Knowledge Package - 18 - Year 5 MCQ

The dargah (tomb) of sufi saint Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia is located in Delhi.

Here is a detailed explanation:
Location of the Dargah:
- The dargah (tomb) of sufi saint Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia is located in Delhi, the capital city of India.
- It is situated in the Nizamuddin West area, near the Humayun's Tomb.
About Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia:
- Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia was a famous Sufi saint and philosopher who lived during the 13th and 14th centuries.
- He was known for his teachings of love, peace, and harmony.
- He was a disciple of the renowned Sufi saint, Hazarat Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmer.
Importance of the Dargah:
- The dargah of Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia is considered to be one of the most important Sufi shrines in India.
- It attracts thousands of devotees and visitors from all over the world.
- The dargah complex also houses the tombs of other prominent personalities, including Amir Khusro, a renowned poet and musician of the 13th century.
Religious and Cultural Significance:
- The dargah is a symbol of religious harmony and is visited by people of different faiths, including Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs.
- It is a place where people come to seek blessings, offer prayers, and find solace.
- The dargah is known for its qawwali music, which is performed regularly and attracts a large audience.
Visiting the Dargah:
- Visitors can enter the dargah complex through a narrow alley called the "Basti Nizamuddin."
- The main entrance to the dargah is known as the "Nizamuddin Dargah Gate."
- Inside the complex, there is a courtyard, a mosque, and the tomb of Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia.
- Visitors are required to cover their heads and remove their shoes before entering the dargah.
Conclusion:
- The dargah of Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia in Delhi is a significant religious and cultural site that attracts devotees and visitors from different parts of the world.
- It is a place of reverence and spirituality, where people come to seek blessings and experience the teachings of Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia.

Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Sarojini Naidu.
Here is a detailed explanation:
- Sarojini Naidu is also known as 'Bhartiya Kokila' which means 'The Nightingale of India'.
- She was an Indian political activist and poet who played a key role in the Indian independence movement.
- Sarojini Naidu was born on February 13, 1879, in Hyderabad, India.
- She was a prominent figure in the Indian National Congress and was the first woman to become the President of the Congress in 1925.
- Apart from her political career, Sarojini Naidu was also known for her poetry, which earned her the title of 'The Nightingale of India'.
- Her poems were known for their lyrical beauty and patriotic themes, and she was considered one of the greatest poets of her time.
- Sarojini Naidu's notable works include "The Golden Threshold" and "The Bird of Time".
- She passed away on March 2, 1949, but her contributions to Indian politics and literature continue to be celebrated.
In summary, Sarojini Naidu, also known as 'Bhartiya Kokila' (The Nightingale of India), was an Indian political activist, poet, and the first woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress. Her poetry was highly regarded for its beauty and patriotic themes.

Mineral mined at Khetri in Rajasthan: Copper
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of why copper is mined at Khetri in Rajasthan:
1. Geological significance:
- Khetri is located in the Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan, which is known for its rich mineral resources.
- The region has a geological setting favorable for the presence of copper deposits.
2. Copper deposits:
- Khetri is home to one of the largest copper mines in India, known as the Khetri Copper Complex.
- The copper deposits in this region are associated with a geological formation called the Khetri Copper Belt.
- The belt extends over a strike length of about 80 kilometers and is known for its high-grade copper ore.
3. Mining operations:
- The mining of copper at Khetri involves both underground and open-pit mining methods.
- Underground mining is carried out using shafts and tunnels, while open-pit mining involves the removal of overlying soil and rock to access the copper ore.
4. Processing and refining:
- Once the copper ore is extracted from the mines, it undergoes various processes to extract the copper metal.
- These processes include crushing, grinding, flotation, and smelting, which help separate the copper from other minerals and impurities.
- The final product is refined copper, which can be used for various purposes, including electrical wiring, plumbing, and industrial applications.
5. Economic significance:
- The mining of copper at Khetri plays a crucial role in the economy of Rajasthan and India as a whole.
- It provides employment opportunities for local communities and contributes to the state's revenue through taxes and royalties.
- The copper produced at Khetri is also an important raw material for industries and contributes to the country's self-sufficiency in copper production.
In conclusion, the mineral mined at Khetri in Rajasthan is copper. The region's geological setting and the presence of high-grade copper deposits make it an important mining area for copper extraction. The mining operations, processing, and refining of copper at Khetri contribute significantly to the economy of Rajasthan and India.

