Knowledge Package - 20 - Year 5 MCQ

The Deficiency of Iodine Leads to Goitre:
Goitre is a swelling of the thyroid gland, located in the neck. It is primarily caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Iodine and the Thyroid Gland:
- Iodine is an essential mineral required for the production of thyroid hormones.
- The thyroid gland uses iodine to synthesize hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
- These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body.
2. Iodine Deficiency and Goitre:
- When there is a lack of iodine in the diet, the thyroid gland cannot produce enough thyroid hormones.
- As a compensatory mechanism, the thyroid gland enlarges in an attempt to capture more iodine from the bloodstream.
- This enlargement of the thyroid gland leads to the formation of a goitre, which is characterized by a visible swelling in the neck.
3. Effects of Goitre:
- Goitre can cause various symptoms, including a visible swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing or breathing, hoarseness, and coughing.
- In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as difficulty in speaking, swallowing, or even breathing.
4. Prevention and Treatment:
- The most effective way to prevent goitre is by ensuring an adequate intake of iodine through the diet.
- Iodized salt, seafood, dairy products, and fruits and vegetables grown in iodine-rich soil are good sources of iodine.
- Treating goitre involves correcting the underlying iodine deficiency through dietary changes or iodine supplementation.
In conclusion, the deficiency of iodine in the diet leads to the development of goitre, a swelling in the thyroid gland. Adequate intake of iodine through the diet is essential to prevent this condition.

Answer:
Introduction:
The historical chronicle "Humayun Nama" was written by a Mughal princess. Let's find out which princess authored this significant work.
Princess who wrote "Humayun Nama":
The Mughal princess who authored the historical chronicle "Humayun Nama" is Gulbadan Begum.
Detailed Explanation:
Gulbadan Begum, the daughter of Emperor Babur and the sister of Emperor Humayun, wrote the historical chronicle "Humayun Nama." This book provides an account of the reign of Mughal ruler Humayun, covering both the personal and political aspects of his life.
Other options:
Just to clarify, let's look at the other options given and eliminate them:
- Gauhara Begum: Incorrect. Gauhara Begum was a Mughal princess, but she did not write "Humayun Nama."
- Jahanara Begum: Incorrect. Jahanara Begum was another Mughal princess, but she did not write "Humayun Nama."
- Roshanara Begum: Incorrect. Roshanara Begum was also a Mughal princess, but she did not write "Humayun Nama."
Conclusion:
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: Gulbadan Begum. She is the Mughal princess who wrote the historical chronicle "Humayun Nama," providing valuable insights into the reign of Emperor Humayun.

Founder of the 'All India Harijan Sangh' in 1932

• Option A: Jagjivan Ram


• Option B: Mahatma Gandhi (Correct Answer)


• Option C: B.R.Ambedkar


• Option D: Jyotirao Phule

Detailed Explanation:
Mahatma Gandhi founded the 'All India Harijan Sangh' in 1932. Here's some additional information about the organization and its significance:
- The 'All India Harijan Sangh' was formed with the aim of promoting the welfare and uplifting the social status of the Harijan community.
- The term "Harijan" was coined by Mahatma Gandhi, which means "Children of God" and was used to refer to the untouchable or lower caste communities.
- Gandhi strongly advocated for the rights and dignity of the Harijans and worked towards eradicating untouchability and caste-based discrimination in Indian society.
- The 'All India Harijan Sangh' played a crucial role in mobilizing support for the Harijan community and worked towards their upliftment through various social and educational initiatives.
- The organization also worked towards creating awareness about the issues faced by the Harijans and promoting their inclusion in mainstream society.
- Mahatma Gandhi's efforts and the establishment of the 'All India Harijan Sangh' were instrumental in highlighting the social and economic inequalities faced by the Harijans and paved the way for their rights and social upliftment in post-independence India.
In conclusion, Mahatma Gandhi founded the 'All India Harijan Sangh' in 1932 to address the issues faced by the Harijan community and promote their welfare and upliftment.

