her DNA.
- Rosie's birth marked a significant milestone in the field of genetic engineering.

First Clone Sheep - Dollie

The first clone sheep was named Dollie. Here is a detailed explanation:

• Background: Dollie was a historic scientific breakthrough as she was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).


• Creation: Dollie was created by a team of scientists led by Dr. Ian Wilmut at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. They used a cell from the udder of a six-year-old Finn Dorset sheep and an enucleated egg cell to create Dollie.


• Birth: Dollie was born on July 5, 1996, and she was a genetically identical copy of the sheep from which the donor cell was taken.


• Impact: The successful cloning of Dollie opened up new possibilities in the field of genetics and reproductive biology. It paved the way for further research in cloning and genetic engineering.


• Legacy: Dollie lived for six and a half years, which is slightly shorter than the average lifespan of a sheep. Despite her relatively short life, she made a significant impact on scientific advancements and sparked debates about the ethics of cloning.

Therefore, the first clone sheep was Dollie, who was created through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) by Dr. Ian Wilmut and his team at the Roslin Institute in Scotland.

Transgenic Sheep TRACY and its Production:

Transgenic sheep TRACY was created through genetic modification techniques, where specific genes were introduced into the sheep's DNA to produce desired proteins. The production of transgenic sheep involves several steps:

1. Genetic Modification:

• Specific genes, encoding for the desired protein, are introduced into the sheep's DNA using various techniques such as gene insertion or gene editing.


• This process alters the sheep's genetic makeup, enabling it to produce the desired protein in its body.

2. Protein Production:

• After the genetic modification, the transgenic sheep TRACY starts producing the protein encoded by the introduced gene.


• The protein is synthesized by the sheep's cells, following the instructions provided by the introduced gene.

3. Protein Harvesting:

• Once the transgenic sheep TRACY has successfully produced the desired protein, it can be harvested for further use.


• The protein can be obtained from various sources, such as the sheep's milk, blood, or specific tissues, depending on the target protein.

Based on the given options, the transgenic sheep TRACY is known for producing Alpha one antitrypsin (Option B).

Note: Somatostatin (Option A) and Trypsin (Option C) are examples of other proteins that can be produced through genetic modification in different organisms, but they are not specifically associated with transgenic sheep TRACY.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option B: Alpha one antitrypsin.

Green Revolution by M.S. Swaminathan

M.S. Swaminathan is renowned for his contributions to the field of agriculture, particularly the Green Revolution in India. Here is a detailed explanation of the role he played:

1. Introduction to M.S. Swaminathan
- Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan, commonly known as M.S. Swaminathan, is an Indian geneticist and agricultural scientist.
- He is considered the father of the Green Revolution in India.

2. Green Revolution
- The Green Revolution refers to a significant increase in agricultural productivity that occurred in India during the 1960s and 1970s.
- It involved the introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds, modern irrigation techniques, and the use of fertilizers and pesticides.
- The aim of the Green Revolution was to address the issue of food scarcity and improve agricultural output to meet the growing population's demands.

3. M.S. Swaminathan's Contributions
- M.S. Swaminathan played a crucial role in the implementation and success of the Green Revolution in India.
- He worked extensively on developing high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, which played a vital role in increasing agricultural productivity.
- Swaminathan's research focused on improving crop genetics, utilizing advanced irrigation techniques, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
- He also emphasized the importance of farmer education and communication to ensure the effective adoption of modern agricultural practices.

4. Impact of the Green Revolution
- The Green Revolution led to a significant increase in agricultural production in India, particularly in the production of wheat and rice.
- It helped in reducing food shortages, alleviating poverty, and improving the overall socio-economic conditions of farmers.
- The success of the Green Revolution paved the way for subsequent agricultural advancements and boosted India's self-sufficiency in food production.
In conclusion, M.S. Swaminathan played a pivotal role in the implementation of the Green Revolution in India. His contributions in developing high-yielding crop varieties, promoting modern agricultural practices, and emphasizing farmer education were instrumental in improving agricultural productivity and addressing food scarcity.

