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CAT Mock Test- 10 - CAT MCQ


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30 Questions MCQ Test - CAT Mock Test- 10

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CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 1

Read the passage and answer the following questions:
To better understand how the brain underlies selfhood, we need to understand its complex form; its intricate structure at the level of connections between neurons. After all, understanding biological structure has revealed the nature of many diverse life forms. Plants thrive because their typically broad leaves are perfect for transducing light energy into vital chemical energy. Similarly, eyes, whether human or insect, enable the transduction of light from one’s surroundings into electrical signals within the nervous system. These impulses carry information that represents features of the surrounding environment. But when it comes to the relationship between structure and function, brains have remained an enigma. There’s a lot more to them than to other organs that have specific functions, such as eyes, hearts or even hands. These organs can now be surgically replaced. Yet, even if a brain transplant were possible, you couldn’t just switch your brain with another person’s and maintain the same mind. Upon birth, a person’s brain structure is largely prescribed by experience in the womb and their unique genetic code. As we age, experience continues to imprint unique changes on the brain’s neural connectivity, increasing connections in some areas while decreasing them in others, accumulating reroutes upon reroutes as a person ages and learns, gaining knowledge and experience. Additionally, there are alterations in the strength of existing connections. These processes are especially evident in twins, whose brains are strikingly similar when born. However, as they grow, learn and experience the world, their brains diverge, and their essential selves become increasingly unique.
Although there are indeed anatomical regions that appear to serve relatively specific functions, one’s memory is not formed, stored or recalled within the activity of any single brain region. Certain structures, such as the amygdala and the hippocampus, play key roles but trying to find memory in one specific area is simply impossible. It would be like trying to listen to Beethoven’s Fifth but hearing only the strings. Instead, memory, in its broadest sense, lies in the uniqueness of a brain’s entire connective structure, known as the connectome. The connectome consists of its complete network of neurons and all the connections between them, called synapses. It is argued that, fundamentally, ‘you are your connectome’.
Mapping a connectome at the level of single neurons, however, is currently impossible in a living animal. Instead, animal brains must be extracted, perfused with a fixative such as formaldehyde and sliced up as many times as possible before being analysed structurally in order to painstakingly find individual neurons and trace their paths. To achieve this, the properties of each new slice are recorded using various microscopy techniques. Once that’s been done, patterns of electrical flow can be estimated from different neuron types and from connections that excite or inhibit other neurons. What’s crucial is that the extracted brain is preserved accurately enough to maintain its intricate, complex connectome before it’s sliced up.
Currently, it’s unlikely that any human brain has been preserved with its entire connectome perfectly intact as our brains degrade too quickly after death.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 1

"...Yet, even if a brain transplant were possible, you couldn’t just switch your brain with another person’s and maintain the same mind..." From the above lines, it is evident that the idea being conveyed by the author does not match the claim being made in Option A. The statement in A distorts the purpose of the comment made by the author and hence, can be eliminated as the correct answer.
"...Upon birth, a person’s brain structure is largely prescribed by experience in the womb and their unique genetic code..." From the above lines, it is evident that an individual's experience inside his/her mother's womb is not solely responsible for the formulation of his/her brain structure. We can reject Option B since it presents us with an extreme (not implied in the passage).
Option C is out of scope since there is no comparison about the growth of plants based on the broadness of their leaves.
Option D can clearly be inferred from the following lines: "...What’s crucial is that the extracted brain is preserved accurately enough to maintain its intricate, complex connectome before it’s sliced up..."
Hence, Option D is the correct answer.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 2

Read the passage and answer the following questions:
To better understand how the brain underlies selfhood, we need to understand its complex form; its intricate structure at the level of connections between neurons. After all, understanding biological structure has revealed the nature of many diverse life forms. Plants thrive because their typically broad leaves are perfect for transducing light energy into vital chemical energy. Similarly, eyes, whether human or insect, enable the transduction of light from one’s surroundings into electrical signals within the nervous system. These impulses carry information that represents features of the surrounding environment. But when it comes to the relationship between structure and function, brains have remained an enigma. There’s a lot more to them than to other organs that have specific functions, such as eyes, hearts or even hands. These organs can now be surgically replaced. Yet, even if a brain transplant were possible, you couldn’t just switch your brain with another person’s and maintain the same mind. Upon birth, a person’s brain structure is largely prescribed by experience in the womb and their unique genetic code. As we age, experience continues to imprint unique changes on the brain’s neural connectivity, increasing connections in some areas while decreasing them in others, accumulating reroutes upon reroutes as a person ages and learns, gaining knowledge and experience. Additionally, there are alterations in the strength of existing connections. These processes are especially evident in twins, whose brains are strikingly similar when born. However, as they grow, learn and experience the world, their brains diverge, and their essential selves become increasingly unique.
Although there are indeed anatomical regions that appear to serve relatively specific functions, one’s memory is not formed, stored or recalled within the activity of any single brain region. Certain structures, such as the amygdala and the hippocampus, play key roles but trying to find memory in one specific area is simply impossible. It would be like trying to listen to Beethoven’s Fifth but hearing only the strings. Instead, memory, in its broadest sense, lies in the uniqueness of a brain’s entire connective structure, known as the connectome. The connectome consists of its complete network of neurons and all the connections between them, called synapses. It is argued that, fundamentally, ‘you are your connectome’.
Mapping a connectome at the level of single neurons, however, is currently impossible in a living animal. Instead, animal brains must be extracted, perfused with a fixative such as formaldehyde and sliced up as many times as possible before being analysed structurally in order to painstakingly find individual neurons and trace their paths. To achieve this, the properties of each new slice are recorded using various microscopy techniques. Once that’s been done, patterns of electrical flow can be estimated from different neuron types and from connections that excite or inhibit other neurons. What’s crucial is that the extracted brain is preserved accurately enough to maintain its intricate, complex connectome before it’s sliced up.
Currently, it’s unlikely that any human brain has been preserved with its entire connectome perfectly intact as our brains degrade too quickly after death.

The author mentions the example of plants and eyes at the beginning to... 

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 2

Let us pay heed to the introduction: "To better understand how the brain underlies selfhood, we need to understand its complex form; its intricate structure at the level of connections between neurons. After all, understanding biological structure has revealed the nature of many diverse life forms. Plants thrive because their typically broad leaves are perfect for transducing light energy into vital chemical energy. Similarly, eyes, whether human or insect, enable the transduction of light from one’s surroundings into electrical signals within the nervous system. These impulses carry information that represents features of the surrounding environment. But when it comes to the relationship between structure and function, brains have remained an enigma..."
The author begins with the claim that a better grasp of the underlying structure or the complex form of the brain might aid in understanding its role in selfhood. He furthers his claim by mentioning that this has been the case with many diverse life forms - gaining a deeper awareness of their biological structure enabled a better understanding of their function. The example of plants and the eyes have been mentioned in this regard: to supplement this assertion. However, at the same time, the author hints at how the brain does not completely adhere to this relation (of structure and function), and there are unknown elements present associated with the brain functioning (associated cognitive processes). Option C captures this correctly.
Option A: The author's focus is not on making the readers understand the structure of plants or the eyes; instead, the biological structure is tied up to a corresponding function Option A does not capture the author's intention and hence, can be eliminated. 
Option B: The statement here appears to be far fetched. The author doesn't assert that understanding the biological structure "always" reveals the nature of life forms; he specifies that this is the case in some situations and with certain entities. Thus, we can reject Option B.
Option D: The author clearly states that extending the same idea (as is the case with plants and the eyes) to the brain would be inappropriate due to the inherent complexity). Option D deviates from this idea and is, therefore, incorrect.
Hence, Option C is the correct answer. 

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CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 3

Read the passage and answer the following questions:
To better understand how the brain underlies selfhood, we need to understand its complex form; its intricate structure at the level of connections between neurons. After all, understanding biological structure has revealed the nature of many diverse life forms. Plants thrive because their typically broad leaves are perfect for transducing light energy into vital chemical energy. Similarly, eyes, whether human or insect, enable the transduction of light from one’s surroundings into electrical signals within the nervous system. These impulses carry information that represents features of the surrounding environment. But when it comes to the relationship between structure and function, brains have remained an enigma. There’s a lot more to them than to other organs that have specific functions, such as eyes, hearts or even hands. These organs can now be surgically replaced. Yet, even if a brain transplant were possible, you couldn’t just switch your brain with another person’s and maintain the same mind. Upon birth, a person’s brain structure is largely prescribed by experience in the womb and their unique genetic code. As we age, experience continues to imprint unique changes on the brain’s neural connectivity, increasing connections in some areas while decreasing them in others, accumulating reroutes upon reroutes as a person ages and learns, gaining knowledge and experience. Additionally, there are alterations in the strength of existing connections. These processes are especially evident in twins, whose brains are strikingly similar when born. However, as they grow, learn and experience the world, their brains diverge, and their essential selves become increasingly unique.
Although there are indeed anatomical regions that appear to serve relatively specific functions, one’s memory is not formed, stored or recalled within the activity of any single brain region. Certain structures, such as the amygdala and the hippocampus, play key roles but trying to find memory in one specific area is simply impossible. It would be like trying to listen to Beethoven’s Fifth but hearing only the strings. Instead, memory, in its broadest sense, lies in the uniqueness of a brain’s entire connective structure, known as the connectome. The connectome consists of its complete network of neurons and all the connections between them, called synapses. It is argued that, fundamentally, ‘you are your connectome’.
Mapping a connectome at the level of single neurons, however, is currently impossible in a living animal. Instead, animal brains must be extracted, perfused with a fixative such as formaldehyde and sliced up as many times as possible before being analysed structurally in order to painstakingly find individual neurons and trace their paths. To achieve this, the properties of each new slice are recorded using various microscopy techniques. Once that’s been done, patterns of electrical flow can be estimated from different neuron types and from connections that excite or inhibit other neurons. What’s crucial is that the extracted brain is preserved accurately enough to maintain its intricate, complex connectome before it’s sliced up.
Currently, it’s unlikely that any human brain has been preserved with its entire connectome perfectly intact as our brains degrade too quickly after death.

Why does the author cite the example of Beethoven’s Fifth?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 3

Option A is incorrect since the author does not discuss the relative difficulty of understanding Beethoven's Fifth and the working of the brain at the neural level. ("as challenging as")
It is true that the amygdala and the hippocampus play a crucial role in the brain. But the phrase 'equally important' used in B makes the option incorrect because no comparison is made between them on the basis of the magnitude of their importance. Additionally, the statement here misses out on the core point being conveyed.
"...Certain structures, such as the amygdala and the hippocampus, play key roles but trying to find memory in one specific area is simply impossible. It would be like trying to listen to Beethoven’s Fifth but hearing only the strings..."