Answer:
Introduction:
Margaret Elizabeth Noble, an Irish lady, was a disciple of Swami Vivekananda, an Indian spiritual leader. She is better known by the name Sister Nivedita.
Explanation:
Sister Nivedita was an influential figure in the Indian independence movement and a dedicated social worker. Here is a detailed explanation of each option:
A: Meera Ben: Meera Ben is not the correct answer. Meera Ben was a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, not Swami Vivekananda.
B: Mother Teresa: Mother Teresa is not the correct answer. Although she was a well-known figure in the field of social work and humanitarianism, she was not a disciple of Swami Vivekananda.
C: Savitri Khanolkar: Savitri Khanolkar is not the correct answer. She was an Indian artist and writer, also known as Indira Devi. She was not a disciple of Swami Vivekananda.
D: Sister Nivedita: Sister Nivedita is the correct answer. Margaret Elizabeth Noble, also known as Sister Nivedita, was an Irish lady who became a disciple of Swami Vivekananda. She dedicated her life to the service of India and played a significant role in the education and empowerment of women.
Conclusion:
The Irish lady Margaret Elizabeth Noble is better known as Sister Nivedita, a disciple of Swami Vivekananda.

Which currency is popularly called 'Greenback'?

The currency that is popularly called 'Greenback' is the US dollar.

Explanation

The term 'Greenback' is a nickname for the US dollar. Here is why:

• The US dollar is called 'Greenback' because the front side of the currency is predominantly green in color.


• The nickname 'Greenback' originated during the American Civil War when the US government issued paper currency called the Demand Notes. These notes had green ink on the back, and people started referring to them as 'Greenbacks'.


• Since then, the term 'Greenback' has been commonly used to refer to the US dollar in general.


• The US dollar is one of the most widely recognized and accepted currencies globally, and its nickname 'Greenback' is often used in both formal and informal contexts.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A: US dollar.

Answer:
Introduction:
Cape Horn is a famous landmark located at the southernmost point of a particular continent. In this response, we will discuss the continent to which Cape Horn belongs.
Continent:
Cape Horn is the southernmost point of South America.
Explanation:
Here are some key points that explain why Cape Horn is located in South America:
- Cape Horn is situated on Hornos Island, which is part of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago in southern Chile.
- Tierra del Fuego is an archipelago that belongs to both Chile and Argentina, with the eastern part falling under Argentine territory.
- The archipelago is located at the southernmost tip of South America, separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan.
- Cape Horn is considered a significant landmark due to its location at the meeting point of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
- Historically, Cape Horn was an important milestone for sailors navigating the treacherous waters of the Drake Passage, which connects the two oceans.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Cape Horn, located at the southernmost tip of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, belongs to the continent of South America. It is an iconic landmark known for its challenging sailing conditions and its significance as a maritime passage.

Answer:

The Indian sportswoman who won the World Ladies Billiards Championship in 2005 is Anuja Thakur.

Here are the details:

• Winner: Anuja Thakur


• Tournament: World Ladies Billiards Championship


• Year: 2005

Answer:
Planet: Venus
Explanation:
Venus is the planet in the solar system whose day is longer than its year. Here is the detailed explanation:
Rotation on the Axis:
- Venus completes one rotation on its axis in 243 Earth days.
- This means that a Venusian day (also known as a "sidereal day") is equivalent to 243 Earth days.
Orbit around the Sun:
- Venus takes only 225 Earth days to orbit the Sun.
- This means that a Venusian year (also known as a "sidereal year") is equivalent to 225 Earth days.
Comparison:
- The rotation period of Venus is longer than its orbital period.
- This means that a Venusian day is longer than a Venusian year.
Therefore, Venus is the planet in the solar system whose day is longer than its year.