The foreign invader who defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 was Ahmed Shah Abdali.
Explanation:
- The Third Battle of Panipat took place on January 14, 1761, between the Marathas, led by Sadashivrao Bhau, and the forces of Ahmed Shah Abdali, the King of Afghanistan.
- Ahmed Shah Abdali was a powerful and skilled military leader who had previously invaded India multiple times.
- The battle was fought near Panipat, a city in present-day Haryana, India.
- The Marathas, who had established a vast empire in India, were aiming to expand their influence further north.
- However, they were met with strong resistance from Ahmed Shah Abdali, who had formed a coalition of various regional powers opposed to Maratha rule.
- The battle was fierce and resulted in a decisive victory for Ahmed Shah Abdali and his forces.
- The Marathas suffered heavy losses, including their commander-in-chief, Sadashivrao Bhau, and many other prominent leaders.
- This defeat had a significant impact on the Maratha Empire, weakening their hold on northern India and allowing other regional powers to rise in prominence.
- The Third Battle of Panipat is considered one of the largest and bloodiest battles in Indian history and had far-reaching consequences for the subsequent political landscape of the country.

Adi Shankaracharya's Birthplace
Adi Shankaracharya, a renowned philosopher and theologian, was born in the village of Kalady, Kerala.
Explanation
Kalady is a small village located on the banks of the Periyar River in the Ernakulam district of Kerala.
Key Points
- Adi Shankaracharya was born in the 8th century CE, and he is widely regarded as the most influential philosopher in the Advaita Vedanta tradition.
- He was born to Sivaguru and Aryamba in Kalady.
- Adi Shankaracharya's birthplace is now known as Kalady because of the presence of a temple dedicated to Lord Krishna, known as the Sri Krishna Temple.
- The Sri Krishna Temple is considered an important pilgrimage site and attracts devotees from all over the country.
- Adi Shankaracharya's birthplace is also home to the Adi Shankara Keerthi Sthamba Mandapam, a memorial dedicated to his life and teachings.
- The village of Kalady is known for its serene and peaceful environment, making it an ideal place for spiritual contemplation and reflection.
Conclusion
Adi Shankaracharya was born in the village of Kalady in Kerala. His birthplace is now a significant pilgrimage site and is home to the Sri Krishna Temple and the Adi Shankara Keerthi Sthamba Mandapam.

Answer:
All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is affiliated with the Communist Party of India (CPI).
Explanation:
The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is one of the major trade union federations in India. It was founded in 1920 and has been actively working for the welfare of workers and safeguarding their rights. AITUC is known for its socialist and leftist ideology and has been historically affiliated with the Communist Party of India (CPI).
Here is a detailed explanation of the affiliation of AITUC:
1. AITUC:
- All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is a national-level trade union federation in India.
- It was established in 1920 and has a long history of fighting for workers' rights and promoting their welfare.
- AITUC is known for its socialist and leftist ideology.
2. Communist Party of India (CPI):
- The Communist Party of India (CPI) is a political party in India.
- It was founded in 1925 and follows Marxist-Leninist principles.
- CPI is one of the major communist parties in India.
3. Affiliation:
- AITUC is affiliated with the Communist Party of India (CPI).
- The close association between AITUC and CPI can be traced back to their shared ideology and common goals of advocating for workers' rights and social justice.
In conclusion, the trade union All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is affiliated with the Communist Party of India (CPI).

Medieval Ruler and Telugu Work 'Amukta Malyada'
Introduction:
Amukta Malyada is a famous Telugu literary work composed by a medieval ruler. Let's explore the options and find out which ruler authored this work.
Options:
A: Rajaraja Chola I
B: Parakrama Pandiyan
C: Krishna Deva Raya
D: Narsimhavarman II
Detailed
The correct answer is option C: Krishna Deva Raya. Here's why:
- Rajaraja Chola I: Rajaraja Chola I was a ruler of the Chola dynasty in South India, but he did not author the Telugu work 'Amukta Malyada.'
- Parakrama Pandiyan: Parakrama Pandiyan was a Pandya dynasty ruler, but he did not author the Telugu work 'Amukta Malyada.'
- Krishna Deva Raya: Krishna Deva Raya was a prominent ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in South India. He is known for his patronage of arts and literature. He authored the Telugu work 'Amukta Malyada,' which is considered one of the greatest literary works in Telugu literature.
- Narsimhavarman II: Narsimhavarman II was a Pallava dynasty ruler, but he did not author the Telugu work 'Amukta Malyada.'
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: Krishna Deva Raya, who authored the Telugu work 'Amukta Malyada.'