Option C is incorrect because we are not trying to separate the string part out of the entire symphony when listening, but we are trying to listen to Beethoven’s Fifth just by hearing the strings. So, option C conveys a different meaning.
From the following lines in the passage - "...Certain structures, such as the amygdala and the hippocampus, play key roles but trying to find memory in one specific area is simply impossible. It would be like trying to listen to Beethoven’s Fifth but hearing only the strings..."- we can understand that if we focus on a particular part of the brain, we won't be able to understand the whole. As is said in the passage, it would be like trying to listen to Beethoven’s Fifth by only hearing the strings. Option D captures this aptly.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 4

Read the passage and answer the following questions:
To better understand how the brain underlies selfhood, we need to understand its complex form; its intricate structure at the level of connections between neurons. After all, understanding biological structure has revealed the nature of many diverse life forms. Plants thrive because their typically broad leaves are perfect for transducing light energy into vital chemical energy. Similarly, eyes, whether human or insect, enable the transduction of light from one’s surroundings into electrical signals within the nervous system. These impulses carry information that represents features of the surrounding environment. But when it comes to the relationship between structure and function, brains have remained an enigma. There’s a lot more to them than to other organs that have specific functions, such as eyes, hearts or even hands. These organs can now be surgically replaced. Yet, even if a brain transplant were possible, you couldn’t just switch your brain with another person’s and maintain the same mind. Upon birth, a person’s brain structure is largely prescribed by experience in the womb and their unique genetic code. As we age, experience continues to imprint unique changes on the brain’s neural connectivity, increasing connections in some areas while decreasing them in others, accumulating reroutes upon reroutes as a person ages and learns, gaining knowledge and experience. Additionally, there are alterations in the strength of existing connections. These processes are especially evident in twins, whose brains are strikingly similar when born. However, as they grow, learn and experience the world, their brains diverge, and their essential selves become increasingly unique.
Although there are indeed anatomical regions that appear to serve relatively specific functions, one’s memory is not formed, stored or recalled within the activity of any single brain region. Certain structures, such as the amygdala and the hippocampus, play key roles but trying to find memory in one specific area is simply impossible. It would be like trying to listen to Beethoven’s Fifth but hearing only the strings. Instead, memory, in its broadest sense, lies in the uniqueness of a brain’s entire connective structure, known as the connectome. The connectome consists of its complete network of neurons and all the connections between them, called synapses. It is argued that, fundamentally, ‘you are your connectome’.
Mapping a connectome at the level of single neurons, however, is currently impossible in a living animal. Instead, animal brains must be extracted, perfused with a fixative such as formaldehyde and sliced up as many times as possible before being analysed structurally in order to painstakingly find individual neurons and trace their paths. To achieve this, the properties of each new slice are recorded using various microscopy techniques. Once that’s been done, patterns of electrical flow can be estimated from different neuron types and from connections that excite or inhibit other neurons. What’s crucial is that the extracted brain is preserved accurately enough to maintain its intricate, complex connectome before it’s sliced up.
Currently, it’s unlikely that any human brain has been preserved with its entire connectome perfectly intact as our brains degrade too quickly after death.

Which of the following sentences is/are true as per the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 4

"...There’s a lot more to them than to other organs that have specific functions, such as eyes, hearts or even hands. These organs can now be surgically replaced..." Although the author does render us with examples highlighting that this might be the case, there is more to the picture that needs to be considered. The author introduces an additional constraint: "...Yet, even if a brain transplant were possible, you couldn’t just switch your brain with another person’s and maintain the same mind...". Hence, we cannot definitively state that Option A is true (inadequate information). 
We can consider Option B to be true from the following lines- "These processes are especially evident in twins, whose brains are strikingly similar when born. However, as they grow, learn and experience the world, their brains diverge, and their essential selves become increasingly unique."
"...Currently, it’s unlikely that any human brain has been preserved with its entire connectome perfectly intact as our brains degrade too quickly after death..." Although the author makes this assertion, the future of the preservation of the human brain is not a subject that is touched upon. Hence, Option C is out of scope.
"...Mapping a connectome at the level of single neurons, however, is currently impossible in a living animal..." Although this comment is made, we can eliminate Option D  on the same grounds as Option C (out of scope).
Hence, Option B is the correct answer.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 5

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
We must dispense with the idea that democracy is like a torch that gets passed from one leading society to another. The core feature of democracy - that those who rule can do so only with the consent of the people - wasn’t invented in one place at one time: it evolved independently in a great many human societies. Over several millennia and across multiple continents, early democracy was an institution in which rulers governed jointly with councils and assemblies of the people. Classical Greece provided particularly important instances of this democratic practice, and it’s true that the Greeks gave us a language for thinking about democracy, including the word demokratia itself. But they didn’t invent the practice. The core feature of early democracy was that the people had power, even if multiparty elections didn’t happen. The people, or at least some significant fraction of them, exercised this power in many different ways. In some cases, a ruler was chosen by a council or assembly, and was limited to being first among equals. In other instances, a ruler inherited their position, but faced constraints to seek consent from the people before taking actions both large and small.
The first difference between early democracy and our democracies today is that this earlier form of rule was a small-scale phenomenon. In Classical Athens those who had the right to participate in politics tended to do so in a very direct and intensive way, particularly in local assemblies. In modern democracy, participation is very broad, but it’s also not deep; for most of us, it’s limited to voting in elections every few years, and in between these moments others make the decisions. The potential risk of this arrangement, as has been noted by astute observers since the birth of modern republics, is that citizens might grow distrustful of the people who are actually running government on a daily basis and of the special influences to which they might be subject. One way to address the problem of scale is to delegate much more power to states, provinces and localities. But on crucial issues of foreign trade, diplomacy or pressing constitutional questions, it’s impractical for individual states, regions or provinces to set their own policy. If large scale has the potential to lead to distrust and disengagement in a democracy, then a closely related problem is that of polarisation, which can take many forms, such as that involving tensions between different classes of people in the same location, or a difference of opinions between people living in different locations.
The absence of a state bureaucracy was a chief reason why early democracy proved to be such a stable form of rule for so many societies. With little autonomous power - apart from the ability to persuade - those who would have liked to rule as autocrats found themselves without the means to do so. The flipside of this was that, in many early democracies, those who were unhappy with a central decision could simply refuse to participate or even decamp to a new locality. Modern democracy lacks the same protections from central power that early democracies enjoyed. At the same time, having a powerful central state can allow a society to achieve goals such as universal education and prosperity, to name but a few. The question then is how to live with a state while preserving democracy.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 5

Option A: "...If large scale has the potential to lead to distrust and disengagement in a democracy, then a closely related problem is that of polarisation..." It is not implied in the passage that large scale democracy can solve the problem of polarization. Hence, Option A cannot be inferred.
Option B: "...One way to address the problem of scale is to delegate much more power to states, provinces and localities..." The word "majority" in B distorts the point conveyed by the author. It is stated that more powers should be delegated to the state.
Option C: "...At the same time, having a powerful central state can allow a society to achieve goals such as universal education and prosperity, to name but a few..." From the passage, we cannot infer that universal education and prosperity are the most important goals of society. This makes option C incorrect as well.
Option D: "...In modern democracy, participation is very broad, but it’s also not deep; for most of us, it’s limited to voting in elections every few years, and in between these moments others make the decisions. The potential risk of this arrangement (...) is that citizens might grow distrustful of the people who are actually running the government..." From the above-mentioned lines, we can infer that the reason behind citizens growing distrustful of the government would be the lack of depth in their participation. Being restricted to voting every few years and not having a say in government policies is an issue for the general masses.
Hence, Option D can be inferred from the passage.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 6

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
We must dispense with the idea that democracy is like a torch that gets passed from one leading society to another. The core feature of democracy - that those who rule can do so only with the consent of the people - wasn’t invented in one place at one time: it evolved independently in a great many human societies. Over several millennia and across multiple continents, early democracy was an institution in which rulers governed jointly with councils and assemblies of the people. Classical Greece provided particularly important instances of this democratic practice, and it’s true that the Greeks gave us a language for thinking about democracy, including the word demokratia itself. But they didn’t invent the practice. The core feature of early democracy was that the people had power, even if multiparty elections didn’t happen. The people, or at least some significant fraction of them, exercised this power in many different ways. In some cases, a ruler was chosen by a council or assembly, and was limited to being first among equals. In other instances, a ruler inherited their position, but faced constraints to seek consent from the people before taking actions both large and small.
The first difference between early democracy and our democracies today is that this earlier form of rule was a small-scale phenomenon. In Classical Athens those who had the right to participate in politics tended to do so in a very direct and intensive way, particularly in local assemblies. In modern democracy, participation is very broad, but it’s also not deep; for most of us, it’s limited to voting in elections every few years, and in between these moments others make the decisions. The potential risk of this arrangement, as has been noted by astute observers since the birth of modern republics, is that citizens might grow distrustful of the people who are actually running government on a daily basis and of the special influences to which they might be subject. One way to address the problem of scale is to delegate much more power to states, provinces and localities. But on crucial issues of foreign trade, diplomacy or pressing constitutional questions, it’s impractical for individual states, regions or provinces to set their own policy. If large scale has the potential to lead to distrust and disengagement in a democracy, then a closely related problem is that of polarisation, which can take many forms, such as that involving tensions between different classes of people in the same location, or a difference of opinions between people living in different locations.
The absence of a state bureaucracy was a chief reason why early democracy proved to be such a stable form of rule for so many societies. With little autonomous power - apart from the ability to persuade - those who would have liked to rule as autocrats found themselves without the means to do so. The flipside of this was that, in many early democracies, those who were unhappy with a central decision could simply refuse to participate or even decamp to a new locality. Modern democracy lacks the same protections from central power that early democracies enjoyed. At the same time, having a powerful central state can allow a society to achieve goals such as universal education and prosperity, to name but a few. The question then is how to live with a state while preserving democracy.

Why does the author mention the local assemblies of Classical Athens?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 6

The author states the following at the beginning of the second paragraph: "...The first difference between early democracy and our democracies today is that this earlier form of rule was a small-scale phenomenon. In Classical Athens, those who had the right to participate in politics tended to do so in a very direct and intensive way, particularly in local assemblies. In modern democracies, participation is very broad, but it’s also not deep; for most of us, it’s limited to voting in elections every few years, and in between these moments others make the decisions...."
From the excerpt above, we can understand that the author is trying to highlight the differences between earlier and modern democracies regarding how much and how many citizens were involved in the running of the government. Option C correctly captures this point.
The author is not trying to prove that earlier democracies were better than the modern ones in any respect. An objective comparison highlighting the difference in scale is being undertaken here. Hence, Option A can be eliminated.
The intention is not to persuade the readers in any manner. Additionally, the author does not emphasize the need for intensive and direct participation in modern democracies (not implied). Hence Option B can be rejected.
It is not conveyed that the direct participation that used to happen in earlier democracies cannot happen in modern ones. Hence, Option D is incorrect.
Option C accurately clarifies the reason behind the author mentioning the local assemblies of Classical Athens.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 7

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
We must dispense with the idea that democracy is like a torch that gets passed from one leading society to another. The core feature of democracy - that those who rule can do so only with the consent of the people - wasn’t invented in one place at one time: it evolved independently in a great many human societies. Over several millennia and across multiple continents, early democracy was an institution in which rulers governed jointly with councils and assemblies of the people. Classical Greece provided particularly important instances of this democratic practice, and it’s true that the Greeks gave us a language for thinking about democracy, including the word demokratia itself. But they didn’t invent the practice. The core feature of early democracy was that the people had power, even if multiparty elections didn’t happen. The people, or at least some significant fraction of them, exercised this power in many different ways. In some cases, a ruler was chosen by a council or assembly, and was limited to being first among equals. In other instances, a ruler inherited their position, but faced constraints to seek consent from the people before taking actions both large and small.
The first difference between early democracy and our democracies today is that this earlier form of rule was a small-scale phenomenon. In Classical Athens those who had the right to participate in politics tended to do so in a very direct and intensive way, particularly in local assemblies. In modern democracy, participation is very broad, but it’s also not deep; for most of us, it’s limited to voting in elections every few years, and in between these moments others make the decisions. The potential risk of this arrangement, as has been noted by astute observers since the birth of modern republics, is that citizens might grow distrustful of the people who are actually running government on a daily basis and of the special influences to which they might be subject. One way to address the problem of scale is to delegate much more power to states, provinces and localities. But on crucial issues of foreign trade, diplomacy or pressing constitutional questions, it’s impractical for individual states, regions or provinces to set their own policy. If large scale has the potential to lead to distrust and disengagement in a democracy, then a closely related problem is that of polarisation, which can take many forms, such as that involving tensions between different classes of people in the same location, or a difference of opinions between people living in different locations.
The absence of a state bureaucracy was a chief reason why early democracy proved to be such a stable form of rule for so many societies. With little autonomous power - apart from the ability to persuade - those who would have liked to rule as autocrats found themselves without the means to do so. The flipside of this was that, in many early democracies, those who were unhappy with a central decision could simply refuse to participate or even decamp to a new locality. Modern democracy lacks the same protections from central power that early democracies enjoyed. At the same time, having a powerful central state can allow a society to achieve goals such as universal education and prosperity, to name but a few. The question then is how to live with a state while preserving democracy.