Gas Constituents of 'Gobar Gas' (Biogas)
Biogas, also known as 'Gobar Gas' in India, is produced through the decomposition of cow dung. The main constituent gas of biogas is methane.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of the main gas constituent of 'Gobar Gas':
1. Biogas Production:
- Biogas is produced through a process called anaerobic digestion, which involves the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
- Cow dung, which contains a high concentration of organic matter, is an excellent source for biogas production.
2. Methane Content:
- Methane (CH4) is the primary gas component of biogas.
- It is produced during the anaerobic digestion process by the action of bacteria on the organic matter present in cow dung.
- Methane makes up around 50-75% of the total gas content in biogas.
3. Other Gas Constituents:
- Apart from methane, biogas also contains other gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2), and traces of hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
- The percentage composition of these gases may vary depending on the feedstock and the anaerobic digestion process.
4. Uses of Biogas:
- Biogas has several applications, including cooking, heating, electricity generation, and as a fuel for vehicles.
- It is considered a renewable energy source and a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.
In conclusion, the main gas constituent of 'Gobar Gas' or biogas generated by the decomposition of cow dung is methane (CH4).

Shankar's International Dolls Museum Location:
The Shankar's International Dolls Museum, which has the largest collection of costume dolls in the world, is located in New Delhi, India.
About Shankar's International Dolls Museum:
- The museum was founded by renowned cartoonist K. Shankar Pillai in 1965.
- It is one of the most popular museums in India and attracts visitors from all over the world.
- The museum showcases a vast collection of dolls from various countries, representing their traditional costumes, culture, and heritage.
- The collection includes dolls from countries like India, Russia, China, Japan, Germany, England, and many more.
- Each doll is meticulously crafted and dressed in traditional attire, providing a glimpse into the rich cultural diversity of different nations.
- The museum aims to promote cultural understanding and appreciation among visitors, especially children.
- Apart from the permanent collection, the museum also hosts temporary exhibitions, workshops, and educational programs related to dolls and their significance in different cultures.
- The museum is a must-visit for anyone interested in exploring the world of dolls and learning about different cultures.
Conclusion:
The Shankar's International Dolls Museum, with its extensive collection of costume dolls from around the world, is located in New Delhi, India. It offers a unique opportunity to explore and appreciate the cultural diversity of various countries through the art of doll-making.

'Do or Die' (Karo ya Maro) slogan was given by which freedom fighter in 1942?

• Answer: Mahatma Gandhi

Detailed

• Introduction: The 'Do or Die' (Karo ya Maro) slogan was a powerful call for action given during the Quit India Movement in 1942.


• Freedom Fighter: The slogan was given by Mahatma Gandhi, who was one of the key leaders of the Indian independence movement.


• Quit India Movement: The Quit India Movement was a civil disobedience movement launched by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. It aimed to demand an end to British rule in India.


• Significance of the Slogan: The 'Do or Die' slogan was meant to inspire and mobilize the Indian population to actively participate in the freedom struggle and make great sacrifices for the cause of independence.


• Impact: The Quit India Movement and the 'Do or Die' slogan played a crucial role in uniting the Indian people against British rule and intensifying the struggle for independence.


• Conclusion: Mahatma Gandhi's 'Do or Die' (Karo ya Maro) slogan remains an iconic symbol of the Indian freedom movement, reminding us of the courage and determination of the freedom fighters who fought for India's independence.

Note: It is important to note that the answer provided is based on historical facts and may not represent personal opinions.

Maximum number of votes recorded by an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM)
The maximum number of votes that can be recorded by an Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) is 3840 votes.
Explanation:
EVMs are electronic devices used for voting in elections. They have a limited capacity to record the votes cast during an election. Here's how the maximum number of votes is determined:
1. Components of an EVM:
- Control Unit: It is the main unit of the EVM that controls the entire voting process.
- Balloting Unit: It is connected to the control unit and contains the buttons corresponding to the candidates.
2. Storage capacity of an EVM:
- Each EVM can store a maximum of 3840 votes.
- This capacity is determined by the number of candidates in the election and the number of votes that can be cast for each candidate.
- The maximum number of candidates that can be accommodated in a single EVM is 16.
- Each candidate can have a maximum of 239 votes.
3. Calculation:
- The storage capacity of an EVM is calculated by multiplying the maximum number of candidates (16) by the maximum number of votes per candidate (239).
- 16 candidates * 239 votes per candidate = 3840 votes.
Therefore, the maximum number of votes that can be recorded by an EVM is 3840 votes.