Tashkent city, where the Indian Prime Minister L.B. Shastri signed a peace agreement 'Tashkent Declaration' with Pakistani President Ayub Khan in 1966, is the capital of which country?
The Tashkent city, where the Indian Prime Minister L.B. Shastri signed a peace agreement 'Tashkent Declaration' with Pakistani President Ayub Khan in 1966, is the capital of Uzbekistan.
Explanation:
- Tashkent is the capital city of Uzbekistan, a country located in Central Asia.
- The Tashkent Declaration was signed on January 10, 1966, between Indian Prime Minister L.B. Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan, under the mediation of Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin.
- The declaration aimed to end the hostilities and establish peace between India and Pakistan following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
- Tashkent served as the venue for the signing of the peace agreement, hence the name 'Tashkent Declaration'.
- The agreement called for the withdrawal of forces to pre-war positions, ceasefire along the ceasefire line, and the resumption of diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan.
- The Tashkent Declaration was seen as a significant step towards resolving the conflict between the two nations, but unfortunately, the peace did not last long.
- Tashkent, as the capital of Uzbekistan, is an important political, cultural, and economic center in the region. It is known for its historical sites, modern architecture, and vibrant city life.
Answer: D. Uzbekistan

Answer:

The first tourist to go into space twice on 26 March 2009 was Charles Simonyi.

Explanation:

The answer to the question is D: Charles Simonyi. Here is a detailed explanation:

• Background: In 2002, Dennis Tito became the first ever tourist to go into space. Since then, several other tourists have followed suit.


• Charles Simonyi: Charles Simonyi, a Hungarian-American computer software executive, became the first tourist to go into space twice.


• First Space Trip: Simonyi's first space trip took place in April 2007 when he flew aboard the Russian Soyuz TMA-10 spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS).


• Second Space Trip: Simonyi's second space trip occurred on 26 March 2009 when he once again traveled to the ISS aboard the Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft.


• Significance: Simonyi's achievement of being the first tourist to go into space twice highlights the growing interest and accessibility of space tourism.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: Charles Simonyi.

Languages of North-Eastern Indian state:
The principal languages of the North-Eastern Indian state, Nagaland, are 'Ao', 'Sema', and 'Konyak'.
Explanation:
Nagaland is a state situated in the north-eastern part of India. It is known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse linguistic communities. The state is home to several indigenous tribes, each with their own distinct languages.
Principal languages in Nagaland:
The three principal languages spoken in Nagaland are:
1. Ao: Ao is one of the major languages spoken by the Ao Naga tribe. It is primarily spoken in the Mokokchung district of Nagaland.
2. Sema: Sema is another prominent language spoken by the Sema Naga tribe. It is mainly spoken in the Zunheboto district of Nagaland.
3. Konyak: Konyak is the language spoken by the Konyak Naga tribe. It is primarily spoken in the Mon district of Nagaland.
Significance of these languages:
These languages play a crucial role in preserving the cultural identity and heritage of the respective tribes in Nagaland. They are an integral part of the state's linguistic diversity and contribute to the overall cultural fabric of Nagaland.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the principal languages spoken in the north-eastern Indian state of Nagaland are 'Ao', 'Sema', and 'Konyak'. These languages are significant in preserving the cultural heritage of their respective tribes and add to the linguistic diversity of Nagaland.

The Hottest Planet in the Solar System: Venus
- Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system, with an average surface temperature of about 900 degrees Fahrenheit (475 degrees Celsius).
- This extreme heat is primarily due to Venus's thick atmosphere, which is composed mainly of carbon dioxide and contains clouds of sulfuric acid.
- The greenhouse effect on Venus is so intense that it traps heat from the sun and prevents it from escaping, leading to the planet's incredibly high temperatures.
- The thick atmosphere also creates a strong greenhouse effect, trapping heat and causing a runaway greenhouse effect on the planet.
- Venus's surface temperature is hotter than that of Mercury, despite being farther away from the sun. This is because Venus has a dense atmosphere that traps heat, while Mercury has a much thinner atmosphere.
- The high temperatures on Venus also contribute to its extremely hostile environment, with surface conditions that are not suitable for human life.
- Scientists have sent numerous missions to Venus to study its atmosphere and understand the mechanisms behind its extreme temperatures.
- The information gathered from these missions has helped to improve our understanding of planetary atmospheres and the greenhouse effect.
- Despite its extreme heat, Venus is often referred to as Earth's "sister planet" due to its similar size and composition. However, the surface conditions on Venus make it inhospitable for life as we know it.

Kisan Divas (Farmer's Day) in India:

• Former Indian Prime Minister: Charan Singh


• Birthday: 23rd December


• Celebration as Kisan Divas: The birthday of Charan Singh is celebrated as Kisan Divas or Farmer's Day in India.

Charan Singh was the fifth Prime Minister of India and served from July 1979 to January 1980. He was also a prominent leader and champion of farmers' rights in the country. Charan Singh dedicated his life to the welfare of farmers and worked towards improving their conditions.

Kisan Divas is celebrated to honor and remember the contributions and struggles of farmers in India. It is a day to raise awareness about the importance of agriculture and the challenges faced by farmers. Various programs and events are organized on this day to highlight the significance of farmers and their role in the nation's development.

