Test: Human Capital Formation In India - 2 - UPSC MCQ

All India Council for Technical Education was established in 1945 by Government of India. The organization was set up to conduct survey on facilities on technical education and to promote and develop technical education in the country. AICTE covers program of technical education including training and research in Engineering, Technology, Architecture, Town Planning, Management, Pharmacy, Applied Arts and Crafts, Hotel Management and Catering Technology etc. at different levels. 

Human capital include human beings. And healthy human can work properly. So Improved of health is only concept in all these that is realeted with human capital.

Qualitative improvement in labour is what investment here.

Human capital refers to the knowledge, skill sets, and experience that workers have in an economy. The skills provide economic value since a knowledgeable workforce can lead to increased productivity. Economic growth is an increase in an economy's ability, compared to past periods, to produce goods and services.
Human capital is positively correlated to economic growth since investment tends to boost productivity. The process of educating a workforce is a type of investment.

Answer:

By 2005, 1% of the world population in the age group 15-49 has been affected by HIV/AIDS.

• HIV/AIDS: The correct answer is B. HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic that primarily affects individuals in the age group 15-49. By 2005, approximately 1% of the world population within this age group had been affected by HIV/AIDS.


• Cough: The incorrect answer is A. While cough is a common symptom of various respiratory illnesses, it is not a specific disease or condition that affects 1% of the world population in the age group 15-49.


• Cholera: The incorrect answer is C. Cholera is a bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. While cholera is a significant public health concern in certain regions, it does not affect 1% of the world population in the age group 15-49.


• None of these: The incorrect answer is D. As mentioned above, HIV/AIDS affects 1% of the world population in the age group 15-49, making it the correct answer in this case.

Therefore, the correct answer is B: HIV/AIDS.

Answer:
Stocks/shares of the companies fall under Financial Capital. This can be explained as follows:
- Definition: Stocks/shares represent ownership in a company and are considered a form of financial capital. They are issued by public companies to raise capital for various purposes such as expansion, research and development, and acquisitions.
- Ownership: When an individual or an entity purchases stocks/shares of a company, they become a partial owner of the company. The number of shares owned determines the percentage of ownership in the company.
- Dividends and Capital Gains: Stockholders may receive dividends, which are a share of the company's profits distributed to shareholders. Additionally, stockholders may benefit from capital gains when the value of their shares increases over time, allowing them to sell the shares at a higher price than the purchase price.
- Stock Exchanges: Stocks/shares are traded on stock exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or NASDAQ. Investors can buy and sell shares through brokerage accounts.
- Market Value: The price of stocks/shares can fluctuate based on various factors such as company performance, market conditions, and investor sentiment. The market value of a stock is determined by supply and demand dynamics.
- Risk and Return: Investing in stocks/shares involves risks as the value of shares can go down as well as up. However, stocks have historically provided higher returns over the long term compared to other investment options such as bonds or savings accounts.
In conclusion, stocks/shares of companies fall under Financial Capital as they represent ownership in a company and are traded on stock exchanges. Investors can earn dividends and capital gains from their investments in stocks/shares, but they also face risks associated with market fluctuations.

Answer:
The twin pillars on which rests the edifice of social sector reforms are Education and Health. This means that these two sectors play a crucial role in bringing about positive changes and improvements in society. Here is a detailed explanation of why these sectors are considered as the twin pillars:
Education:
- Education is the foundation of development and progress in any society. It equips individuals with knowledge, skills, and the ability to think critically.
- It empowers people to make informed decisions, contribute to the economy, and participate actively in the democratic process.
- Education helps in reducing poverty, promoting gender equality, and improving overall well-being.
- It plays a vital role in breaking the cycle of poverty by providing opportunities for upward social mobility.
Health:
- Good health is essential for human development and overall well-being.
- Access to quality healthcare services ensures the physical, mental, and social well-being of individuals.
- Health sector reforms focus on providing universal healthcare access, improving healthcare infrastructure, and promoting preventive healthcare measures.
- A healthy population is more productive and can actively contribute to the socio-economic development of a nation.
Together, education and health form the twin pillars of social sector reforms as they are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Investing in these sectors leads to positive outcomes such as reduced poverty, increased employment opportunities, improved quality of life, and overall socio-economic development.

Educationally Backward States:
The question asks for the educationally backward states, except for one. Let's break down the options and identify the correct answer:
A: Bihar
- Bihar is one of the most educationally backward states in India. It faces challenges in terms of infrastructure, quality of education, and literacy rates.
B: Rajasthan
- Rajasthan is also considered educationally backward, especially in rural areas. The state has a high dropout rate and limited access to quality education.
C: U.P
- Uttar Pradesh (U.P) is known for its educationally backward status. The state faces issues like low literacy rates, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of quality educational institutions.
D: Mizoram
- Mizoram is not typically considered educationally backward. It has made significant progress in the field of education with a high literacy rate and a focus on quality education.
Answer: D (Mizoram)
So, the correct answer is D, as Mizoram is not an educationally backward state compared to Bihar, Rajasthan, and U.P.