'Sqay' Martial Art: Native of Jammu & Kashmir
Introduction:
- 'Sqay' is a martial art form that originated in Jammu & Kashmir, India.
- The term 'Sqay' literally means "knowledge of war".
Key Points:
- 'Sqay' has its roots in the Kashmir Valley and is believed to have been practiced for centuries.
- It is known for its fast and agile movements, incorporating both offensive and defensive techniques.
- The art form involves the use of a wooden stick, known as a 'Sarit', as the primary weapon.
- 'Sqay' also includes techniques such as kicks, punches, blocks, and grappling.
- It emphasizes the importance of footwork, speed, and agility in combat.
- The martial art form is often practiced as a recreational activity and is also showcased in cultural events and competitions.
Conclusion:
- 'Sqay' martial art is native to the Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir.
- It is a traditional form of combat that has been passed down through generations in the region.
- The art form reflects the cultural heritage and martial traditions of Jammu & Kashmir.

Oldest Football Club in India: Mohun Bagan
Mohun Bagan is the oldest football club in India. It was established on 15th August 1889 and is based in Kolkata, West Bengal. Here's why Mohun Bagan is considered the oldest football club:
1. Founding: Mohun Bagan was founded by three friends - Suresh Chandra Chaudhuri, Rajen Mookerjee, and Bhupendra Nath Bose. They came together to form a football club that would represent the native Indians against the dominance of British clubs.
2. Early Success: In 1911, Mohun Bagan created history by becoming the first Indian team to win the prestigious IFA Shield. They defeated East Yorkshire Regiment in the final, marking a significant moment for Indian football.
3. Nationalism: Mohun Bagan's victory in the 1911 IFA Shield is often considered a symbol of Indian nationalism. It ignited a sense of pride among the Indian population and showcased their ability to compete with British teams.
4. Rivalries: Mohun Bagan has had long-standing rivalries with other Kolkata-based clubs like East Bengal and Mohammedan Sporting. These matches, known as the Kolkata Derby, have a rich history and are among the most intense and passionate fixtures in Indian football.
5. Contribution to Indian Football: Mohun Bagan has produced numerous talented players who have represented the Indian national team. The club has played a significant role in the development and promotion of football in India.
In conclusion, Mohun Bagan is the oldest football club in India, with a rich history and a strong legacy in Indian football.

Dictator Called 'Fuhrer'

The dictator who was also called 'Fuhrer' is Adolf Hitler. Here are the reasons supporting this answer:

• Adolf Hitler: Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. He was given the title of 'Der Fuhrer', which translates to 'The Leader' in English. This title emphasized his absolute authority and role as the supreme leader of the Nazi Party and Germany.


• Idi Amin: Idi Amin was a dictator in Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He was not referred to as 'Fuhrer'.


• Joseph Stalin: Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. He was not called 'Fuhrer', as this title was specifically associated with Adolf Hitler.


• Benito Mussolini: Benito Mussolini was the dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943. Although he was a close ally of Hitler and shared similar authoritarian ideologies, he was not referred to as 'Fuhrer'.

In conclusion, the dictator who was also called 'Fuhrer' is Adolf Hitler. This title emphasized his role as the supreme leader of Nazi Germany.

Device used to detect radioactivity: Geiger counter
- A Geiger counter is a device that is used to detect and measure radioactivity. It is named after Hans Geiger, a German physicist who invented it in 1908.
- The Geiger counter detects ionizing radiation, such as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. These particles and rays are emitted by radioactive materials.
- The Geiger counter works based on the principle of ionization. When a radioactive particle or ray enters the device, it ionizes the gas inside the counter and creates an electrical current.
- The electrical current is then amplified and converted into an audible click or a visible reading on the device's display. The number of clicks or the reading indicates the level of radioactivity.
- Geiger counters are commonly used in various fields, including nuclear power plants, medical facilities, environmental monitoring, and scientific research.
- They are portable and easy to use, making them suitable for both professionals and amateurs who need to monitor radioactivity levels.
- Geiger counters are an essential tool in ensuring safety and preventing exposure to harmful levels of radiation. They help identify and locate sources of radiation, enabling prompt action to be taken to protect individuals and the environment.
- In addition to detecting radioactivity, Geiger counters can also be used to measure the intensity of radiation and to assess the effectiveness of radiation shielding materials.
- Overall, Geiger counters play a crucial role in radiation detection and monitoring, contributing to the safety and well-being of society.