Which of the following is the author of the passage most likely to agree with?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 7

" In modern democracy, participation is very broad, but it’s also not deep; for most of us, it’s limited to voting in elections every few years, and in between these moments others make the decisions. The potential risk of this arrangement, as has been noted by astute observers since the birth of modern republics, is that citizens might grow distrustful of the people who are actually running government on a daily basis..."
From the above lines, it is clear that when people don't participate or engage in decision making, they begin to lose trust in the government. So, if people participate sporadically, as mentioned in option A, there will be little trust between the government and the public. Hence, the author will not agree with sentence A.
On the other hand, option D proposes transparency and openness. The author is pro-public participation as can be seen from the passage. Option D, if implemented, could foster trust and improve participation and thus would be something the author agrees with.
" At the same time, having a powerful central state can allow a society to achieve goals such as universal education and prosperity, to name but a few."
Even though the passage says that the presence of state bureaucracy allows the centre to be more powerful, it also mentions some of the important goals that can be achieved only with a powerful central state. So, option B is incorrect.
The author never implies something that is mentioned in option C as it is not feasible since modern democracies are large-scale and would disrupt the working of the government.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 8

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
We must dispense with the idea that democracy is like a torch that gets passed from one leading society to another. The core feature of democracy - that those who rule can do so only with the consent of the people - wasn’t invented in one place at one time: it evolved independently in a great many human societies. Over several millennia and across multiple continents, early democracy was an institution in which rulers governed jointly with councils and assemblies of the people. Classical Greece provided particularly important instances of this democratic practice, and it’s true that the Greeks gave us a language for thinking about democracy, including the word demokratia itself. But they didn’t invent the practice. The core feature of early democracy was that the people had power, even if multiparty elections didn’t happen. The people, or at least some significant fraction of them, exercised this power in many different ways. In some cases, a ruler was chosen by a council or assembly, and was limited to being first among equals. In other instances, a ruler inherited their position, but faced constraints to seek consent from the people before taking actions both large and small.
The first difference between early democracy and our democracies today is that this earlier form of rule was a small-scale phenomenon. In Classical Athens those who had the right to participate in politics tended to do so in a very direct and intensive way, particularly in local assemblies. In modern democracy, participation is very broad, but it’s also not deep; for most of us, it’s limited to voting in elections every few years, and in between these moments others make the decisions. The potential risk of this arrangement, as has been noted by astute observers since the birth of modern republics, is that citizens might grow distrustful of the people who are actually running government on a daily basis and of the special influences to which they might be subject. One way to address the problem of scale is to delegate much more power to states, provinces and localities. But on crucial issues of foreign trade, diplomacy or pressing constitutional questions, it’s impractical for individual states, regions or provinces to set their own policy. If large scale has the potential to lead to distrust and disengagement in a democracy, then a closely related problem is that of polarisation, which can take many forms, such as that involving tensions between different classes of people in the same location, or a difference of opinions between people living in different locations.
The absence of a state bureaucracy was a chief reason why early democracy proved to be such a stable form of rule for so many societies. With little autonomous power - apart from the ability to persuade - those who would have liked to rule as autocrats found themselves without the means to do so. The flipside of this was that, in many early democracies, those who were unhappy with a central decision could simply refuse to participate or even decamp to a new locality. Modern democracy lacks the same protections from central power that early democracies enjoyed. At the same time, having a powerful central state can allow a society to achieve goals such as universal education and prosperity, to name but a few. The question then is how to live with a state while preserving democracy.

Which of the following cannot be inferred from the passage?
I. Classical Greece did not just invent the practice of democracy, but also gave us the word 'demokratia'.
II. The advantage of early democracies over modern ones is the very direct and intensive participation of the people in local assemblies.
III. The presence or absence of state bureaucracy is a vital factor affecting the stability of a democratic rule.

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 8

Statement I: In the introductory paragraph of the passage, it is mentioned that "it’s true that the Greeks gave us a language for thinking about democracy, including the word demokratia itself. But they didn’t invent the practice." So, statement I cannot be inferred.
Statement II: The passage does differentiate between early and modern democracies on the basis of depth and extent of participation of the people in the process of decision making but does not tell us that this makes one advantageous over the other. Statement II cannot be inferred.
Statement III: "The absence of a state bureaucracy was a chief reason why early democracy proved to be such a stable form of rule for so many societies. With little autonomous power - apart from the ability to persuade - those who would have liked to rule as autocrats found themselves without the means to do so." makes statement III inferrable as it states that it is a 'chief' reason and there was no scope for an autocratic rule.
Hence, Statements I and II
cannot be inferred from the passage. Option A is the correct answer. 

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 9

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
Green energy investment is hot again in the U.S. To some, the new boom will raise the specter of the clean-tech bust that followed a streak of exuberance a decade ago. But there are reasons to believe that this time the trend is no bubble or mirage.
The most basic reason is that the fundamental underlying technology has matured in a way it simply hadn’t a decade ago. In 2009, the levelized cost of solar photovoltaic electricity was $359 per megawatt-hour — more than four times as expensive as electricity from a natural gas plant. By 2019, solar PV had fallen in price to $40 per megawatt-hour, 28% cheaper than gas. That’s an 89% decline in 10 years, with more cost drops yet to come. Meanwhile, lithium-ion batteries have experienced a similar drop in prices.
That order-of-magnitude drop in costs makes all the difference. First of all, it means that solar and wind aren’t risky new technologies. Solyndra, a solar manufacturer, failed in 2011 because it was trying to market an innovative new kind of solar cell, which ended up being too expensive when the tried-and-true design came down in cost. Future investments in solar won’t have to bet on any difficult technological breakthroughs. Batteries might be a different story — lots of money is being thrown at startups trying to create solid-state batteries, which would be a true breakthrough. But Tesla Inc. is doing just fine with the old kind, so that sector is probably going to do OK as well. Venture investing does well when it doesn’t have to bet on “hard tech”, and much of clean tech is no longer hard.
Second, cost drops in clean energy mean that success doesn’t depend on government intervention. In the earlier boom, fickle government subsidies were often necessary for capital-intensive energy companies to succeed. Now, even though President Joe Biden is planning a big push into clean-energy investment, the market is investing quite a lot in renewables all on its own.
Finally, investors have probably learned their lesson. Clean energy itself was never a good fit for venture. It’s capital intensive, since buying solar panels and wind turbines entails a lot of money up front; venture capital tends to focus on cheap, small investments that scale. And instead of companies creating highly differentiated products and new markets, as in software, clean electricity companies are basically all trying to provide the same commodified product.
This time around, venture capitalists are letting bigger investors handle the build out of solar and wind, and finding other niches where low-cost, differentiated startups can add value — such as solar services and financing, lab-grown meat and electric vehicles. Some of those bets are certainly going to fail, but that’s always the case in private equity. The success of Tesla — now with a market cap of almost $700 billion, or 28 times the amount that was lost in the clean-tech bust — demonstrates the time-honored principle that a few big hits can compensate for a lot of little failures.
In other words, clean tech is entering the final stage of the famous Gartner Hype Cycle — a pattern that describes the progression of emerging technologies and business models, starting with an innovation that sees expectations climb and then crash, before they finally rise again to sustained productivity. The clean-tech bust, like the dot-com bust in 2000, was a case of investor enthusiasm for a new technology outstripping the technology itself. But just as few today would question the value of companies like Google and Facebook that came into their own during a trough in investor enthusiasm,  eventually the value of clean technology won’t be in question.

The central idea of the passage is that

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 9

In the passage, the author opines that the clean-tech industry is witnessing a surge in investments, and unlike the last time, which ended in a clean-tech bust, this time, it may well be the start of a sustainable phase for the industry. He also provides several reasons to justify his stance. Additionally, he believes that the investors have learned their lessons from the clean-tech bust and are ready to make mature investment decisions.
Option B conveys the above inference and is the answer. The other options are either extreme or tangential to the discussion.
Option A is true, but it is not the central idea of the passage.
Option C fails to capture all the relevant points. In the fifth paragraph, the author states "Clean energy itself was never a good fit for venture. It’s capital intensive, since buying solar panels and wind turbines entails a lot of money up front; venture capital tends to focus on cheap, small investments that scale." Hence, clean energy was never a good fit for venture capitalists, according to the author. The dearth of differentiated products cannot be quoted as the sole reason for this hypothesis. The capital-intensive nature of the industry is equally important, if not more. Hence, option C can be eliminated.
Option D can be eliminated as well. It is tangential to the discussion. Furthermore, in the second paragraph, the author mentions that the clean-tech industry has evolved, which is a major reason why there might not be another clean-tech bust. So, it is not possible to say that investor overenthusiasm alone leads to bubbles and economic crises.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 10

