Test: Psychology- 2 - Humanities/Arts MCQ

When studying behaviors as an association between stimulus and response, psychologists primarily focus on understanding the relationship between external or internal stimuli and the resulting responses. This approach emphasizes the connection between what triggers a behavior and how individuals react or respond in various situations.

The differences between a psychologist and a psychiatrist are captured by both Statements I and III:
Statement I indicates the educational background difference: a psychologist holds a recognized degree in psychology, which may include graduate studies up to a Ph.D. or Psy.D., while a psychiatrist is a qualified medical practitioner, which means they have completed medical school and hold an MD or DO.
Statement III points out that psychiatrists are medical doctors, which allows them to prescribe medication, whereas psychologists are not medical doctors and typically do not prescribe medication (except in a few jurisdictions where they may be granted prescribing rights after additional training).
Statement II is not a point of difference but rather a similarity between the two professions, as both have an understanding of how the brain works and human emotions, feelings, and thoughts.
Therefore, the statements that best express the differences are I and III.
The correct answer is:
3.  I and III

Industrial/Organisational Psychology primarily focuses on improving workplace behavior and conditions, including training employees, improving work conditions, and developing criteria for selecting employees. Industrial/organisational psychologists are concerned with enhancing the effectiveness of organizations through various strategies and interventions aimed at optimizing employee performance and organizational outcomes.

The hypothetico-deductive model is a scientific method that suggests scientific advancement can take place if there is a theory to explain a phenomenon. In this model, scientists propose a hypothesis based on a theory, which offers a tentative explanation of how a certain phenomenon occurs. This hypothesis is then tested and proven true or false based on empirical data collected. If the data gathered points in a different direction than the hypothesis suggests, the theory is revised. This model has been instrumental in the development of theories in various fields of science, including psychology.

Social psychology is the the branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual.

Psychology is that the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychologists are actively involved in studying and understanding mental processes, brain functions, and behavior.

Clinical Psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on understanding, diagnosing, treating, and preventing various psychological disorders. Clinical psychologists work with individuals suffering from a range of mental health issues to improve their well-being and quality of life.

Wilhelm Wundt, a prominent figure in the history of psychology, was primarily interested in studying the structure of the mind through a method called introspection. This involved individuals describing their own mental processes or experiences in detail. Wundt's approach marked the beginning of modern psychology, emphasizing the analysis of conscious experience and the constituents of the mind. Introspection, however, faced criticism for its lack of scientific rigor, as the reports provided by individuals could not be objectively verified by external observers.

Dweck's study in 1975 aimed to understand how attributions of failure influence individuals' perseverance and motivation, particularly in the face of challenging tasks. Contrary to common belief, the study found that individuals who experienced a mix of success and failure and were encouraged to attribute failure to lack of effort demonstrated greater resilience and persistence compared to those who only experienced success. This highlights the importance of fostering a growth mindset and attributing setbacks to factors that can be controlled and improved upon.

Councelling psychologists work with persons that suffer from motivational and emotional problems.

Biological Psychology is the field of psychology that concentrates on understanding the relationship between behavior and the physical systems of the body, such as the brain, nervous system, immune system, and genetics. This area of study is crucial in exploring how biological factors impact behavior and mental processes.

The phase till the 1960s was characterized by a desire among Indian psychologists to establish an Indian identity by seeking to link western psychology to the Indian context. During this phase, there was a conscious effort to use western ideas to understand the Indian situation, reflecting a transitional period where psychology in India aimed to become relevant for the Indian society by integrating western psychological concepts with the Indian cultural and social context.

Psychology as a scientific discipline primarily deals with the processes underlying human experience and behavior. It has moved away from its initial focus on the soul or mind and now explores phenomena at various levels, from individual to organizational, with both biological and social bases. Understanding these processes helps psychologists gain insights into how the mind works and how to enhance mental capacities.

William James, a prominent figure in psychology, advocated for a functionalist approach that emphasized studying behavior and its functions rather than focusing solely on the structure of the mind. Functionalists believed that understanding how behavior enables individuals to satisfy their needs was crucial in comprehending psychology. This approach shifted the focus from the static elements of the mind to the dynamic interactions between individuals and their environment, highlighting the practical and adaptive aspects of human behavior.

Brain activities and mental processes are mutually overlapping processes but not identical. While brain activities provide insights into how the mind functions, mental processes encompass a broader range of experiences and consciousness beyond neural activities. The mind emerges and evolves based on interactions and experiences, forming a dynamic system responsible for various mental processes.