The Opium Wars in the 19th century:
The Opium Wars were a series of conflicts fought between China and Britain in the 19th century. Here is a detailed explanation of the wars:
1. Background:
- During the 18th and 19th centuries, China had a significant trade imbalance with Britain due to the high demand for Chinese goods like tea and silks.
- To address this trade imbalance, Britain began importing opium from India and selling it in China, leading to a massive increase in opium addiction among the Chinese population.
2. First Opium War (1839-1842):
- China, under the Qing dynasty, attempted to crack down on the opium trade and seized and destroyed large quantities of British opium.
- In response, Britain launched a military campaign to protect its opium trade interests and secure trading rights in China.
- The British forces, equipped with superior naval technology, quickly defeated the Chinese and forced them to agree to the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842.
3. Treaty of Nanjing:
- The Treaty of Nanjing marked the end of the First Opium War and had several significant provisions, including:
- China had to pay a large indemnity to Britain.
- The British acquired the territory of Hong Kong.
- Five Chinese ports were opened for British trade.
- Extraterritoriality was granted to British citizens in China.
4. Second Opium War (1856-1860):
- The Second Opium War erupted as a result of tensions between China and Britain, exacerbated by issues such as the expansion of Christianity and the mistreatment of foreign envoys.
- Britain, joined by France, launched a military campaign against China, targeting Beijing and other major cities.
- The Chinese were once again defeated, and the Treaty of Tientsin was signed in 1858.
5. Treaty of Tientsin:
- The Treaty of Tientsin further expanded the privileges and concessions for Western powers in China, including:
- Additional ports were opened for foreign trade.
- Foreign envoys were granted the right to reside in Beijing.
- Christianity was legalized in China.
- China had to pay additional indemnities to Britain and France.
6. Impact of the Opium Wars:
- The Opium Wars had significant consequences for China, including:
- Loss of sovereignty and territorial control.
- Economic and political instability.
- Increased foreign influence and control over Chinese affairs.
- Contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty and the eventual fall of imperial rule in China.
In conclusion, the Opium Wars were fought between China and Britain in the 19th century. The conflicts resulted in British military victories, the signing of unequal treaties, and significant repercussions for China's sovereignty and internal affairs.

Malayalam Writer Who Was Awarded the First Jnanpith Award in 1965
The Malayalam writer who was awarded the first Jnanpith Award in 1965 for his anthology of poems 'Odakuzhal' (The Flute) is G. Sankara Kurup.
Explanation:
- The Jnanpith Award is a prestigious literary award presented annually in India for outstanding contributions to literature.
- In 1965, the first Jnanpith Award was given to G. Sankara Kurup, a renowned Malayalam poet and writer.
- G. Sankara Kurup was born on 3rd June 1901 in Kerala, India.
- He was a prominent figure in Malayalam literature and made significant contributions to poetry and literary criticism.
- His anthology of poems titled 'Odakuzhal' (The Flute) earned him the recognition of being the first recipient of the Jnanpith Award.
- 'Odakuzhal' is a collection of poems that reflect the beauty of nature, human emotions, and philosophical musings.
- G. Sankara Kurup's poetic style was characterized by his ability to evoke strong emotions and convey profound thoughts through his verses.
- Throughout his career, he received numerous accolades and awards for his literary works, including the Sahitya Akademi Award and the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award.
- G. Sankara Kurup's contributions to Malayalam literature continue to be celebrated, and he remains an influential figure in Indian literature.
In conclusion, G. Sankara Kurup, a Malayalam writer, was awarded the first Jnanpith Award in 1965 for his anthology of poems 'Odakuzhal' (The Flute).