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
Green energy investment is hot again in the U.S. To some, the new boom will raise the specter of the clean-tech bust that followed a streak of exuberance a decade ago. But there are reasons to believe that this time the trend is no bubble or mirage.
The most basic reason is that the fundamental underlying technology has matured in a way it simply hadn’t a decade ago. In 2009, the levelized cost of solar photovoltaic electricity was $359 per megawatt-hour — more than four times as expensive as electricity from a natural gas plant. By 2019, solar PV had fallen in price to $40 per megawatt-hour, 28% cheaper than gas. That’s an 89% decline in 10 years, with more cost drops yet to come. Meanwhile, lithium-ion batteries have experienced a similar drop in prices.
That order-of-magnitude drop in costs makes all the difference. First of all, it means that solar and wind aren’t risky new technologies. Solyndra, a solar manufacturer, failed in 2011 because it was trying to market an innovative new kind of solar cell, which ended up being too expensive when the tried-and-true design came down in cost. Future investments in solar won’t have to bet on any difficult technological breakthroughs. Batteries might be a different story — lots of money is being thrown at startups trying to create solid-state batteries, which would be a true breakthrough. But Tesla Inc. is doing just fine with the old kind, so that sector is probably going to do OK as well. Venture investing does well when it doesn’t have to bet on “hard tech”, and much of clean tech is no longer hard.
Second, cost drops in clean energy mean that success doesn’t depend on government intervention. In the earlier boom, fickle government subsidies were often necessary for capital-intensive energy companies to succeed. Now, even though President Joe Biden is planning a big push into clean-energy investment, the market is investing quite a lot in renewables all on its own.
Finally, investors have probably learned their lesson. Clean energy itself was never a good fit for venture. It’s capital intensive, since buying solar panels and wind turbines entails a lot of money up front; venture capital tends to focus on cheap, small investments that scale. And instead of companies creating highly differentiated products and new markets, as in software, clean electricity companies are basically all trying to provide the same commodified product.
This time around, venture capitalists are letting bigger investors handle the build out of solar and wind, and finding other niches where low-cost, differentiated startups can add value — such as solar services and financing, lab-grown meat and electric vehicles. Some of those bets are certainly going to fail, but that’s always the case in private equity. The success of Tesla — now with a market cap of almost $700 billion, or 28 times the amount that was lost in the clean-tech bust — demonstrates the time-honored principle that a few big hits can compensate for a lot of little failures.
In other words, clean tech is entering the final stage of the famous Gartner Hype Cycle — a pattern that describes the progression of emerging technologies and business models, starting with an innovation that sees expectations climb and then crash, before they finally rise again to sustained productivity. The clean-tech bust, like the dot-com bust in 2000, was a case of investor enthusiasm for a new technology outstripping the technology itself. But just as few today would question the value of companies like Google and Facebook that came into their own during a trough in investor enthusiasm,  eventually the value of clean technology won’t be in question.

The author compares the clean-tech bust to the dot-com bust because

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 10

In the last paragraph, the author states that "...The clean-tech bust, like the dot-com bust in 2000, was a case of investor enthusiasm for a new technology outstripping the technology itself...." So, the rate of increase in investment and the number of investors onboarded was incongruent with the pace at which the technology was developing.  Comparing the options, Option C  conveys this inference in the best way.
Option A talks about investor enthusiasm stalling technological progress, which cannot be inferred.
Option B, too, is out of context. The author does not discuss the investors' knowledge of the technology's limitations.
Option D is incorrect. The author does not make such an assertion.
Hence, Option C is the correct answer.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 11

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
Green energy investment is hot again in the U.S. To some, the new boom will raise the specter of the clean-tech bust that followed a streak of exuberance a decade ago. But there are reasons to believe that this time the trend is no bubble or mirage.
The most basic reason is that the fundamental underlying technology has matured in a way it simply hadn’t a decade ago. In 2009, the levelized cost of solar photovoltaic electricity was $359 per megawatt-hour — more than four times as expensive as electricity from a natural gas plant. By 2019, solar PV had fallen in price to $40 per megawatt-hour, 28% cheaper than gas. That’s an 89% decline in 10 years, with more cost drops yet to come. Meanwhile, lithium-ion batteries have experienced a similar drop in prices.
That order-of-magnitude drop in costs makes all the difference. First of all, it means that solar and wind aren’t risky new technologies. Solyndra, a solar manufacturer, failed in 2011 because it was trying to market an innovative new kind of solar cell, which ended up being too expensive when the tried-and-true design came down in cost. Future investments in solar won’t have to bet on any difficult technological breakthroughs. Batteries might be a different story — lots of money is being thrown at startups trying to create solid-state batteries, which would be a true breakthrough. But Tesla Inc. is doing just fine with the old kind, so that sector is probably going to do OK as well. Venture investing does well when it doesn’t have to bet on “hard tech”, and much of clean tech is no longer hard.
Second, cost drops in clean energy mean that success doesn’t depend on government intervention. In the earlier boom, fickle government subsidies were often necessary for capital-intensive energy companies to succeed. Now, even though President Joe Biden is planning a big push into clean-energy investment, the market is investing quite a lot in renewables all on its own.
Finally, investors have probably learned their lesson. Clean energy itself was never a good fit for venture. It’s capital intensive, since buying solar panels and wind turbines entails a lot of money up front; venture capital tends to focus on cheap, small investments that scale. And instead of companies creating highly differentiated products and new markets, as in software, clean electricity companies are basically all trying to provide the same commodified product.
This time around, venture capitalists are letting bigger investors handle the build out of solar and wind, and finding other niches where low-cost, differentiated startups can add value — such as solar services and financing, lab-grown meat and electric vehicles. Some of those bets are certainly going to fail, but that’s always the case in private equity. The success of Tesla — now with a market cap of almost $700 billion, or 28 times the amount that was lost in the clean-tech bust — demonstrates the time-honored principle that a few big hits can compensate for a lot of little failures.
In other words, clean tech is entering the final stage of the famous Gartner Hype Cycle — a pattern that describes the progression of emerging technologies and business models, starting with an innovation that sees expectations climb and then crash, before they finally rise again to sustained productivity. The clean-tech bust, like the dot-com bust in 2000, was a case of investor enthusiasm for a new technology outstripping the technology itself. But just as few today would question the value of companies like Google and Facebook that came into their own during a trough in investor enthusiasm,  eventually the value of clean technology won’t be in question.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a reason why the increase in green energy investments may not be a bubble this time?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 11

In the second paragraph, the author states that the underlying technology has matured, and many forms of energy, including solar and lithium batteries,  have become cheaper. This significant decrease in costs has lowered the risks associated with the investments in these areas. Hence, Option A can be inferred.
"Second, cost drops in clean energy mean that success doesn’t depend on government intervention......the market is investing quite a lot in renewables all on its own." Option B can be inferred from these lines.
In the fifth and the sixth paragraphs, the author discusses why clean energy was never a good fit for venture capitalists and how they have moved away from capital intensive sectors to niche areas that are low-cost and differentiated. Hence, Option D can be inferred too.
Option C is a distortion. In the passage, the author comments that "Future investments in solar won’t have to bet on any difficult technological breakthroughs." However, this observation cannot be generalised. Furthermore, the author also discusses the importance of solid-state batteries, opining that it would be a major breakthrough in the future. Hence, Option C is the answer. 

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 12

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
Green energy investment is hot again in the U.S. To some, the new boom will raise the specter of the clean-tech bust that followed a streak of exuberance a decade ago. But there are reasons to believe that this time the trend is no bubble or mirage.
The most basic reason is that the fundamental underlying technology has matured in a way it simply hadn’t a decade ago. In 2009, the levelized cost of solar photovoltaic electricity was $359 per megawatt-hour — more than four times as expensive as electricity from a natural gas plant. By 2019, solar PV had fallen in price to $40 per megawatt-hour, 28% cheaper than gas. That’s an 89% decline in 10 years, with more cost drops yet to come. Meanwhile, lithium-ion batteries have experienced a similar drop in prices.
That order-of-magnitude drop in costs makes all the difference. First of all, it means that solar and wind aren’t risky new technologies. Solyndra, a solar manufacturer, failed in 2011 because it was trying to market an innovative new kind of solar cell, which ended up being too expensive when the tried-and-true design came down in cost. Future investments in solar won’t have to bet on any difficult technological breakthroughs. Batteries might be a different story — lots of money is being thrown at startups trying to create solid-state batteries, which would be a true breakthrough. But Tesla Inc. is doing just fine with the old kind, so that sector is probably going to do OK as well. Venture investing does well when it doesn’t have to bet on “hard tech”, and much of clean tech is no longer hard.
Second, cost drops in clean energy mean that success doesn’t depend on government intervention. In the earlier boom, fickle government subsidies were often necessary for capital-intensive energy companies to succeed. Now, even though President Joe Biden is planning a big push into clean-energy investment, the market is investing quite a lot in renewables all on its own.
Finally, investors have probably learned their lesson. Clean energy itself was never a good fit for venture. It’s capital intensive, since buying solar panels and wind turbines entails a lot of money up front; venture capital tends to focus on cheap, small investments that scale. And instead of companies creating highly differentiated products and new markets, as in software, clean electricity companies are basically all trying to provide the same commodified product.
This time around, venture capitalists are letting bigger investors handle the build out of solar and wind, and finding other niches where low-cost, differentiated startups can add value — such as solar services and financing, lab-grown meat and electric vehicles. Some of those bets are certainly going to fail, but that’s always the case in private equity. The success of Tesla — now with a market cap of almost $700 billion, or 28 times the amount that was lost in the clean-tech bust — demonstrates the time-honored principle that a few big hits can compensate for a lot of little failures.
In other words, clean tech is entering the final stage of the famous Gartner Hype Cycle — a pattern that describes the progression of emerging technologies and business models, starting with an innovation that sees expectations climb and then crash, before they finally rise again to sustained productivity. The clean-tech bust, like the dot-com bust in 2000, was a case of investor enthusiasm for a new technology outstripping the technology itself. But just as few today would question the value of companies like Google and Facebook that came into their own during a trough in investor enthusiasm,  eventually the value of clean technology won’t be in question.

According to the author, which of the following is NOT a feature of venture investing?
I. Venture investing generally thrives when the decisions are not contingent on technological breakthroughs.
II. Venture capitalists largely invest in low-risk endeavours.
III. Venture capitalists focus on cheap, small investments that are scalable.
IV.  Venture capitalists do not invest in established technology companies that have achieved economies of scale.

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 12

{"Venture investing does well when it doesn’t have to bet on hard tech"}. Statement I can be inferred from this line.
Statement II has not been implied in the passage. In fact, venture investing entails an element of risk. For example, in the penultimate paragraph, the author mentions that {"Some of those bets are certainly going to fail, but that’s always the case in private equity."} Hence, venture investments can often be risky.
{"venture capital tends to focus on cheap, small investments that scale."} Statement III is a near-verbatim inference from this line.
Statement IV has not been implied in the passage. Though venture capitalists focus on startups and small investments that can be scaled, it does not transitively rule out VC investment in established technological companies. Hence, statement IV cannot be inferred.
Statements II and IV cannot be inferred. Option A is the answer. 