By celebrating Kisan Divas on Charan Singh's birthday, India pays tribute to his efforts in advocating for farmers' rights and welfare. It serves as a reminder to support and uplift the farming community, which plays a vital role in the country's economy.

Development of Rabies Vaccine by Louis Pasteur:
- Louis Pasteur, a renowned French scientist, developed the vaccine for rabies in 1885.
- Pasteur's work in developing the rabies vaccine was a significant breakthrough in the field of medicine.
- He conducted experiments on animals, specifically dogs, to understand the nature of the rabies virus and develop a preventive measure.
- Pasteur's vaccine was created by attenuating the rabies virus, weakening its virulence while still retaining its ability to provoke an immune response.
- This process involved drying the spinal cords of infected rabbits and then suspending them in a liquid medium to weaken the virus.
- The vaccine was then administered to animals, including rabbits and dogs, to test its effectiveness in preventing rabies.
- Pasteur's first successful human trial of the vaccine was conducted on a nine-year-old boy named Joseph Meister, who had been bitten by a rabid dog.
- Pasteur's vaccine proved successful in preventing rabies in Meister and subsequently in other patients as well.
- The development of the rabies vaccine marked a significant milestone in the field of immunization and provided a foundation for future vaccine development.
- Pasteur's work laid the groundwork for the development of other vaccines and contributed to the advancement of medical science.
- His contributions to the field of microbiology and immunology are widely recognized and continue to impact modern medicine.

Answer:
Introduction:
The revolutionary who first described the 'Revolt of 1857' as 'India's First War of Independence' in his famous book titled 'The Indian War of Independence' was Veer Savarkar.
Explanation:
Veer Savarkar, a prominent Indian independence activist and writer, coined the term 'India's First War of Independence' to describe the Revolt of 1857. Here is a detailed explanation of his role and the significance of his book:
1. Veer Savarkar:
- Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, popularly known as Veer Savarkar, was a leading figure in the Indian independence movement.
- He was a revolutionary, poet, writer, and founder of the Abhinav Bharat Society.
- Savarkar played a crucial role in promoting the idea of Indian nationalism and independence.
2. The Indian War of Independence:
- In 1909, Veer Savarkar published his famous book titled 'The Indian War of Independence.'
- This book highlighted the rebellion of 1857 and its significance as a war of independence against British colonial rule.
- Savarkar argued that the revolt was not just a mere sepoy mutiny but a united struggle of the Indian people against British oppression.
- He emphasized the nationalist spirit and the desire for self-rule that motivated the rebels.
3. Coining the Term:
- In his book, Savarkar used the phrase 'India's First War of Independence' to describe the Revolt of 1857.
- This term aimed to shift the narrative from a mutiny led by a few sepoys to a broader struggle for freedom and self-determination.
- Savarkar's characterization helped popularize the idea that the revolt was a significant milestone in India's struggle for independence.
4. Impact and Legacy:
- Veer Savarkar's book and his characterization of the Revolt of 1857 played a crucial role in shaping the understanding of Indian history.
- His work inspired subsequent generations of freedom fighters and nationalists.
- Savarkar's term 'India's First War of Independence' continues to be widely used in Indian historiography and public discourse.
Conclusion:
Veer Savarkar was the revolutionary who first described the 'Revolt of 1857' as 'India's First War of Independence' in his book titled 'The Indian War of Independence.' His characterization of the revolt as a united struggle against British colonial rule has had a lasting impact on the understanding of Indian history and the nationalist movement.

Who was also known as the 'Little Corporal'?

• Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte

Explanation:

• Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military and political leader, was also known as the 'Little Corporal'.


• This nickname was given to him during his time as a young officer in the French army.


• The nickname 'Little Corporal' reflected his humble background and his rise from a low-ranking officer to becoming Emperor of the French.


• Napoleon earned his military reputation through his strategic genius and his successes on the battlefield.


• He led the French army to victory in numerous battles and expanded the French Empire across Europe.


• His military achievements and his influence on European history earned him a prominent place in history.

Therefore, the correct answer is C. Napoleon Bonaparte.

The first Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) service in India was started between Kanpur and Lucknow on 26 November 1960.



Details:
- Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) service refers to a telephone service that allows long-distance calling without the assistance of an operator.
- The STD service was introduced in India to simplify the process of making long-distance calls by eliminating the need for manual assistance.
- The first STD service in India was launched on 26 November 1960 between Kanpur and Lucknow cities in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
- This service allowed subscribers in Kanpur to directly dial numbers in Lucknow without the intervention of an operator.
- The introduction of STD service revolutionized long-distance communication in India, making it more convenient and efficient.
- The success of the Kanpur-Lucknow STD service paved the way for the expansion of STD services in other cities and regions across the country.
- Today, STD service is a standard feature in telephone networks, allowing subscribers to make long-distance calls within the country and internationally.
Conclusion:
The first Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) service in India was started between Kanpur and Lucknow on 26 November 1960. This service eliminated the need for manual assistance and allowed subscribers to directly dial long-distance numbers between the two cities.