The only snake that builds a nest is the King Cobra.
Explanation:
King Cobras are known for their unique nesting behavior. Here is a detailed explanation of why they are the only snake that builds nests:
- King Cobra: The King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is the world's longest venomous snake and is native to the forests of Southeast Asia. It is highly revered and often considered a symbol of power and mystique.
- Nesting Behavior: Unlike most snakes, King Cobras exhibit parental care and build nests for their eggs. They construct large mounds of leaves, grass, and twigs to create a safe environment for their eggs. The female King Cobra builds and guards the nest until the eggs hatch.
- Protection: The purpose of the nest is to provide protection to the eggs from predators and environmental factors. The female King Cobra actively defends the nest and will fiercely protect it from any potential threats.
- Egg Incubation: The nest serves as an incubator for the eggs, providing a stable temperature and humidity level. This enables the eggs to develop properly and increases the chances of successful hatching.
- Unique Behavior: The nesting behavior of the King Cobra sets it apart from other snake species. Most snakes lay their eggs and abandon them, relying on external factors for incubation and survival. The King Cobra's nesting behavior showcases a higher level of parental care.
In conclusion, the King Cobra is the only snake species known to build nests for their eggs. This behavior is a fascinating example of the diverse strategies snakes employ to ensure the survival of their offspring.

The Rangaswamy Cup is associated with hockey.
Explanation:
The Rangaswamy Cup is a prestigious hockey tournament in India. It is named after Mithali Raj Rangaswamy, who is considered one of the greatest female hockey players in the country. Here is some more information about the Rangaswamy Cup:
- The Rangaswamy Cup is an annual tournament organized by the Hockey India (HI).
- It is a women's hockey tournament that showcases the talent and skill of female hockey players in India.
- The tournament features teams from different states and regions across the country.
- The cup is an opportunity for young players to showcase their abilities and gain recognition in the hockey community.
- The Rangaswamy Cup is a platform for promoting women's hockey and encouraging the development of the sport in India.
- The tournament is highly competitive, with teams competing fiercely for the title.
- The winning team is awarded the Rangaswamy Cup, which symbolizes excellence in women's hockey.
In conclusion, the Rangaswamy Cup is associated with hockey and plays a significant role in promoting and celebrating women's hockey in India.

Element not present in Sugar:
- Nitrogen is the element that is not present in sugar.
Explanation:
- Sugar is a type of carbohydrate known as a simple sugar or monosaccharide.
- The chemical formula for sugar is C6H12O6, which represents the presence of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms in sugar molecules.
- Nitrogen (N) is not present in the chemical formula of sugar, so it is not an element found in sugar.
Summary:
- The element not present in sugar is nitrogen (N).

According to the 2001 Census, the sex ratio (females per 1000 males) in India is:
Option B: 933 females per 1000 males
Explanation:
To determine the sex ratio in India according to the 2001 Census, we can refer to the provided options and choose the correct one.
Here are the details for each option:
- Option A: 927 females per 1000 males
- Option B: 933 females per 1000 males
- Option C: 945 females per 1000 males
- Option D: 950 females per 1000 males
By comparing the options, we find that the correct answer is Option B, which states that the sex ratio in India according to the 2001 Census is 933 females per 1000 males.

Italian Traveller who visited Vijayanagar:
- The Italian traveller who visited the Vijayanagar, the capital city of the erstwhile Vijayanagar empire in the 15th century was Niccolo de Conti.
- Niccolo de Conti was a Venetian merchant and explorer who traveled extensively in the Middle East and Asia.
- He visited Vijayanagar during his journey to India.
Other Options:
- Al Baruni: Al Baruni was a Persian scholar and traveler who lived in the 10th and 11th centuries. He did not visit Vijayanagar.
- Ibn Batuta: Ibn Batuta was a Moroccan explorer who traveled extensively in the 14th century. He did not visit Vijayanagar.
- Marco Polo: Marco Polo was an Italian merchant and explorer who traveled to Asia in the 13th century. He did not visit Vijayanagar.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D: Niccolo de Conti.