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 13

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
Over the last decade, an increasingly confident right wing has presented disillusioned voters with a simple choice: elitist, neoliberal hyper-globalisation or popular, patriotic nationalism. This new fault-line pits economic and social liberalism against social conservatism and the promise of muscular economic intervention. Despite the defeat of Donald Trump in 2020, progressives have yet to find a strategy to combat this potent—if false—divide.
The traditional right-left dividing line—economic liberalism and social conservatism on the right, economic interventionism and social liberalism on the left—forced working-class nationalists to choose between their socially conservative instincts (including hostility to immigration) and their support for state intervention in the economy. In essence, they had to decide which liberalism—social or economic—to reject.
The 2016 Brexit referendum freed such voters from this restraint—and it certainly set back the old liberal order. But despite many jumping to the conclusion that fervent nationalism explained the whole Brexit phenomenon, it was not clear which liberalism was being rejected. Many of the towns that repudiated the EU were voting just as much against the deindustrialisation that took place during the years Britain was in the EU as they were voting to restore a supposedly Edenic 1950s. Back in the conventional world of parliamentary elections, in 2017 Labour’s anti-neoliberal economic programme under Jeremy Corbyn added 3.5m votes to its 2015 general election tally. But by 2019, identity trumped economics—on which the Tories, Labour's opponents, had anyway begun to change their tune under Boris Johnson—and the red wall crumbled.
The British right was not alone in affecting to spurn both liberalisms. From Warsaw via Workington to Wisconsin, working-class voters received promises from right-wing populists that their economic interests would not be sacrificed on the altar of neoliberalism. Poland’s Law and Justice Party adopted an economic and social programme that would win over “left-behind” Poles. Marine Le Pen’s National Front professed to abandon its fascist past and moved the spotlight onto protecting French industry. Johnson committed his party to an interventionist “levelling-up” agenda. And Trump promised industrial protection against overseas competition, as well as the biggest programme of public works since the New Deal.
This new fault-line not only redrew the political map: it fractured the old consensus around core democratic values—stretching from right to left—that had existed since the Second World War. These values were rooted in the French Revolution and European Enlightenment and comprised an alliance of liberty, equality and solidarity, which could accommodate Christian Democrats, liberals, social democrats and orthodox socialists, albeit in different proportions.
The nationalist far-right rejects these values. Echoing the rhetorical tropes of anti-democratic forces from the interwar years, populists like Trump promote conspiracy theories in which liberal politicians plot to destroy national sovereignty in the interests of global financial capital. A politics of demonisation, exclusion and “othering” has seeped into mainstream right-wing parties. In the United States, it culminated in Trump’s incitement of his supporters to storm the Capitol on 6th January to overturn the result of the 2020 election.
In a recent essay, Timothy Garton Ash argues that “liberals need to join both conservatives and socialists in full-heartedly embracing the value of solidarity.” But for intellectual conservatives like the late Roger Scruton (whom Garton Ash quotes) as well as chauvinist politicians—like Trump, Le Pen, Viktor Orbán and the Italian League’s Matteo Salvini—solidarity always has to rely on an inherently exclusionary notion of identity: we’re who we are because you’re not. Progressive social solidarity is, by contrast, accepting of difference. However, socialists and liberals have much in common in the battle against the far right: together, they can build on the social gains of the Harold Wilson and Tony Blair governments, allying around social and political liberty as well as the economics of equality.

Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 13

Option A could be true but cannot be inferred from the passage. The author does not present any detail pertaining to religion's role in shaping the ideologies of social conservatives.
Option B is out of scope as well. Moreover, the economic liberalists do not entirely oppose state intervention in a market economy. They are more concerned about state intervention jeopardising free trade.
{"The British right was not alone in affecting to spurn both liberalisms..."} The author discusses how right-wing politicians in many parts of the world today pretend to reject both types of liberalisms. He then gives several examples of economic interventions supported by these politicians that protect local industries and the working-class people. Thus, option C can be inferred.
Though the author mentions that since the second world war, there has been a consensus on the core democratic values among the left and the right, the same can't be said about the French Revolution; the author does not present any information in this regard. Hence, Option D can be eliminated.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 14

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
Over the last decade, an increasingly confident right wing has presented disillusioned voters with a simple choice: elitist, neoliberal hyper-globalisation or popular, patriotic nationalism. This new fault-line pits economic and social liberalism against social conservatism and the promise of muscular economic intervention. Despite the defeat of Donald Trump in 2020, progressives have yet to find a strategy to combat this potent—if false—divide.
The traditional right-left dividing line—economic liberalism and social conservatism on the right, economic interventionism and social liberalism on the left—forced working-class nationalists to choose between their socially conservative instincts (including hostility to immigration) and their support for state intervention in the economy. In essence, they had to decide which liberalism—social or economic—to reject.
The 2016 Brexit referendum freed such voters from this restraint—and it certainly set back the old liberal order. But despite many jumping to the conclusion that fervent nationalism explained the whole Brexit phenomenon, it was not clear which liberalism was being rejected. Many of the towns that repudiated the EU were voting just as much against the deindustrialisation that took place during the years Britain was in the EU as they were voting to restore a supposedly Edenic 1950s. Back in the conventional world of parliamentary elections, in 2017 Labour’s anti-neoliberal economic programme under Jeremy Corbyn added 3.5m votes to its 2015 general election tally. But by 2019, identity trumped economics—on which the Tories, Labour's opponents, had anyway begun to change their tune under Boris Johnson—and the red wall crumbled.
The British right was not alone in affecting to spurn both liberalisms. From Warsaw via Workington to Wisconsin, working-class voters received promises from right-wing populists that their economic interests would not be sacrificed on the altar of neoliberalism. Poland’s Law and Justice Party adopted an economic and social programme that would win over “left-behind” Poles. Marine Le Pen’s National Front professed to abandon its fascist past and moved the spotlight onto protecting French industry. Johnson committed his party to an interventionist “levelling-up” agenda. And Trump promised industrial protection against overseas competition, as well as the biggest programme of public works since the New Deal.
This new fault-line not only redrew the political map: it fractured the old consensus around core democratic values—stretching from right to left—that had existed since the Second World War. These values were rooted in the French Revolution and European Enlightenment and comprised an alliance of liberty, equality and solidarity, which could accommodate Christian Democrats, liberals, social democrats and orthodox socialists, albeit in different proportions.
The nationalist far-right rejects these values. Echoing the rhetorical tropes of anti-democratic forces from the interwar years, populists like Trump promote conspiracy theories in which liberal politicians plot to destroy national sovereignty in the interests of global financial capital. A politics of demonisation, exclusion and “othering” has seeped into mainstream right-wing parties. In the United States, it culminated in Trump’s incitement of his supporters to storm the Capitol on 6th January to overturn the result of the 2020 election.
In a recent essay, Timothy Garton Ash argues that “liberals need to join both conservatives and socialists in full-heartedly embracing the value of solidarity.” But for intellectual conservatives like the late Roger Scruton (whom Garton Ash quotes) as well as chauvinist politicians—like Trump, Le Pen, Viktor Orbán and the Italian League’s Matteo Salvini—solidarity always has to rely on an inherently exclusionary notion of identity: we’re who we are because you’re not. Progressive social solidarity is, by contrast, accepting of difference. However, socialists and liberals have much in common in the battle against the far right: together, they can build on the social gains of the Harold Wilson and Tony Blair governments, allying around social and political liberty as well as the economics of equality.

How is the modern-day right-wing(MPRW) ideology different from the traditional right-wing(TRW) ideology?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 14

Options C and D are tangential to the discussion and have not been implied in the passage.
Option A can be eliminated. The former part, which talks about TRW parties acknowledging the role of elite actors in uplifting the economy, cannot be inferred from the passage.
The initial half of Option B can be inferred from the following line: {...The traditional right-left dividing line—economic liberalism and social conservatism on the right, economic interventionism and social liberalism on the left...}. The latter half can be inferred from the following lines-
1. {This new fault-line pits economic and social liberalism against social conservatism and the promise of muscular economic intervention.}
2. {The British right was not alone in affecting to spurn both liberalisms. From Warsaw via Workington to Wisconsin, working-class voters received promises from right-wing populists that their economic interests would not be sacrificed on the altar of neoliberalism.}
Hence, Option B is the correct answer.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 15

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
Over the last decade, an increasingly confident right wing has presented disillusioned voters with a simple choice: elitist, neoliberal hyper-globalisation or popular, patriotic nationalism. This new fault-line pits economic and social liberalism against social conservatism and the promise of muscular economic intervention. Despite the defeat of Donald Trump in 2020, progressives have yet to find a strategy to combat this potent—if false—divide.
The traditional right-left dividing line—economic liberalism and social conservatism on the right, economic interventionism and social liberalism on the left—forced working-class nationalists to choose between their socially conservative instincts (including hostility to immigration) and their support for state intervention in the economy. In essence, they had to decide which liberalism—social or economic—to reject.
The 2016 Brexit referendum freed such voters from this restraint—and it certainly set back the old liberal order. But despite many jumping to the conclusion that fervent nationalism explained the whole Brexit phenomenon, it was not clear which liberalism was being rejected. Many of the towns that repudiated the EU were voting just as much against the deindustrialisation that took place during the years Britain was in the EU as they were voting to restore a supposedly Edenic 1950s. Back in the conventional world of parliamentary elections, in 2017 Labour’s anti-neoliberal economic programme under Jeremy Corbyn added 3.5m votes to its 2015 general election tally. But by 2019, identity trumped economics—on which the Tories, Labour's opponents, had anyway begun to change their tune under Boris Johnson—and the red wall crumbled.
The British right was not alone in affecting to spurn both liberalisms. From Warsaw via Workington to Wisconsin, working-class voters received promises from right-wing populists that their economic interests would not be sacrificed on the altar of neoliberalism. Poland’s Law and Justice Party adopted an economic and social programme that would win over “left-behind” Poles. Marine Le Pen’s National Front professed to abandon its fascist past and moved the spotlight onto protecting French industry. Johnson committed his party to an interventionist “levelling-up” agenda. And Trump promised industrial protection against overseas competition, as well as the biggest programme of public works since the New Deal.
This new fault-line not only redrew the political map: it fractured the old consensus around core democratic values—stretching from right to left—that had existed since the Second World War. These values were rooted in the French Revolution and European Enlightenment and comprised an alliance of liberty, equality and solidarity, which could accommodate Christian Democrats, liberals, social democrats and orthodox socialists, albeit in different proportions.
The nationalist far-right rejects these values. Echoing the rhetorical tropes of anti-democratic forces from the interwar years, populists like Trump promote conspiracy theories in which liberal politicians plot to destroy national sovereignty in the interests of global financial capital. A politics of demonisation, exclusion and “othering” has seeped into mainstream right-wing parties. In the United States, it culminated in Trump’s incitement of his supporters to storm the Capitol on 6th January to overturn the result of the 2020 election.
In a recent essay, Timothy Garton Ash argues that “liberals need to join both conservatives and socialists in full-heartedly embracing the value of solidarity.” But for intellectual conservatives like the late Roger Scruton (whom Garton Ash quotes) as well as chauvinist politicians—like Trump, Le Pen, Viktor Orbán and the Italian League’s Matteo Salvini—solidarity always has to rely on an inherently exclusionary notion of identity: we’re who we are because you’re not. Progressive social solidarity is, by contrast, accepting of difference. However, socialists and liberals have much in common in the battle against the far right: together, they can build on the social gains of the Harold Wilson and Tony Blair governments, allying around social and political liberty as well as the economics of equality.

Which of the following statements is definitely TRUE according to the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 15

Option A is incorrect. Such an assertion has not been made in the passage.
Option B is a distortion. In the penultimate paragraph, the author posits the following- "Echoing the rhetorical tropes of anti-democratic forces from the interwar years, populists like Trump promote conspiracy theories in which liberal politicians plot to destroy national sovereignty in the interests of global financial capital." This is a metaphorical statement and does not necessarily imply the inference stated in option B.
Option C is again a distortion. The far-right rejects the values derived from the learnings of the French Revolution and the European Enlightenment, true. But that cannot be equated to a dismissal of the social progress achieved through these events.
The traditional right-left divide pits economic liberalism (on the right) against social liberalism (on the left). So, both left and right believed in the larger concept but favoured different manifestations. Hence, Option D can be inferred and is the correct answer. 