Location of Diego Garcia Island:
- Diego Garcia island is located in the Indian Ocean.
- It is part of the Chagos Archipelago, which is situated in the central Indian Ocean.
- The island is approximately 1,000 miles south of the southern tip of India.
Strategic American Military Base:
- Since 1966, Diego Garcia island has been used as a strategic American military base.
- The United States received the island on lease from the United Kingdom for a period of 50 years.
- It serves as a vital military outpost for the United States in the Indian Ocean region.
Importance of Diego Garcia:
- Diego Garcia is strategically located in the Indian Ocean, making it an ideal base for monitoring and responding to security threats in the region.
- The island's proximity to the Middle East and Asia allows for quick deployment of military forces if necessary.
- It also houses important military facilities, including an airbase and a naval support facility.
Role in US Military Operations:
- The base on Diego Garcia has played a significant role in various US military operations over the years.
- It has supported operations in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq.
- The island has served as a staging area for military aircraft, naval vessels, and logistical support.
Controversies:
- The lease agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom has faced criticism and controversy.
- There have been debates about the displacement of indigenous people from the Chagos Archipelago to make way for the military base.
- The lease was extended in 2016, but the future of the base remains a topic of discussion.
In conclusion, Diego Garcia island is located in the Indian Ocean and has been used as a strategic American military base since 1966. Its location and facilities make it an important outpost for the United States in the region. However, the base and the lease agreement have also been the subject of controversies and debates.

Athlete who won 100m race Gold Medal at Beijing Olympic 2008 and set a new world record:
- The athlete who won the 100m race Gold Medal at the Beijing Olympic 2008 and set a new world record of 9.69 seconds is Usain Bolt.
Usain Bolt's achievements at the Beijing Olympic 2008:
- Usain Bolt won the gold medal in the 100m race at the Beijing Olympic 2008.
- He set a new world record of 9.69 seconds in the 100m race, breaking his own previous record of 9.72 seconds set earlier in the same year.
- Bolt's record-breaking performance established him as the fastest man in the world and solidified his status as a legendary sprinter.
Usain Bolt's career:
- Usain Bolt, born on August 21, 1986, in Jamaica, is widely regarded as one of the greatest sprinters of all time.
- Throughout his career, Bolt set numerous world records and won multiple Olympic and World Championship gold medals.
- He is known for his incredible speed, charismatic personality, and signature lightning bolt pose.
Other achievements of Usain Bolt:
- Usain Bolt went on to win gold medals in the 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay events at the subsequent Olympic Games in London 2012 and Rio de Janeiro 2016, becoming the only sprinter to achieve this feat in three consecutive Olympics.
- He holds the current world records in the 100m (9.58 seconds) and 200m (19.19 seconds) events.
- Bolt retired from professional athletics in 2017, leaving behind a remarkable legacy in the world of sprinting.
Conclusion:
- Usain Bolt won the 100m race Gold Medal at the Beijing Olympic 2008 and set a new world record of 9.69 seconds.
- His incredible speed and multiple world records have established him as one of the greatest sprinters in history.

The headquarters of INTERPOL, the world's largest international police organization, is located in Lyon, France.
Here is a detailed explanation of why Lyon is the correct answer:
1. INTERPOL Headquarters:
- INTERPOL is an international organization that facilitates cooperation among police forces from different countries to combat transnational crime.
- The organization's headquarters is responsible for coordinating global police operations, intelligence sharing, and providing support to member countries.
2. Location:
- Lyon is a major city in France, situated in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
- It is strategically located in the heart of Europe, making it an ideal location for the headquarters of an international organization like INTERPOL.
3. Historical Significance:
- Lyon has a rich history and is known for its long-standing tradition in law enforcement and security.
- The city has played a crucial role in the development of modern policing techniques and has been at the forefront of international cooperation in combating crime.
4. Infrastructure and Facilities:
- Lyon offers excellent infrastructure and facilities, making it well-suited to accommodate the operational needs of INTERPOL.
- The city provides a supportive environment for international organizations, with modern office spaces, state-of-the-art communication systems, and efficient transportation links.
5. International Presence:
- Lyon is home to numerous international organizations and institutions, making it a hub for global cooperation and diplomacy.
- Being the headquarters of INTERPOL adds to Lyon's reputation as an important center for international law enforcement and security.
In conclusion, Lyon, France, is the city that houses the headquarters of INTERPOL, serving as the central hub for coordinating international police efforts and combating transnational crime.