Explanation:
Physical capital refers to the stock of produced means of production. It includes tangible assets that are used in the production process to create goods and services. Here is a detailed explanation of physical capital:
Definition:
Physical capital is the stock of produced means of production, such as machinery, equipment, buildings, and infrastructure. It is one of the factors of production, along with labor and natural resources, that contributes to the production of goods and services.
Key Points:
- Physical capital includes tangible assets that are used in the production process.
- It is used to produce goods and services efficiently and effectively.
- Examples of physical capital include machinery, tools, vehicles, factories, and infrastructure.
- Physical capital can be owned by individuals, businesses, or the government.
- It is an important determinant of economic growth and development.
- The accumulation of physical capital through investment is crucial for increasing productivity and improving living standards.
Conclusion:
Physical capital refers to the stock of produced means of production, including machinery, equipment, buildings, and infrastructure. It plays a vital role in the production process and is essential for economic growth and development.

Literate refers to the ability to read and write. Here is a detailed explanation:
Definition of Literate
- Literate refers to the ability to read and write.
- It is the basic skill of being able to understand written language and communicate effectively through writing.
Literacy Levels
- Literacy levels can vary among individuals, ranging from basic reading and writing skills to advanced levels of comprehension and fluency.
- Being literate allows individuals to access information, engage in critical thinking, and participate fully in society.
Importance of Literacy
- Literacy is crucial for personal development, education, and career advancement.
- It empowers individuals to make informed decisions, solve problems, and communicate effectively.
- Literacy also plays a key role in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty.
Literacy Rates
- Literacy rates vary globally and can be influenced by factors such as access to education, socio-economic conditions, and cultural norms.
- Efforts are made by governments, organizations, and individuals to improve literacy rates through initiatives such as educational programs, literacy campaigns, and the promotion of lifelong learning.
Conclusion
- Literacy is the foundation of education and plays a vital role in personal and societal development.
- Being literate allows individuals to navigate the world, acquire knowledge, and engage in meaningful communication.

NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training) was established in 1961.
Explanation:
NCERT is an autonomous organization set up by the Government of India to assist and advise the Central and State Governments on policies and programs for qualitative improvement in school education. Here is a detailed explanation of the establishment of NCERT:
- Background: The need for a centralized body to oversee educational research and training in India was recognized after the country gained independence in 1947. The education system needed to be reformed and modernized to meet the evolving needs of the nation.
- Establishment: NCERT was established in 1961 with the aim of providing educational resources, conducting research, developing curriculum frameworks, and promoting teacher training. It was formed by merging several existing institutions, including the Central Bureau of Textbook Research and the Central Institute of Education.
- Mandate: NCERT's primary mandate is to assist and advise the Central and State Governments on educational policies and programs. It develops textbooks, educational materials, and instructional resources for schools across the country. It also conducts research on various aspects of education and organizes training programs for teachers.
- Functions: NCERT's functions include developing and revising curriculum frameworks, designing textbooks, conducting surveys and research studies, organizing training programs for teachers, and promoting educational innovations. It also provides guidance and support to state governments in implementing educational reforms.
- Significance: NCERT plays a crucial role in shaping the education system in India. Its research and recommendations influence educational policies and practices at the national and state levels. The textbooks developed by NCERT are widely used in schools across the country and are known for their quality and pedagogical approaches.
In conclusion, NCERT was established in 1961 with the purpose of improving the quality of school education in India. It has since become a key institution in the field of educational research, curriculum development, and teacher training.

Explanation:
The productive labor force refers to the age group of individuals who are actively participating in the workforce and contributing to the economy. The specific age range may vary depending on factors such as the country's labor laws and economic conditions.
Here is a breakdown of the given age groups and their suitability as a productive labor force:
A: 15-35
- This age group typically represents young adults who have completed their education and are entering the workforce.
- They possess physical and mental capabilities required for various job roles.
- They have the potential to learn and adapt quickly.
B: 0-6
- This age group consists of infants and young children who are not yet capable of participating in the labor force.
- They are primarily dependent on their parents or guardians for care and support.
C: 15-60
- This age group encompasses a wider range of individuals, including young adults as well as middle-aged adults.
- They have the necessary skills and experience to contribute effectively to the workforce.
- They are typically at the peak of their physical and mental capabilities.
D: 60-70
- This age group represents individuals who are approaching retirement age.
- While some older adults may choose to continue working, many may prefer to retire and enjoy their golden years.
- They may face certain physical and cognitive limitations, making them less suitable for certain job roles.
Conclusion:
Based on the given options, the most appropriate age group that is treated as a productive labor force is 15-60. Individuals within this age range possess the necessary skills, experience, and physical capabilities to actively participate in the workforce and contribute to the economy.