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 16

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
Over the last decade, an increasingly confident right wing has presented disillusioned voters with a simple choice: elitist, neoliberal hyper-globalisation or popular, patriotic nationalism. This new fault-line pits economic and social liberalism against social conservatism and the promise of muscular economic intervention. Despite the defeat of Donald Trump in 2020, progressives have yet to find a strategy to combat this potent—if false—divide.
The traditional right-left dividing line—economic liberalism and social conservatism on the right, economic interventionism and social liberalism on the left—forced working-class nationalists to choose between their socially conservative instincts (including hostility to immigration) and their support for state intervention in the economy. In essence, they had to decide which liberalism—social or economic—to reject.
The 2016 Brexit referendum freed such voters from this restraint—and it certainly set back the old liberal order. But despite many jumping to the conclusion that fervent nationalism explained the whole Brexit phenomenon, it was not clear which liberalism was being rejected. Many of the towns that repudiated the EU were voting just as much against the deindustrialisation that took place during the years Britain was in the EU as they were voting to restore a supposedly Edenic 1950s. Back in the conventional world of parliamentary elections, in 2017 Labour’s anti-neoliberal economic programme under Jeremy Corbyn added 3.5m votes to its 2015 general election tally. But by 2019, identity trumped economics—on which the Tories, Labour's opponents, had anyway begun to change their tune under Boris Johnson—and the red wall crumbled.
The British right was not alone in affecting to spurn both liberalisms. From Warsaw via Workington to Wisconsin, working-class voters received promises from right-wing populists that their economic interests would not be sacrificed on the altar of neoliberalism. Poland’s Law and Justice Party adopted an economic and social programme that would win over “left-behind” Poles. Marine Le Pen’s National Front professed to abandon its fascist past and moved the spotlight onto protecting French industry. Johnson committed his party to an interventionist “levelling-up” agenda. And Trump promised industrial protection against overseas competition, as well as the biggest programme of public works since the New Deal.
This new fault-line not only redrew the political map: it fractured the old consensus around core democratic values—stretching from right to left—that had existed since the Second World War. These values were rooted in the French Revolution and European Enlightenment and comprised an alliance of liberty, equality and solidarity, which could accommodate Christian Democrats, liberals, social democrats and orthodox socialists, albeit in different proportions.
The nationalist far-right rejects these values. Echoing the rhetorical tropes of anti-democratic forces from the interwar years, populists like Trump promote conspiracy theories in which liberal politicians plot to destroy national sovereignty in the interests of global financial capital. A politics of demonisation, exclusion and “othering” has seeped into mainstream right-wing parties. In the United States, it culminated in Trump’s incitement of his supporters to storm the Capitol on 6th January to overturn the result of the 2020 election.
In a recent essay, Timothy Garton Ash argues that “liberals need to join both conservatives and socialists in full-heartedly embracing the value of solidarity.” But for intellectual conservatives like the late Roger Scruton (whom Garton Ash quotes) as well as chauvinist politicians—like Trump, Le Pen, Viktor Orbán and the Italian League’s Matteo Salvini—solidarity always has to rely on an inherently exclusionary notion of identity: we’re who we are because you’re not. Progressive social solidarity is, by contrast, accepting of difference. However, socialists and liberals have much in common in the battle against the far right: together, they can build on the social gains of the Harold Wilson and Tony Blair governments, allying around social and political liberty as well as the economics of equality.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a strategy adopted by the right-wing populists?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 16

{“ From Warsaw via Workington to Wisconsin, working-class voters received promises from right-wing populists that their economic interests would not be sacrificed on the altar of neoliberalism.”} Option A can be inferred from this line.{“Echoing the rhetorical tropes of anti-democratic forces from the interwar years, populists like Trump promote conspiracy theories in which liberal politicians plot to destroy national sovereignty in the interests of global financial capital."} Option B can be inferred from this line.
{“A politics of demonisation, exclusion and “othering” has seeped into mainstream right-wing parties.”} Option D can be inferred from this line.
This leaves us with us option C, which is a distortion. According to the passage, {“The nationalist far-right rejects these[core democratic] values.”}. Hence, the passage says this about far-right nationalists and not right-wing populists. Hence, option C is the answer.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 17

The passage given below is followed by four summaries. Choose the option that best captures the author’s position.
Language bias in academia is something that researchers have been facing for a long time. Not only are the vast majority of scientific papers published in English, the ‘correctness’ of English used in them is a factor that determines their acceptance into top journals—which, incidentally, also publish exclusively in English. It discourages non-English speaking researchers as it prioritizes the purity of the language over the content of their research. This also puts them at a disadvantage professionally, as they’re robbed of the most common, popular platforms that can further their research and careers. In addition, the overwhelming reliance on, and preference of, English favours only research that looks at the world in specific predisposed ways, brought on by the use of English, such as the tendency to prescribe indigenous knowledge as ‘folklore’ and not something that could have factual validity. It discounts anything that digresses from the norm, even when the information might be highly relevant and important.

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 17

In the passage, the author discusses how language bias in academia could deny non-English speaking researchers the opportunity to get published in top journals and subsequently earn recognition and progress in their careers. In addition to this professional disadvantage, established predispositions could also lead to the repudiation of certain research information that is factually correct.  Comparing the options, option B comes closest to conveying this inference.
Option A is extreme. The passage talks about professional disadvantage and disillusionment. But, discrimination is too strong a word in this context. Furthermore, it has not been implied that the bias leads to the researchers abandoning their works.
Option C comes close but talks about a drop in research quality, which has not been implied.
Option D, too, is correct for the most part but talks about the publication of sub-standard articles, which the author does not mention anywhere in the passage.
Hence, option B is the answer .

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 18

The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4) below, when properly sequenced would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:
1. This holds troubling implications for freedom of expression and the right to information.
2. However, Electronics and IT Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad, while launching The Information Technology Rules, 2021, presented it as a “soft-touch oversight mechanism”, and it also claimed the rules seek to “address people’s varied concerns while removing any misapprehension about curbing creativity and freedom of speech and expression”.
3. The soft tone notwithstanding, these rules force digital news publishers and video streaming services to adhere to a cumbersome three-tier structure of regulation, with a government committee at its apex.
4. The new rules introduced by the Centre last week to regulate all types of digital platforms, with the idea of redressing user grievances and ensuring compliance with the law, are deeply unsettling as they will end up giving the government a good deal of leverage over online news publishers and intermediaries.


Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 18

Statement 4 appears to be the starting sentence since it introduces the topic - regulation of all digital platforms by the government. In sentence 1, 'this' refers to the leverage over digital platforms by the government. Statement 1 gives the impact of the rules mentioned in 4. Hence, 1 will follow 4. In sentence 2, the author cites the comment from the Electronics and IT minister to show the effort by the government to assuage the afore-mentioned concerns of the public (as stated in 1). Thus, 2 will follow 1. Sentence 3 appears to be the author's concluding remark, which says that regardless of the Minister's attempt to underplay the implications of the decision, digital news publishers and video streaming services will have to adhere to the cumbersome regulations. Hence, the correct sequence is 4123.

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 19

The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4) below, when properly sequenced would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:
1. The church prohibited the eating of eggs during Holy Week, but chickens continued to lay eggs during that week, and the notion of especially identifying those as Holy Week eggs brought about their decoration.
2. The tradition of dyeing and decorating Easter eggs is ancient, and its origin is obscure, but it has been practised in both the Eastern Orthodox and the Western churches since the Middle Ages.
3. The egg itself became a symbol of the Resurrection.
4. Just as Jesus rose from the tomb, the egg symbolized new life emerging from the eggshell.


Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 19

Sentences 2 and 1 will make a pair because 2 introduces the topic, and 1 tells a brief history about why the Easter eggs are decorated. So, 2 will be followed by 1. Similarly, 3 and 4 will make a pair since 3 asserts that the eggs became a symbol of resurrection and 4 explains why this is the case.
Now, we have two pairs, but 2 will be the starting sentence because it is a broader statement and serves as an introduction. Hence, the sequence will be 2134.

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 20

Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph. Identify the odd one out.
1. Gaura Devi led 27 of the village women to the site and confronted the loggers.
2. On 26 March 2018, a Chipko movement conservation initiative was marked by Google Doodle on its 45th anniversary.
3. On 25 March 1974, the day the lumbermen were to cut the trees, the men of Reni village and DGSS workers were in Chamoli, diverted by the state government and contractors to a fictional compensation payment site, while back home labourers arrived by the truckload to start logging operations.
4. When all talking failed, and the loggers started to shout and abuse the women, threatening them with guns, the women resorted to hugging the trees to stop them from being felled.
5. A local girl, on seeing them, rushed to inform Gaura Devi, the head of the village Mahila Mangal Dal, at Reni village.


Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 20

Statement 2 is the odd one because the incident narrated by the other sentences need not necessarily refer to the Chipko Movement.
Further, when the other sentences are arranged in sequence 3514, we get a coherent para.
Clearly, 3 will be the starting sentence as it starts by narrating the incident and will be followed by 5 because 'them' in 5 refers to the 'labourers' in 3. Sentence 1 will follow 5 as 5 tells us about a girl informing Gaura Devi, and 1 tells us how she reacted to the information. Finally, 4 follows 1 as it elaborates on the confrontation. Hence, the sequence 3514.

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 21

Five sentences related to a topic are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a meaningful and coherent short paragraph. Identify the odd one out.
1. Recently, however, the Chinese room experiment has goaded me into dwelling on the limits of human cognition.
2. John Searle concocted the Chinese room experiment to convince us that computers don’t really “think” as we do; they manipulate symbols mindlessly, without understanding what they are doing.
3. We humans can be pretty mindless too, even when engaged in a pursuit as lofty as quantum physics.
4. Computer pioneer Alan Turing proposed in 1950 that questions be fed to a machine and a human.
5. Searle meant to make a point about the limits of machine cognition.


Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 21

After reading the given statements, we understand that the author is discussing the Chinese room experiment and tying it to human cognition. Sentence 2 will be the starting sentence as it introduces us to the topic. Sentence 5 will follow 2 because it tells us the motive behind Jean conducting the experiment. Sentence 1 will follow 5 because the author portrays his take on this experiment, and the learning outcome associated with it. Sentence 3 will follow 1 since it continues on the author's perception/take of human cognition and its limitation. We notice that the sequence 2-5-1-3 forms a coherent paragraph.
Sentence 4 is the odd one as it does not fit anywhere in the sequence. It presents us with a fact which appears irrelevant to the overall discussion. 