Aligarh, a city located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, is famous for its lock industry. The city has been known for its locks since the 18th century and is often referred to as the "Lock City of India". The lock industry in Aligarh is one of the largest in the country and has gained international recognition for its quality and craftsmanship. Here is a detailed explanation of the lock industry in Aligarh:
Lock Industry in Aligarh:
- Aligarh has a long history of lock manufacturing, with the industry dating back to the 18th century.
- The city is home to numerous lock manufacturing units, ranging from small-scale family-run businesses to large factories.
- The lock industry in Aligarh produces a wide range of locks, including padlocks, door locks, car locks, and various other types of locks.
- The locks manufactured in Aligarh are known for their durability, strength, and precision.
- The lock industry in Aligarh employs a significant number of skilled craftsmen who specialize in lock making.
- The locks are made using a combination of traditional techniques and modern technology to ensure high-quality products.
- The lock industry in Aligarh caters to both domestic and international markets, with locks being exported to various countries around the world.
- The industry plays a crucial role in the economy of Aligarh, providing employment opportunities and contributing to the city's overall growth.
- The lock industry in Aligarh has also played a significant role in establishing the city's reputation as a manufacturing hub in India.
Overall, the lock industry in Aligarh is a major source of pride for the city and has helped put it on the map as a prominent center for lock manufacturing in India.

The Duckworth-Lewis Method is associated with the sport of Cricket.
Explanation:
- The Duckworth-Lewis Method is a mathematical formula used to calculate the target score for the team batting second in a rain-affected limited overs cricket match.
- It was introduced in the late 1990s by statisticians Frank Duckworth and Tony Lewis, and has since become the standard method for adjusting targets in rain-affected matches.
- The method takes into account the number of overs remaining, the number of wickets lost, and the scoring rate of the team batting first, to calculate a revised target for the team batting second.
- It aims to ensure a fair outcome in matches that are interrupted by rain, by adjusting the target in proportion to the resources available to the team batting second.
- The Duckworth-Lewis Method has been widely adopted by cricket governing bodies around the world and is used in both international and domestic cricket matches.
- It has proven to be a valuable tool in determining revised targets in rain-affected matches and has helped in ensuring fair results in such situations.

Normal Heart Rate of Adults at Rest:
The normal heart rate of adults at rest is typically between 60 and 100 beats per minute. The average heart rate for adults at rest is around 72 beats per minute.
Factors Affecting Heart Rate:
Several factors can affect an individual's heart rate, including:
1. Age: Heart rate tends to decrease with age. Infants and young children generally have higher heart rates compared to adults.
2. Fitness Level: Individuals who are physically fit tend to have lower resting heart rates. Regular exercise can lower the resting heart rate over time.
3. Body Size: Larger individuals may have a lower heart rate compared to smaller individuals.
4. Medications and Medical Conditions: Certain medications and medical conditions can affect heart rate. For example, beta-blockers can lower heart rate, while conditions like hyperthyroidism can increase heart rate.
Measuring Resting Heart Rate:
Resting heart rate can be measured by counting the number of beats felt in a pulse within a specific time frame, usually one minute. It can also be measured using wearable fitness trackers or heart rate monitors.
Importance of Resting Heart Rate:
Resting heart rate is a useful measure of cardiovascular health. A lower resting heart rate is generally indicative of better cardiovascular fitness and overall health. Monitoring resting heart rate over time can help individuals track changes in their health and fitness levels.
Conclusion:
The normal heart rate of adults at rest is around 72 beats per minute, but it can vary depending on factors such as age, fitness level, and body size. Measuring resting heart rate is important for assessing cardiovascular health and tracking changes over time.

Kailash Temple at Ellora in Maharashtra
The Kailash Temple at Ellora in Maharashtra is a magnificent example of Indian rock-cut architecture. It was built by the rulers of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
Details about the Rashtrakuta dynasty:
- The Rashtrakuta dynasty ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent from the 6th to the 10th century AD.
- They were known for their patronage of art and architecture, especially rock-cut temples.
- The Rashtrakutas established their capital at Manyakheta (present-day Malkhed) in Karnataka.
- They had a strong influence over the Deccan region and expanded their kingdom to include parts of present-day Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
- The dynasty reached its zenith under the rule of King Krishna I and King Dhruva.
- The Rashtrakutas were great patrons of Hinduism and also encouraged the growth of Jainism and Buddhism.
Significance of the Kailash Temple:
- The Kailash Temple is considered one of the most remarkable cave temples in India.
- It is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- The entire temple complex is carved out of a single rock, showcasing the immense skill and craftsmanship of the artisans.
- The temple is designed to resemble Mount Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva, and is surrounded by a courtyard with numerous shrines and sculptures.
- The intricate carvings depict scenes from Hindu mythology and showcase the mastery of the Rashtrakuta artists.
In conclusion, the Kailash Temple at Ellora in Maharashtra was built by the rulers of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. This temple stands as a testament to their architectural prowess and their patronage of art and culture.