Absolute zero is the lowest temperature possible. At a temperature of absolute zero there is no motion and no heat. Absolute zero occurs at a temperature of 0 degrees Kelvin, or -273.15 degrees Celsius, or at -460 degrees Fahrenheit.

Which state of India receives the highest rainfall?
The state of India that receives the highest rainfall is Meghalaya.
Here is a detailed explanation:
Factors affecting rainfall:
- The geographical location and topography of a region play a significant role in determining its rainfall pattern.
- The presence of mountain ranges, proximity to the coast, and monsoon winds influence the amount of rainfall received.
Meghalaya:
- Meghalaya, located in the northeastern part of India, receives the highest rainfall in the country.
- It is known as the "Abode of Clouds" due to its heavy rainfall and lush green landscapes.
- The state is situated in the rain shadow region of the Khasi Hills and Garo Hills, which contributes to its high rainfall.
- Cherrapunji, a place in Meghalaya, holds the record for the highest annual rainfall in the world.
Comparison with other states:
- West Bengal: While West Bengal receives substantial rainfall, it is not the highest in the country.
- Arunachal Pradesh: Although Arunachal Pradesh experiences heavy rainfall, it is not the highest in India.
- Maharashtra: Maharashtra receives rainfall, but it is not as high as Meghalaya.
Conclusion:
Meghalaya, with its unique geographical location and rain shadow effect, receives the highest rainfall in India. The state's abundant rainfall contributes to its rich biodiversity and scenic landscapes.

Which country launch India's first satellite?
The correct answer is USSR.
Explanation:
The first satellite launched by India was named Aryabhata. It was launched on April 19, 1975, from the Kapustin Yar missile test range in Russia (then USSR). Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Background:
India's space program started in the early 1960s, and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in 1969. The main objective was to develop indigenous capabilities in space technology for various applications.
2. Launch of Aryabhata:
- India's first satellite, Aryabhata, was named after the famous ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer.
- The satellite was built by ISRO in collaboration with the Soviet Union.
- It weighed about 360 kg and was designed to study cosmic rays, solar X-rays, and other scientific phenomena.
- The launch vehicle used to put Aryabhata into orbit was a Soviet Intercosmos rocket (part of the USSR's program for international cooperation in space).
3. Launch Location:
- The Kapustin Yar missile test range in Russia (then USSR) was chosen as the launch site.
- The choice of launching from a foreign country was due to the lack of a suitable launch facility in India at that time.
4. Achievements:
- The successful launch of Aryabhata made India the 14th country to have its own satellite in space.
- It marked India's entry into the global space community and laid the foundation for future space missions and advancements.
5. Subsequent Missions:
- After Aryabhata, India continued to develop its space program and launched several more satellites, including INSAT and IRS series, for communication, remote sensing, and weather forecasting purposes.
- ISRO also achieved significant milestones with missions like Chandrayaan-1 (lunar mission) and Mangalyaan (Mars mission).
In conclusion, the USSR (now Russia) launched India's first satellite, Aryabhata, from the Kapustin Yar missile test range in 1975. This event marked an important milestone for India's space program and paved the way for future advancements in space technology.

Which satellite was the first to be launched from India's land?

The first satellite to be launched from India's land was the Rohini satellite.

Explanation:

• Rohini: Rohini was the first satellite to be launched from India's land.


• Aryabhatta: Although Aryabhatta was the first satellite to be launched by India, it was launched from a foreign site (Kapustin Yar in Russia) on April 19, 1975.


• SLR: SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) is a technology used for tracking satellites using laser beams. It is not a satellite itself.


• None of these: This option is incorrect as the correct answer is Rohini.

Therefore, the correct answer is Rohini.

Which company brings Internet in India?

• Airtel


• VSNL


• MTS


• UNINOR

The correct answer is VSNL.

Detailed

• Airtel: Airtel is a major telecommunications company in India, but it is not the company that brings internet to India.


• VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited): VSNL is a telecommunications company that was responsible for bringing internet services to India. It was the first company to provide public internet access in India.


• MTS (Mobile TeleSystems): MTS is a mobile network operator in India, but it is not the company that brings internet to the country.


• UNINOR: UNINOR is a former telecommunications company in India, but it is not the company that brings internet to the country.

Therefore, the correct answer is VSNL, as it played a significant role in bringing internet services to India.

The first telephone call in India was between Sukharam and Jyoti Basu.

Explanation:
- The first telephone call in India took place on 28th January 1877.
- The call was made between Sukharam, a businessman in Bombay (now Mumbai), and Jyoti Basu, who was a pioneer in the field of telecommunication in India.
- This historic call marked the beginning of the telephone era in India.
- Sukharam and Jyoti Basu were able to successfully communicate with each other using the newly introduced telephone technology.
- This event paved the way for the development and expansion of telephone services throughout the country.
- It is important to note that Jyoti Basu played a crucial role in establishing telecommunication infrastructure in India and contributed significantly to its growth.
- The first telephone exchange in India was set up in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in the same year, and from there, the telecommunication network expanded to other cities and regions of the country.
In conclusion, the first telephone call in India was made between Sukharam and Jyoti Basu, marking the beginning of a new era in communication technology in the country.

ISRO Headquarters Location

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) headquarters is located in Bangalore, India.

Explanation

ISRO is the national space agency of India and is responsible for the country's space exploration and satellite programs. The headquarters serves as the central administrative and operational hub for ISRO's various centers and facilities.

Key Points

• Location: Bangalore, India


• Importance: It is the central administrative and operational hub for ISRO


• Responsibilities: Overseeing space exploration and satellite programs


• Collaborations: ISRO collaborates with various national and international organizations in the field of space research and technology


• Achievements: ISRO has successfully launched numerous satellites and conducted missions like Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan

ISRO's headquarters in Bangalore plays a crucial role in the development and implementation of India's space programs, making it a significant center for space research and technology in the country.

The Architect of PARAM Series Supercomputer

• Vijay Bhatkar is known as the architect of the PARAM series supercomputer.


• PARAM is a series of supercomputers developed in India.


• Vijay Bhatkar is an Indian scientist and engineer who played a key role in the development of the Indian supercomputer ecosystem.


• He is also known for his contributions to the development of India's first supercomputer, PARAM 8000, in 1991.


• Under Bhatkar's leadership, the Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) developed several versions of the PARAM series supercomputers.


• The PARAM series supercomputers have been instrumental in various fields such as weather forecasting, scientific research, and defense applications.


• Bhatkar's contributions in the field of supercomputing have been recognized with numerous awards and honors, including the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian award.

The Bhakra Dam is built on the Sutlej River.
The Bhakra Dam is one of the largest dams in India and is located in the northern state of Himachal Pradesh. Here are some key points about the Bhakra Dam:
- Location: The Bhakra Dam is situated on the Sutlej River in the foothills of the Himalayas. It is near the border between the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.
- Purpose: The main purpose of the Bhakra Dam is to provide irrigation water and hydroelectric power to the northern states of India. It helps in the irrigation of vast agricultural lands in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan.
- Construction: The construction of the Bhakra Dam started in 1948 and was completed in 1963. It was a joint venture between the governments of India and Punjab.
- Dimensions: The Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam with a height of 226 meters and a length of 518 meters. It has a reservoir capacity of 9.34 billion cubic meters.
- Power Generation: The Bhakra Dam has a power station with a capacity of 1,325 megawatts. It generates clean and renewable hydroelectric power, which is supplied to various states in northern India.
- Tourist Attraction: Apart from its functional importance, the Bhakra Dam is also a popular tourist attraction. It offers breathtaking views of the surrounding mountains and the vast expanse of the reservoir. Tourists can visit the dam and learn about its construction and significance.
Overall, the Bhakra Dam on the Sutlej River plays a crucial role in providing water and electricity to the northern regions of India, contributing to agricultural development and economic growth.