Answer:
In the sport of polo, players can be seen wearing 'Jodhpurs', which are tightfitting trousers named after the city of Jodhpur in Rajasthan.
Explanation:
Jodhpurs are a specific type of trousers that were traditionally worn by horse riders and later became popular in various equestrian sports. Here's a detailed explanation of why the correct answer is A: Polo.
Polo:
- Polo is a team sport played on horseback, where two teams of four players each try to score goals by hitting a small ball into the opposing team's goal using a long-handled mallet.
- Polo players wear Jodhpurs as part of their traditional attire, which includes a polo shirt, boots, and a helmet.
- Jodhpurs are designed to provide comfort and freedom of movement while riding a horse, as they are tailored to fit snugly from the waist to the ankles.
- Jodhpurs have a characteristic feature of a flared thigh and a tight lower leg, which helps to prevent wrinkling and allows the rider's leg to grip the horse securely.
Golf, Hockey, and Tennis:
- While golf, hockey, and tennis are all sports that require specific attire, Jodhpurs are not traditionally worn by players in these sports.
- Golfers typically wear slacks or shorts, hockey players wear shorts or skirts with protective gear, and tennis players wear shorts or skirts with a comfortable range of motion.
Therefore, the correct sport in which players would be found wearing 'Jodhpurs' is A: Polo.

Answer:
The 'Socialist' and 'Secular' words were included in the Preamble to the Constitution of India by the 42nd Amendment.
Explanation:
The amendment was passed by the Parliament in 1976, during the period of Emergency. It brought about several changes to the Constitution, including the addition of the words 'Socialist' and 'Secular' in the Preamble.
Here is a breakdown of the key details regarding the 42nd Amendment:
- Date: The 42nd Amendment was enacted on December 18, 1976.
- Objective: The amendment aimed to strengthen the power of the government and limit the scope of judicial review. It also sought to promote the principles of socialism, secularism, and unity among the diverse population of India.
- Inclusion of 'Socialist' and 'Secular': The 42nd Amendment added the words 'Socialist' and 'Secular' to the Preamble of the Constitution. This reflected the commitment of the Indian state to a socialist economic framework and a secular political system.
- Controversy: The 42nd Amendment was highly controversial as it was seen as an attempt to curtail the fundamental rights of citizens and concentrate power in the hands of the government. It was criticized for diluting the principles of federalism and judicial independence.
- Impact: While some provisions of the 42nd Amendment were subsequently repealed or modified, the inclusion of 'Socialist' and 'Secular' in the Preamble has remained. These words continue to represent the core values and ideals of the Indian Constitution.
In conclusion, the 'Socialist' and 'Secular' words were added to the Preamble of the Constitution of India through the 42nd Amendment.

The natural fibre obtained from the flower of a plant is:
Cotton
- Cotton is a natural fibre that is obtained from the seedpod or boll of the cotton plant.
- The cotton plant produces flowers which eventually turn into cotton bolls.
- The cotton fibres are found in the form of protective layers surrounding the seeds within the bolls.
- These fibres are soft, fluffy, and white in color.
- Cotton is widely used in the textile industry for making fabrics, clothing, and other textile products.
- It is known for its breathability, moisture absorption, and comfort.
- Cotton fibres can also be spun into yarn and used for knitting or weaving.
- Cotton is a versatile and widely cultivated crop, with major producers including countries like India, China, and the United States.
Therefore, the natural fibre obtained from the flower of a plant is cotton.

The Khyber Pass connects Pakistan to Afghanistan.
- The Khyber Pass is a mountain pass located in the northwest of Pakistan.
- It serves as a strategic route connecting Central Asia and South Asia.
- The pass cuts through the Spin Ghar range and connects the city of Peshawar in Pakistan with the border town of Landi Kotal in Afghanistan.
- Historically, the Khyber Pass has been an important trade and transportation route between the two countries.
- It has also been of significant military importance throughout history, as it provides a gateway for invasions and trade between the region.
- The pass has been used by various empires, including the Persian, Greek, Mauryan, Kushan, and Mughal empires.
- In modern times, the Khyber Pass has seen military activity during conflicts in the region, including the Afghan Wars and the ongoing War in Afghanistan.
- The pass is also a major transit route for goods and supplies between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
- It plays a crucial role in regional trade and economic activities.
- The Khyber Pass is known for its scenic beauty and attracts tourists from around the world.
In conclusion, the Khyber Pass connects Pakistan to Afghanistan, serving as a vital trade and transportation route between the two countries.