Sick man of Europe

The nickname "Sick man of Europe" refers to:

• Turkey: This is the correct answer. Turkey has been historically referred to as the "Sick man of Europe" due to its political instability, economic struggles, and social issues.


• Italy: Italy is not the correct answer. Italy has faced its own economic challenges, but it has not been commonly referred to as the "Sick man of Europe."


• Greece: Greece is not the correct answer. Greece has faced significant economic difficulties in recent years, but it has not been historically known as the "Sick man of Europe."


• Ireland: Ireland is not the correct answer. While Ireland has faced economic challenges in the past, it has not been commonly referred to as the "Sick man of Europe."

Therefore, the correct answer is D: Turkey.

The interest rate at which banks borrow money from Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is called the Repo Rate.
Explanation:
- The Repo Rate is the rate at which the central bank, RBI, lends money to commercial banks in India.
- It is a tool used by the RBI to control inflation and liquidity in the economy.
- When the RBI wants to reduce liquidity in the banking system, it increases the repo rate, making it more expensive for banks to borrow money.
- Conversely, when the RBI wants to inject liquidity into the system, it decreases the repo rate, making it cheaper for banks to borrow money.
- The repo rate is an important benchmark for determining the interest rates on various loans and deposits offered by banks.
- Banks often use the repo rate as a reference rate for setting their lending and borrowing rates.
- The RBI reviews and announces changes in the repo rate during its Monetary Policy Committee meetings, which are held periodically.
- The repo rate is an effective tool for the RBI to influence the money supply, interest rates, and ultimately, economic growth in the country.
Key Points:
- The interest rate at which banks borrow money from RBI is called the Repo Rate.
- It is a tool used by the RBI to control inflation and liquidity in the economy.
- The repo rate is set during RBI's Monetary Policy Committee meetings.
- It is an important benchmark for determining lending and borrowing rates in the banking system.
- Changes in the repo rate affect the interest rates on various loans and deposits offered by banks.
- The repo rate is an effective tool for the RBI to influence the money supply and economic growth in the country.

Introduction:
Udham Singh, a revolutionary, shot dead Michael O'Dwyer in London on 13 March 1940. O'Dwyer was the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab at the time of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and was believed to be the mastermind behind it.
Explanation:
Udham Singh's act of assassinating Michael O'Dwyer was a significant event in the struggle for Indian independence. Here are the key points explaining the details:
1. Jallianwala Bagh massacre:
- The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab, during the British Raj in India.
- General Reginald Dyer ordered the troops under his command to open fire on a peaceful gathering of unarmed Indians who were protesting against the repressive Rowlatt Act.
- The massacre resulted in the death of around 379 people and left more than a thousand injured.
2. Michael O'Dwyer:
- Michael O'Dwyer was the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab during the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
- He fully supported General Dyer's actions and defended the massacre, which led to widespread condemnation.
3. Udham Singh:
- Udham Singh was a survivor of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
- He sought revenge for the innocent lives lost and the brutalities inflicted upon his people.
- He believed that Michael O'Dwyer was the mastermind behind the massacre and decided to take matters into his own hands.
4. Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer:
- On March 13, 1940, Udham Singh shot Michael O'Dwyer during a gathering at Caxton Hall in London.
- O'Dwyer was attending a meeting of the East India Association and the Royal Central Asian Society.
- Udham Singh managed to evade capture but was eventually arrested and put on trial.
5. Trial and Execution:
- Udham Singh was tried for murder and convicted.
- He was sentenced to death and executed on July 31, 1940.
Conclusion:
Udham Singh's act of assassinating Michael O'Dwyer in London on March 13, 1940, was a direct response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. He sought justice for the innocent lives lost and took it upon himself to avenge their deaths. His actions symbolized the resistance against British colonial rule and the fight for Indian independence.

Explanation:
The International Date Line is an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and separates one calendar day from another. It is located at 180 degrees longitude, except for a few adjustments to accommodate certain countries and territories.
Key Points:
- The International Date Line is not a straight line but zigzags to avoid dividing countries and islands into two different days.
- The date changes as one travels east across the International Date Line, and it remains the same when traveling west.
- The purpose of the International Date Line is to ensure that each day begins and ends at midnight.
- The line is not defined by any physical feature but is based on the convenience of human timekeeping.
- The International Date Line passes through the Pacific Ocean and is approximately opposite the Prime Meridian, which is located at 0 degrees longitude.
- Some adjustments have been made to the International Date Line to accommodate certain countries. For example, the line deviates around the islands of Fiji and Samoa to ensure that they are on the same day as their trading partners in Australia and New Zealand.
Conclusion:
The International Date Line passes through 180 degrees longitude, with some adjustments made to accommodate certain countries and territories.