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 22

Directions: Identify the most appropriate summary for the paragraph and write the key for most appropriate option.
Feudalism represents a change from the ancient form of imperialism to the newer forms of European government. It arose out of the ruins of the Roman system as an essential form of social order. It appears to be the only system fitted to bring order out of the chaotic conditions of society, but by the very nature of affairs it could not long continue as an established system. It is rather surprising, indeed, that it became so universal, for every territory in Europe was subjected to its control in a greater or less degree. Frequently those who were forced to adopt its form condemned its principle, and those who sought to maintain the doctrine of Roman imperialism were subjected to its sway. The church itself, seeking to maintain its autocracy, came into direct contact with feudal theory and opposed it bitterly. The people who submitted to the yoke of personal bondage which it entailed hated the system. Yet the whole European world passed under feudalism. But notwithstanding its universality, feudalism could offer nothing permanent, for in the development of social order it was forced to yield to monarchy, although it made a lasting influence on social life and political and economic usage. (key in your answer option)
1. Feudalism, though extensively used in Europe to varying degrees of success, eventually outlives its usefulness and was replaced by monarchy.
2. What feudalism did to the ancient form of imperialism was done to it by monarchy, when it no longer could offer the benefits it once promised.
3. Feudalism, begrudgingly accepted by many parts of the European society, finally outlived its usefulness and found itself replaced by monarchy despite of its positives and near universal application in Europe.
4. Feudalism, accepted by some and resented by some others, took over Europe in a universal way before it found itself replaced by monarchy in a way similar to the one it which it replaced imperialism.


Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 22

Option 3 is the perfect choice here as it essentially covers all the aspects of paragraph (which is the job of the summary).
Option 4, though partially correct, uses the incorrect logic when it says "itself replaced by monarch in a way similar to the one it which it replaced imperialism." There is no evidence in the passage that the way in which monarchy replaced feudalism was similar to the way in which feudalism replaced imperialism. Option 2 is ruled out on similar grounds.
Option 1 is ruled out as the degrees of success of feudalism find no mention in the passage.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 23

Cheapness and its cinematic markers, such as hand-held camera work and low or high-contrast light, aren’t themselves guarantors of a tone of artistic authenticity. In fact, they’re often misused by filmmakers short of inspiration as badges of sincerity that take the place of actual artistry. The theatrical realism of many older, ostensibly classic movies have dated terribly and reflect the very exclusions and compromises of the system that produced them. Only the ingenious exertions and inventions of a slender minority of great filmmakers could circumvent and override them. Yet, critics fetishize the styles of studio-era movies and take them for an enduring and immutable aesthetic standard – as if, with an appreciation of Shakespeare came a comparable fixation on lesser Elizabethans and a disdain for latter-day dramatists for not writing in iambic pentameter.

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 23

Option A. Nostalgia for movies as they were made in the past converges to nostalgic exaltation of their production methods.

From what the paragraph says, we know that the above is true. However, this does not fully summarize the main idea of the paragraph, which argues emphatically that this nostalgia is misplaced. So option A is not the right one to sum up the paragraph as it only partially covers the main idea of the paragraph.

Option B. Rather than imitating the styles of studio-era movies in a bid to achieve artistic authenticity, filmmakers need to focus on inventive ideas and realistic themes.

The paragraph given does talk about filmmakers trying to copy the styles of studio-era movies, as if this alone is enough to declare their work as artistic. However, the focus of the paragraph is not what filmmakers need to do. Rather, the focus is on the mistaken notion that low budget filmmaking of the studio-era is an immutable standard for artistic authenticity. Further, the paragraph makes no mention of the need for filmmakers to center their attention on “realistic themes"? as mentioned in the line above. So option B is not the right one to sum up the paragraph.

Option C. Only the brilliance and resourcefulness of small minority of great filmmakers could overcome the hurdles posed by budget constraints in studio-era movies.

Again, the paragraph does say this, but this is not the main idea of the paragraph and certainly does not summarize it.

Option D. The veneration of the styles and production methods of low-budget movies of the studio-era as the ideal aesthetic standard is misguided.

The whole point of the paragraph is to say that the undue fetish for the styles and production of low-budget movies of the studio-era and the idea that this is the immutable artistic standard is misguided. So this is the right option to sum up the paragraph.

Hence, the answer is D

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 24

The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, and 4) below, when properly sequenced, would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:

1. However, such unbridled advancements have also escalated global issues like climate change, resource depletion, and significant socio-economic disparities.

2. The 21st century has been heralded as an era of technological marvels, transforming every facet of human life with unprecedented innovations.

3. These challenges necessitate a reconfiguration of global priorities towards sustainability and equitable progress, demanding collaborative, not isolated, innovation.

4. Consequently, the narrative of development has increasingly become a balancing act between embracing technological growth and acknowledging its consequential perils.


Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 24

The sequence starts with the marvels of the current era (2), introduces the downside of these advancements (1), reflects on the resulting global narrative (4), and concludes with a call for a new direction (3).

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 25

A lock is guarded by a security code that serves as the password. The code is in the following form:


Where a, b, c, d and g are numbers and e, f are alphabets. The following information is also known about the respective characters:
1. 'a' is a prime number from 1 to 10.
2. The 2-digit number 'bc' is also a prime number such that b = a + 1.
3. 'd' = 'bc' % 'a', that is, d is the remainder when the 2-digit number 'bc' is divided by 'a'.
4. 'e' is the alphabet at the index of n, alphabet[n], where n is the highest number of occurrences of any digit(0 to 9) among a,b,c,d. Here,alphabet[1] = A, alphabet[2] = B,..., alphabet[26] = Z.
5. 'f' is the alphabet either preceding or succeeding the alphabet 'e' when all English alphabets are arranged alphabetically.
6. 'g' is the remainder when the sum of digits a, b, c and d is divided by 10. g = (a+b+c+d)%10.
Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow.

If we consider all possible codes, which digit(0 to 9) does not occur even once in any of the codes? Enter -1 if all 10 digits appear at least once in any of the codes.


Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 25

a can be 2, 3, 5, 7.
Hence, when a = 2, b = 3, bc = 31, 37
When a = 3, b = 4, bc = 41, 43, 47
When a = 5, b = 6, bc = 61, 67
When a = 7, b = 8, bc = 83, 89.
Hence, the different possibilities are,
2311 _ _ _
2371 _ _ _
3412 _ _ _
3431 _ _ _
3472 _ _ _
5611 _ _ _
5672 _ _ _
7836 _ _ _
7895 _ _ _
Now, when it is 2311 _ _ _, 1 occurs twice, which is the highest, hence e = alphabet[2] = B.
Similarly, when it is 2371 _ _ _, the highest occurrence of any digit is once, hence e = alphabet[1] = A.
Similarly, we get the remaining as well,
2311B _ _
2371A _ _
3412A _ _
3431B _ _
3472A _ _
5611B _ _
5672A _ _
7836A _ _
7895A _ _
Hence, e is always either B or A. If e is B. f can be either A or C, if e is A, f can only be B. Hence, we get the following codes.
2311BA _
2311BC _
2371AB _
3412AB _
3431BA _
3431BC _
3472AB _
5611BA _
5611BC _
5672AB _
7836AB _
7895AB _
Now, G has to be calculated. For, 2311BA _, g = (2 + 3 + 1 + 1)%10 = 7
Similarly, we calculate for others as well,
2311BA7
2311BC7
2371AB3
3412AB0
3431BA1
3431BC1
3472AB6
5611BA3
5611BC3
5672AB0
7836AB4
7895AB9
As we can see every digit appears at least once if all codes are considered.
Hence, the answer is -1 as asked in the question.

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 26

A lock is guarded by a security code that serves as the password. The code is in the following form:


Where a, b, c, d and g are numbers and e, f are alphabets. The following information is also known about the respective characters:
1. 'a' is a prime number from 1 to 10.
2. The 2-digit number 'bc' is also a prime number such that b = a + 1.
3. 'd' = 'bc' % 'a', that is, d is the remainder when the 2-digit number 'bc' is divided by 'a'.
4. 'e' is the alphabet at the index of n, alphabet[n], where n is the highest number of occurrences of any digit(0 to 9) among a,b,c,d. Here,alphabet[1] = A, alphabet[2] = B,..., alphabet[26] = Z.
5. 'f' is the alphabet either preceding or succeeding the alphabet 'e' when all English alphabets are arranged alphabetically.
6. 'g' is the remainder when the sum of digits a, b, c and d is divided by 10. g = (a+b+c+d)%10.
Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow.

If we consider all possible codes, how many distinct alphabets appear at least once in any of the codes?


Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 26

a can be 2, 3, 5, 7.
Hence, when a = 2, b = 3, bc = 31, 37
When a = 3, b = 4, bc = 41, 43, 47
When a = 5, b = 6, bc = 61, 67
When a = 7, b = 8, bc = 83, 89.
Hence, the different possibilities are,
2311 _ _ _
2371 _ _ _
3412 _ _ _
3431 _ _ _
3472 _ _ _
5611 _ _ _
5672 _ _ _
7836 _ _ _
7895 _ _ _
Now, when it is 2311 _ _ _, 1 occurs twice, which is the highest, hence e = alphabet[2] = B.
Similarly, when it is 2371 _ _ _, the highest occurrence of any digit is once, hence e = alphabet[1] = A.
Similarly, we get the remaining as well,
2311B _ _
2371A _ _
3412A _ _
3431B _ _
3472A _ _
5611B _ _
5672A _ _
7836A _ _
7895A _ _
Hence, e is always either B or A. If e is B. f can be either A or C, if e is A, f can only be B. Hence, we get the following codes.
2311BA _
2311BC _
2371AB _
3412AB _
3431BA _
3431BC _
3472AB _
5611BA _
5611BC _
5672AB _
7836AB _
7895AB _
Now, G has to be calculated. For, 2311BA _, g = (2 + 3 + 1 + 1)%10 = 7
Similarly, we calculate for others as well,
2311BA7
2311BC7
2371AB3
3412AB0
3431BA1
3431BC1
3472AB6
5611BA3
5611BC3
5672AB0
7836AB4
7895AB9
As we can see only A, B and C appear. So, there are 3 alphabets.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 27

A lock is guarded by a security code that serves as the password. The code is in the following form:


Where a, b, c, d and g are numbers and e, f are alphabets. The following information is also known about the respective characters:
1. 'a' is a prime number from 1 to 10.
2. The 2-digit number 'bc' is also a prime number such that b = a + 1.
3. 'd' = 'bc' % 'a', that is, d is the remainder when the 2-digit number 'bc' is divided by 'a'.
4. 'e' is the alphabet at the index of n, alphabet[n], where n is the highest number of occurrences of any digit(0 to 9) among a,b,c,d. Here,alphabet[1] = A, alphabet[2] = B,..., alphabet[26] = Z.
5. 'f' is the alphabet either preceding or succeeding the alphabet 'e' when all English alphabets are arranged alphabetically.
6. 'g' is the remainder when the sum of digits a, b, c and d is divided by 10. g = (a+b+c+d)%10.
Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow.

How many codes are possible?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 27

a can be 2, 3, 5, 7.
Hence, when a = 2, b = 3, bc = 31, 37
When a = 3, b = 4, bc = 41, 43, 47
When a = 5, b = 6, bc = 61, 67
When a = 7, b = 8, bc = 83, 89.
Hence, the different possibilities are,
2311 _ _ _
2371 _ _ _
3412 _ _ _
3431 _ _ _
3472 _ _ _
5611 _ _ _
5672 _ _ _
7836 _ _ _
7895 _ _ _
Now, when it is 2311 _ _ _, 1 occurs twice, which is the highest, hence e = alphabet[2] = B.
Similarly, when it is 2371 _ _ _, the highest occurrence of any digit is once, hence e = alphabet[1] = A.
Similarly, we get the remaining as well,
2311B _ _
2371A _ _
3412A _ _
3431B _ _
3472A _ _
5611B _ _
5672A _ _
7836A _ _
7895A _ _
Hence, e is always either B or A. If e is B. f can be either A or C, if e is A, f can only be B. Hence, we get the following codes.
2311BA _
2311BC _
2371AB _
3412AB _
3431BA _
3431BC _
3472AB _
5611BA _
5611BC _
5672AB _
7836AB _
7895AB _
Now, G has to be calculated. For, 2311BA _, g = (2 + 3 + 1 + 1)%10 = 7
Similarly, we calculate for others as well,
2311BA7
2311BC7
2371AB3
3412AB0
3431BA1
3431BC1
3472AB6
5611BA3
5611BC3
5672AB0
7836AB4
7895AB9
As we can see there are 12 different valid codes.