Introduction:
The person who has recently been involved in the US NSA leak case is Edward Snowden.
Explanation:
Edward Snowden is a former contractor for the National Security Agency (NSA) in the United States. He gained international attention in 2013 when he leaked classified documents to the press, revealing the extent of the NSA's surveillance programs.
Key Points:
Here are some key points about Edward Snowden and his involvement in the US NSA leak case:
- Edward Snowden was born on June 21, 1983, in Elizabeth City, North Carolina.
- He worked as a contractor for the NSA through various companies, including Dell and Booz Allen Hamilton.
- In May 2013, Snowden traveled to Hong Kong and began leaking classified documents to journalists from The Guardian and The Washington Post.
- The leaked documents revealed the existence of various surveillance programs, such as PRISM, which allowed the NSA to collect data from major tech companies.
- Snowden's leaks sparked a global debate on privacy, government surveillance, and whistleblowing.
- After his identity was revealed, Snowden fled to Russia, where he was granted asylum.
- The US government charged Snowden with espionage and theft of government property.
- Snowden's actions were praised by some as a courageous act of whistleblowing, while others criticized him for potentially compromising national security.
- The US government has been seeking Snowden's extradition to face trial, but Russia has refused to extradite him.
Conclusion:
Edward Snowden is the person who has recently been involved in the US NSA leak case. His leaks exposed the extent of the NSA's surveillance programs and triggered a global debate on privacy and government surveillance. Snowden remains in Russia, where he has been granted asylum.

Head of the International Jury in a Film Festival
Answer: Goutam Ghose
Explanation:
- Goutam Ghose has been appointed as the Head of the International jury in a film festival.
- He is an acclaimed Indian film director, producer, and cinematographer.
- Ghose has received multiple national and international awards for his contributions to the film industry.
- He has directed and produced several critically acclaimed films, including "Paar", "Moner Manush", and "Yatra".
- Ghose's expertise and experience in the field of cinema make him an ideal choice for the role of the head of the international jury.
- As the head of the jury, Ghose will be responsible for overseeing the selection process and decision-making for the film festival.
- His knowledge and understanding of cinema will contribute to the fair and unbiased judgment of the films in competition.
- Ghose's appointment reflects the recognition of his talent and his contribution to the film industry both nationally and internationally.

President of the Indian Hockey Federation in November 2012:
Answer: B. Dinesh Reddy
Explanation:
In November 2012, Dinesh Reddy was elected as the President of the Indian Hockey Federation. Here is some information about Dinesh Reddy and his tenure:
1. Dinesh Reddy: Dinesh Reddy is a former Director General of Police (DGP) in Andhra Pradesh, India. He has served in various positions in the police department and has been actively involved in promoting and developing sports.
2. Indian Hockey Federation: The Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) is the governing body for field hockey in India. It is responsible for the development and promotion of hockey in the country.
3. Election: The election for the President of the Indian Hockey Federation took place in November 2012. Dinesh Reddy emerged as the successful candidate and was elected to the position.
4. Role as President: As the President of the Indian Hockey Federation, Dinesh Reddy had the responsibility of overseeing the activities and development of hockey in India. This included organizing tournaments, selecting national teams, and promoting the sport at the grassroots level.
5. Contribution to Hockey: During his tenure, Dinesh Reddy worked towards improving the infrastructure and facilities for hockey in India. He focused on providing better training opportunities for players and coaches, as well as creating a supportive environment for the growth of the sport.
Overall, Dinesh Reddy's election as the President of the Indian Hockey Federation in November 2012 marked an important milestone in the development of hockey in India. His tenure brought about positive changes and advancements in the sport.