Operation Cactus: Rescue Operation in Maldives, 1988

• Background: In 1988, a group of Maldivian rebels supported by mercenaries from Sri Lanka attempted to overthrow the government of Maldives and assassinate President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.


• Request for Assistance: President Gayoom requested assistance from the Indian government to quell the insurgency and restore peace in the Maldives.


• Code Name: The rescue operation carried out by the Indian armed forces in Maldives was codenamed "Operation Cactus".


• Objective: The primary objective of Operation Cactus was to foil the attempted coup and protect the democratically-elected government of Maldives.


• Execution: Indian armed forces, including the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force, were deployed to the Maldives to carry out the rescue operation.


• Swift Response: The Indian forces swiftly responded to the crisis and successfully neutralized the rebels, ensuring the safety of President Gayoom and the stability of the Maldivian government.


• Outcome: Operation Cactus was a resounding success, as the Indian armed forces successfully thwarted the coup attempt and restored order in the Maldives.


• Recognition: The operation was widely praised for its efficiency and effectiveness, and it showcased India's commitment to regional security and stability.

Answer:
The famous essay 'Unto This Last' was written by John Ruskin. It was later translated into Gujarati by Mahatma Gandhi under the title of 'Sarvodaya', which means the well-being of all. Here are some key points about the author and the essay:
John Ruskin:
- John Ruskin was an English writer, art critic, and social thinker who lived from 1819 to 1900.
- He was a prominent figure in the Victorian era and had a significant influence on art, architecture, and social reform.
- Ruskin believed in the importance of art and the connection between beauty and morality.
- He advocated for social and economic justice and criticized the negative effects of industrialization and capitalism.
'Unto This Last':
- 'Unto This Last' is a collection of four essays written by John Ruskin.
- It was published in 1860 and is considered one of his most influential works.
- The essays discuss various topics related to economics, social justice, and the role of government in ensuring the well-being of all individuals in society.
- The book challenged conventional economic theories of the time and proposed alternative ideas based on principles of fairness and equality.
Mahatma Gandhi and 'Sarvodaya':
- Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement, was deeply influenced by John Ruskin's ideas.
- Gandhi translated 'Unto This Last' into Gujarati, his native language, and gave it the title 'Sarvodaya', which means the well-being of all.
- Gandhi's translation and interpretation of the essay played a significant role in shaping his own philosophy of nonviolence, social justice, and the empowerment of the masses.
- 'Sarvodaya' became a guiding principle for Gandhi's socio-economic and political ideology, which emphasized the upliftment of the poorest and most marginalized sections of society.
In conclusion, the famous essay 'Unto This Last' was written by John Ruskin and later translated into Gujarati by Mahatma Gandhi under the title 'Sarvodaya'. The essay discusses economic and social justice, and its translation had a profound impact on Gandhi's philosophy and his vision for a just and inclusive society.

The India receives its major rainfall from the South-West Monsoon.
The South-West Monsoon is the primary monsoon that brings rainfall to India. It occurs between June and September, covering most parts of the country. Here are some key points to explain why the South-West Monsoon is the major source of rainfall in India:
1. Definition of Monsoon: A monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction that brings about significant changes in weather patterns, including rainfall. India experiences two major monsoons, the South-West Monsoon and the North-East Monsoon.
2. South-West Monsoon: The South-West Monsoon is characterized by the moist, onshore winds from the Indian Ocean. These winds blow towards the Indian subcontinent, carrying moisture and causing heavy rainfall across the country.
3. Timing and Duration: The South-West Monsoon typically begins in June and lasts until September. It covers most parts of India, starting from the south-western coast and gradually advancing towards the north-eastern regions.
4. Impact on Agriculture: The South-West Monsoon is crucial for India's agriculture as it provides the majority of the country's rainfall. It replenishes water reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater, supporting irrigation and ensuring the growth of crops.
5. Regional Variations: The intensity and distribution of rainfall vary across different regions of India during the South-West Monsoon. The western coast, including the states of Kerala and Karnataka, receives the highest rainfall, while the north-western and north-eastern parts experience comparatively less rainfall.
6. Monsoon Forecasting: The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) closely monitors the South-West Monsoon and provides regular updates and forecasts. This helps in planning agricultural activities, water management, and disaster preparedness.
In conclusion, the South-West Monsoon is the major source of rainfall in India. It plays a crucial role in the country's agriculture, water resources, and overall climate patterns.