According to the India Vision report 2020, the percentage of literate individuals in India is of paramount importance to realize the vision for the country in 2020. The answer to the question is A: 100%. Here is a detailed explanation:
India Vision report 2020:
- The India Vision report 2020 is a comprehensive document that outlines the future goals and aspirations for the country.
- It takes into account various aspects of development, including education, economy, healthcare, infrastructure, and governance.
Importance of literacy:
- Literacy plays a crucial role in the overall development of a nation.
- It empowers individuals to participate actively in economic, social, and political activities.
- Literacy is a fundamental right and a key indicator of human development.
Realizing the vision for the country:
- The India Vision report 2020 emphasizes the need for 100% literacy in the country.
- Achieving 100% literacy would ensure equal opportunities for all individuals and bridge the socio-economic gap.
- It would contribute to the overall growth and development of the nation.
Conclusion:
- According to the India Vision report 2020, achieving 100% literacy in India is of paramount importance to realize the vision for the country in 2020.
- By focusing on education and promoting literacy, India can create a more inclusive and prosperous society.

Human resources are used to describe the people who work. They are resource to an organization or a business or is providing some kind of work or service by working, which will provide that business output and make effective and efficient.
A person only becomes human resource when he/she is willing to work, Is able to work and Belongs to particular age group.

States with High Literacy Rate:
- Kerala
- Mizoram
States with Lower Literacy Rate:
- Rajasthan
Explanation:
- Kerala and Mizoram are known for their high literacy rates in India.
- Kerala has consistently maintained a high literacy rate due to its strong focus on education and high-quality educational institutions.
- Mizoram has also made significant progress in improving literacy rates through various government initiatives and programs.
- However, Rajasthan has a relatively lower literacy rate compared to Kerala and Mizoram.
- Rajasthan faces challenges in terms of access to education, especially in remote and rural areas.
- The state government is actively working towards improving the literacy rate through initiatives such as the establishment of more schools and adult education programs.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option C: Rajasthan.

The movement started by the national literacy mission is:
- Education for All
Explanation:
The national literacy mission in India was launched in 1988 with the aim of eradicating illiteracy and providing education to all citizens. The movement focuses on making education accessible to every individual, regardless of their age, gender, or social background. Here are some key points about the movement:
- Objective: The main objective of the national literacy mission is to achieve 100% literacy in the country.
- Targeted Groups: The movement primarily focuses on illiterate adults, particularly women and marginalized sections of society.
- Adult Education: The mission emphasizes adult education as a means to empower individuals and uplift their socio-economic status.
- Vocational Training: Along with basic literacy, the movement also promotes vocational training to provide individuals with necessary skills for employment and self-sustainability.
- Community Participation: The success of the national literacy mission relies on active participation from the community, including NGOs, local government bodies, and volunteers.
- Government Support: The government provides financial assistance, training, and resources to implement the program effectively at the grassroots level.
- Program Implementation: The movement utilizes various strategies such as the establishment of literacy centers, mobile libraries, and innovative teaching methods to reach out to different communities.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of the program are conducted to assess its impact and make necessary improvements.
Overall, the national literacy mission's goal of achieving education for all aligns with the broader objective of promoting social development and inclusive growth in the country.

Planning Commission Report on Education for the Next Two Decades
The Planning Commission prepared a report that focuses on the future of education in India over the next two decades. The report is titled "India Vision 2020" and it outlines the key strategies and goals for the education sector in the country. Here are the details of the report:
1. Importance of Education:
- The report emphasizes the crucial role that education plays in the overall development and progress of the nation.
- It recognizes that a well-educated population is essential for achieving sustainable economic growth and social welfare.
2. Goals and Objectives:
- The report sets forth specific goals and objectives for the education sector to be achieved by the year 2020.
- These goals encompass various aspects of education, including access, equity, quality, and relevance.
3. Access to Education:
- The report highlights the need to ensure universal access to quality education for all segments of society, including marginalized and underprivileged groups.
- It focuses on improving enrollment rates, reducing dropout rates, and enhancing educational infrastructure in both rural and urban areas.
4. Quality Education:
- The report emphasizes the importance of providing a high-quality education that equips students with the necessary knowledge and skills for the future.
- It emphasizes the need for curriculum reforms, teacher training, and the use of innovative teaching methods to enhance the quality of education.
5. Relevance of Education:
- The report stresses the need for education to be relevant to the changing needs of society and the economy.
- It promotes the integration of vocational education and skill development programs to ensure that students are prepared for the workforce.
6. Technology in Education:
- The report recognizes the transformative potential of technology in education and highlights the importance of integrating technology in teaching and learning processes.
- It recommends the use of digital tools and platforms to enhance access, engagement, and learning outcomes.
7. Collaboration and Partnerships:
- The report encourages collaboration and partnerships between the government, educational institutions, and other stakeholders to achieve the goals outlined in the report.
- It emphasizes the need for a coordinated and holistic approach to education planning and implementation.
Overall, the "India Vision 2020" report by the Planning Commission provides a comprehensive roadmap for the future of education in India. It addresses the key challenges and opportunities in the education sector and outlines strategies to ensure inclusive and quality education for all.