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 28

A lock is guarded by a security code that serves as the password. The code is in the following form:


Where a, b, c, d and g are numbers and e, f are alphabets. The following information is also known about the respective characters:
1. 'a' is a prime number from 1 to 10.
2. The 2-digit number 'bc' is also a prime number such that b = a + 1.
3. 'd' = 'bc' % 'a', that is, d is the remainder when the 2-digit number 'bc' is divided by 'a'.
4. 'e' is the alphabet at the index of n, alphabet[n], where n is the highest number of occurrences of any digit(0 to 9) among a,b,c,d. Here,alphabet[1] = A, alphabet[2] = B,..., alphabet[26] = Z.
5. 'f' is the alphabet either preceding or succeeding the alphabet 'e' when all English alphabets are arranged alphabetically.
6. 'g' is the remainder when the sum of digits a, b, c and d is divided by 10. g = (a+b+c+d)%10.
Based on the information given above, answer the questions that follow.

If it is given that no vowel can be used as an alphabet and no digit should be a multiple of 4, how many codes are possible?


Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 28

a can be 2, 3, 5, 7.
Hence, when a = 2, b = 3, bc = 31, 37
When a = 3, b = 4, bc = 41, 43, 47
When a = 5, b = 6, bc = 61, 67
When a = 7, b = 8, bc = 83, 89.
Hence, the different possibilities are,
2311 _ _ _
2371 _ _ _
3412 _ _ _
3431 _ _ _
3472 _ _ _
5611 _ _ _
5672 _ _ _
7836 _ _ _
7895 _ _ _
Now, when it is 2311 _ _ _, 1 occurs twice, which is the highest, hence e = alphabet[2] = B.
Similarly, when it is 2371 _ _ _, the highest occurrence of any digit is once, hence e = alphabet[1] = A.
Similarly, we get the remaining as well,
2311B _ _
2371A _ _
3412A _ _
3431B _ _
3472A _ _
5611B _ _
5672A _ _
7836A _ _
7895A _ _
Hence, e is always either B or A. If e is B. f can be either A or C, if e is A, f can only be B. Hence, we get the following codes.
2311BA _
2311BC _
2371AB _
3412AB _
3431BA _
3431BC _
3472AB _
5611BA _
5611BC _
5672AB _
7836AB _
7895AB _
Now, G has to be calculated. For, 2311BA _, g = (2 + 3 + 1 + 1)%10 = 7
Similarly, we calculate for others as well,
2311BA7
2311BC7
2371AB3
3412AB0
3431BA1
3431BC1
3472AB6
5611BA3
5611BC3
5672AB0
7836AB4
7895AB9
In the question, we are asked to not include any vowel and any digit that is a multiple of 4. Hence, we are left with 2311BC7 and 5611BC3.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 29

60 students were shortlisted for their Personal Interview by the Indian School of Management. But the interview process was to be conducted online and hence students were sent the KOOM meeting link for the same. All the 60 students were to join the KOOM common room at 9:00 AM sharp and then the admission co-ordinators would send in a certain number of students to different waiting rooms- X, Y and Z prior to their one on one interviews with the panellists. There were 3 panellists- A, B and C who were conducting interviews for the candidates waiting in the rooms X, Y and Z respectively. The capacity for the waiting rooms X, Y and Z were 5, 10 and 15 respectively. 
The 60 students were given a rank from 1 to 60 based on their composite score and it is known that no two students got the same score. To start off the interviews, the ones with top 5 ranks are sent to panellist A. The 10 below them are sent to B and students ranked 16 to 30 were sent to C. When the last person from the waiting room X, Y and Z gives an interview, the next set of students are immediately sent to the waiting room as soon as the interview gets over and the priority is maintained as students with higher ranks are sent to X, Y and Z respectively if the interviews of the previous batch end simultaneously. 
It is known that:
1. Panellist A takes an interview for 15 minutes and takes a break of 5 minutes only after interviewing 3 candidates 
2. Panellist B takes an interview for 10 minutes and takes a break of 5 minutes after interviewing 5 students.
3. Panellist C takes an interview of 5 minutes and takes a break of 5 minutes after interviewing 4 students.
4. Lunch break is scheduled between 12:00 noon to 12:30 PM and students are not cut abruptly if their interview began before 12:00 noon, i.e. the interviewers take the break only after finishing the interview if it started before 12:00 noon.
5. Batches of 5, 10 and 15 students enter the waiting room together such that students who enter the waiting room at a time have continuous ranks. For example, if the interviewer X is ending up the interview of the last student from the previous batch, 5 students with continuous ranks (say 21-25) enter the waiting room X together.
6. Students allotted to a particular waiting room is only interviewed by the designated interviewer and is not interviewed by anyone else even if the other interviewer is free.
7. If panellist A goes into the lunch break after having interviewed 1 student, he will again take his 5 minute break after interviewing 2 students post the lunch break so as to satisfy the condition 1 always. The same applies for panellist B and C who follow conditions 2 and 3 respectively.

When does interviewer B finish his last interview?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 29

Students ranked from 1 to 5 will be interviewed by A and thus are moved to the waiting room X.
Similarly, students ranked 6 to 15 (10 students) will be interviewed by B and are moved to waiting room Y.
And students ranked 16 to 30 (15 students) will be interviewed by C and are moved to waiting room Z.
A takes a break after every 3 interviews. B and C take breaks after every 5 and 4 interviews respectively.
So, a map of the first few students will look like:

Here, M, N, X and Y are the ranks of the students. M to M+4 are the set of 5 students who will be interviewed once the interview of the student ranked 5th gets over and similarly for others.
We see that interviewer A finishes his first batch of interviews first (at 10:20) and hence M must be 31. Students ranked 31 to 35 move to waiting room X.
Next to finish interviewing his/her first batch of interviewees is B (at 10:30) and hence Y=36. Students ranked from 36 to 50 will move into waiting room Z.
Finally, interviewer Y will get the next 10 students ranked from 51 to 60 and hence X=51.
We do not require N.
Interviewer A interviews students ranked from 1 to 5, 31 to 35.
Interviewer B interviews students ranked from 6 to 15 and 51 to 60.
Interviewer C interviews students ranked from 16 to 30 and 36 to 50.

An updated table will look like:

We can break down the interviews of students ranked 41 to 50 for interviewer C as:
Each set of 4 consecutively ranked students will be interviewed in 20 minutes. The fifth student will be interviewed after 20+5(break) minutes= 25 minutes.
So, the interview of student ranked 41 starts at 11:05 am and that of student ranked 45 starts at 11:05+25= 11:30 am. Similarly the interview of student ranked 49 starts at 11:55 am and so on.
We can see from the table that interviewer B ends his interviews at 1:00 pm.

CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 30

60 students were shortlisted for their Personal Interview by the Indian School of Management. But the interview process was to be conducted online and hence students were sent the KOOM meeting link for the same. All the 60 students were to join the KOOM common room at 9:00 AM sharp and then the admission co-ordinators would send in a certain number of students to different waiting rooms- X, Y and Z prior to their one on one interviews with the panellists. There were 3 panellists- A, B and C who were conducting interviews for the candidates waiting in the rooms X, Y and Z respectively. The capacity for the waiting rooms X, Y and Z were 5, 10 and 15 respectively. 
The 60 students were given a rank from 1 to 60 based on their composite score and it is known that no two students got the same score. To start off the interviews, the ones with top 5 ranks are sent to panellist A. The 10 below them are sent to B and students ranked 16 to 30 were sent to C. When the last person from the waiting room X, Y and Z gives an interview, the next set of students are immediately sent to the waiting room as soon as the interview gets over and the priority is maintained as students with higher ranks are sent to X, Y and Z respectively if the interviews of the previous batch end simultaneously. 
It is known that:
1. Panellist A takes an interview for 15 minutes and takes a break of 5 minutes only after interviewing 3 candidates 
2. Panellist B takes an interview for 10 minutes and takes a break of 5 minutes after interviewing 5 students.
3. Panellist C takes an interview of 5 minutes and takes a break of 5 minutes after interviewing 4 students.
4. Lunch break is scheduled between 12:00 noon to 12:30 PM and students are not cut abruptly if their interview began before 12:00 noon, i.e. the interviewers take the break only after finishing the interview if it started before 12:00 noon.
5. Batches of 5, 10 and 15 students enter the waiting room together such that students who enter the waiting room at a time have continuous ranks. For example, if the interviewer X is ending up the interview of the last student from the previous batch, 5 students with continuous ranks (say 21-25) enter the waiting room X together.
6. Students allotted to a particular waiting room is only interviewed by the designated interviewer and is not interviewed by anyone else even if the other interviewer is free.
7. If panellist A goes into the lunch break after having interviewed 1 student, he will again take his 5 minute break after interviewing 2 students post the lunch break so as to satisfy the condition 1 always. The same applies for panellist B and C who follow conditions 2 and 3 respectively.
Which of the following ranked students was interviewed by panellist C?

Detailed Solution for CAT Mock Test- 10 - Question 30

Students ranked from 1 to 5 will be interviewed by A and thus are moved to the waiting room X.
Similarly, students ranked 6 to 15 (10 students) will be interviewed by B and are moved to waiting room Y.
And students ranked 16 to 30 (15 students) will be interviewed by C and are moved to waiting room Z.
A takes a break after every 3 interviews. B and C take breaks after every 5 and 4 interviews respectively.
So, a map of the first few students will look like:

Here, M, N, X and Y are the ranks of the students. M to M+4 are the set of 5 students who will be interviewed once the interview of the student ranked 5th gets over and similarly for others.
We see that interviewer A finishes his first batch of interviews first (at 10:20) and hence M must be 31. Students ranked 31 to 35 move to waiting room X.
Next to finish interviewing his/her first batch of interviewees is B (at 10:30) and hence Y=36. Students ranked from 36 to 50 will move into waiting room Z.
Finally, interviewer Y will get the next 10 students ranked from 51 to 60 and hence X=51.
We do not require N.
Interviewer A interviews students ranked from 1 to 5, 31 to 35.
Interviewer B interviews students ranked from 6 to 15 and 51 to 60.
Interviewer C interviews students ranked from 16 to 30 and 36 to 50.

An updated table will look like:

We can break down the interviews of students ranked 41 to 50 for interviewer C as:
Each set of 4 consecutively ranked students will be interviewed in 20 minutes. The fifth student will be interviewed after 20+5(break) minutes= 25 minutes.
So, the interview of student ranked 41 starts at 11:05 am and that of student ranked 45 starts at 11:05+25= 11:30 am. Similarly the interview of student ranked 49 starts at 11:55 am and so on.

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