Control and Guidance of Higher Education
There are several organizations in India that play a role in controlling and guiding higher education. One of them is the University Grants Commission (UGC). Here is a detailed explanation of how UGC controls and guides higher education:
1. Establishment and Recognition:
- UGC was established in 1956 as a statutory body of the Indian government.
- It is responsible for the coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards of higher education in India.
- UGC recognizes universities and colleges and provides them with financial assistance.
2. Curriculum Development:
- UGC plays a crucial role in curriculum development for various courses offered by universities.
- It ensures that the curriculum is up-to-date, relevant, and meets the needs of the industry and society.
- UGC also promotes interdisciplinary studies and encourages universities to offer new and innovative courses.
3. Quality Assurance:
- UGC is responsible for maintaining and enhancing the quality of higher education in India.
- It conducts regular inspections and assessments of universities and colleges to ensure adherence to quality standards.
- UGC also encourages institutions to adopt best practices and quality improvement measures.
4. Grants and Funding:
- UGC provides financial assistance to universities and colleges for various academic and research activities.
- It offers grants for infrastructure development, research projects, faculty development, and scholarships for students.
- UGC also supports institutions in organizing conferences, seminars, workshops, and other academic events.
5. Regulations and Policies:
- UGC formulates regulations and policies for the governance of universities and colleges.
- It sets guidelines for admissions, examinations, academic calendars, and other administrative processes.
- UGC also addresses issues related to reservation policies, minority institutions, and other matters concerning higher education.
In conclusion, the University Grants Commission (UGC) in India plays a significant role in controlling and guiding higher education. It ensures the establishment and recognition of universities and colleges, develops curriculum, maintains quality standards, provides grants and funding, and formulates regulations and policies.

ICMR's Role and Regulation in the Health Sector:
ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) is a premier medical research organization in India. It plays a crucial role in regulating and promoting research in the health sector. Here is a detailed explanation of ICMR's role in the health sector:
1. Policy Formulation:
- ICMR formulates national policies related to health research and development.
- It collaborates with various stakeholders to develop guidelines and protocols for research studies and clinical trials.
2. Research Funding:
- ICMR provides financial support through grants and funding for research projects in the health sector.
- It promotes and encourages research in various disciplines, including biomedical sciences, epidemiology, clinical research, and public health.
3. Ethical Guidelines:
- ICMR sets ethical guidelines and regulations for conducting research involving human participants.
- It ensures that research studies are conducted in an ethical manner, following the principles of informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality.
4. Medical Education and Training:
- ICMR plays a significant role in promoting medical education and training in India.
- It collaborates with medical colleges, universities, and research institutions to develop and implement training programs for healthcare professionals.
5. Disease Surveillance and Control:
- ICMR conducts surveillance and monitoring of various diseases to gather data and insights for disease control and prevention.
- It works closely with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to develop strategies and interventions for disease control and management.
6. Quality Assurance:
- ICMR ensures the quality and reliability of diagnostic tests, laboratory procedures, and healthcare technologies.
- It establishes quality control measures and accreditation systems for laboratories and healthcare facilities.
7. Collaboration and Networking:
- ICMR collaborates with international organizations, research institutions, and industries to foster research collaboration and exchange of knowledge.
- It facilitates networking among researchers, scientists, and healthcare professionals to promote interdisciplinary research and innovation.
In conclusion, ICMR plays a vital role in regulating and promoting research in the health sector. Its activities encompass policy formulation, research funding, ethical guidelines, medical education and training, disease surveillance, quality assurance, and collaboration. Through its initiatives, ICMR contributes significantly to the improvement of healthcare in India.

The Kendriya Vidyalayas were established in 1963 with the sole purpose of offering quality education to the children of transferable central government employees, including those in the defence and paramilitary services.