Test: Outcomes of Democracy - 4 - Class 10 MCQ

Political and Social Inequalities in Democracy

• Democracy and development go together: Various studies have shown a positive correlation between democracy and development. Democracies tend to have higher levels of economic growth, better infrastructure, and improved living conditions for their citizens compared to non-democratic regimes. This is because democracy allows for greater participation, accountability, and transparency in decision-making processes, which ultimately leads to better governance and development.


• Inequalities exist in democracies: Despite the many benefits of democracy, it is important to acknowledge that inequalities exist within democratic societies. These inequalities can manifest in various forms, such as economic disparities, social stratification, unequal access to resources and opportunities, and marginalization of certain groups based on gender, race, or ethnicity. These inequalities can undermine the principles of democracy, such as equality, justice, and fairness, and pose challenges to the overall well-being and stability of a society.


• Inequalities do not exist under dictatorship: It is incorrect to claim that inequalities do not exist under dictatorship. In fact, studies have shown that dictatorships often exacerbate inequalities and concentrate power and wealth in the hands of a few individuals or groups. Dictators typically suppress political opposition, restrict civil liberties, and manipulate economic resources for their own benefit, leading to widespread inequality and social injustice.


• Dictatorship is better than democracy: The statement that dictatorship is better than democracy is not supported by empirical evidence or scholarly consensus. Democracy, despite its imperfections, provides a platform for citizen participation, protects human rights, fosters social inclusion, and promotes accountability and transparency. Dictatorships, on the other hand, often lead to authoritarian rule, human rights abuses, economic stagnation, and lack of opportunities for citizens to voice their opinions and influence decision-making processes.

In conclusion, studies on political and social inequalities in democracy demonstrate that despite the positive relationship between democracy and development, inequalities persist within democratic societies. It is important to acknowledge and address these inequalities to ensure that democracy remains a system that promotes equality, justice, and the well-being of all citizens. Dictatorships, on the other hand, are not a solution to these inequalities, as they often exacerbate them and undermine fundamental democratic principles.

Reasons for the delay in decision-making and implementation in a democracy:
1. Deliberation and negotiation: Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation among different stakeholders. This process takes time as various perspectives and interests need to be considered before making a decision.
2. Checks and balances: Democracies have a system of checks and balances to ensure that decisions are not arbitrary or authoritarian. This involves multiple branches of government, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary, which may have different opinions and priorities. The decision-making process requires consensus-building and compromise, which can be time-consuming.
3. Public participation: In a democracy, decisions are often made with the involvement of the public through consultations, public hearings, and debates. This participatory process allows for diverse opinions and viewpoints to be considered, but it also takes time to gather input from the public and incorporate their feedback.
4. Transparency and accountability: Democracy emphasizes transparency and accountability in decision-making. This means that decisions need to be justified, documented, and open to scrutiny. The government needs to ensure that the decision-making process is fair and objective, which may require additional time and resources.
5. Complexity of issues: Many decisions in a democracy involve complex and multifaceted issues that require careful analysis and consideration. This can include economic, social, environmental, and ethical factors. Decision-makers need to gather information, consult experts, and evaluate potential consequences before reaching a conclusion.
Overall, the delay in decision-making and implementation in a democracy can be attributed to the principles and processes that underpin democratic governance, including deliberation, negotiation, public participation, transparency, accountability, and the complexity of the issues at hand. While this may result in slower decision-making compared to autocratic systems, it also ensures that decisions are more inclusive, legitimate, and reflective of the diverse interests and values of the society.

Democracy is a better form of government because it:
1. Promotes equality among citizens:
- Democracy recognizes the equal worth and rights of all individuals.
- It ensures that every citizen has equal opportunities to participate in decision-making processes.
- It promotes the idea of equal representation and protection of the interests of all citizens, regardless of their social or economic status.
2. Enhances the dignity of the individual:
- Democracy values individual freedoms and human rights.
- It empowers individuals to express their opinions, beliefs, and values without fear of persecution.
- It provides a platform for individuals to voice their concerns and hold their government accountable.
- It fosters a sense of dignity and self-worth by acknowledging the inherent worth of every individual.
3. Provides a method to resolve conflicts:
- Democracy offers a peaceful and non-violent way to address conflicts within society.
- It encourages dialogue, negotiation, and compromise to find mutually agreeable solutions.
- It provides institutions and mechanisms such as independent judiciary, legislative bodies, and electoral processes to resolve conflicts and maintain social harmony.
4. All of the above:
- Democracy encompasses all the aforementioned benefits, making it a better form of government.
- By promoting equality, enhancing individual dignity, and providing a method to resolve conflicts, democracy creates a system that is more inclusive, just, and responsive to the needs and aspirations of its citizens.
In conclusion, democracy is a better form of government because it not only promotes equality, enhances the dignity of the individual, and provides a method to resolve conflicts, but it also empowers individuals, encourages participation, and upholds human rights. Democracy ensures that the government is accountable to the people it serves and allows for the peaceful coexistence and progress of society.

The correct statement among the given options is (D) Both (A) and (B). Let's analyze each statement to understand why.
Statement A: Most of the democracies have constitutions, they hold elections, have parties, and they guarantee rights to citizens.
- This statement is correct as most democracies do have constitutions that outline the basic structure and functioning of the government.
- Democracies also hold elections to choose their representatives, have political parties that compete for power, and provide certain rights and freedoms to their citizens.
Statement B: Democracies are very much different from each other in terms of their social, economic, and cultural achievements.
- This statement is also correct as democracies can vary significantly in terms of their social, economic, and cultural achievements.
- Different democracies have different levels of economic development, social welfare policies, cultural diversity, and societal norms.
- For example, the social, economic, and cultural achievements of a developed democracy like the United States would be different from that of a developing democracy like India.
Statement C: All democracies are similar as far as social, economic, and cultural conditions are concerned.
- This statement is incorrect as democracy does not necessarily imply uniformity in social, economic, and cultural conditions.
- Each democracy has its own unique characteristics and can exhibit diverse conditions and achievements in these areas.
Therefore, option (D) is the correct answer as it states that both statements (A) and (B) are correct.

Democratic regime develops procedure to conduct social competition and reduce the possibility of social tension. It is certainly better than its alternatives: democratic government is legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean.

Statement Analysis:
The statement is asking for the correct statement regarding the resolution of conflicts among different groups.

The correct statement is option C: No regime can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups.
Explanation:
Here's a detailed explanation supporting option C:
1. Democracies can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups:
- Democracies allow for the participation of multiple groups and individuals in decision-making processes.
- While democracies provide a platform for dialogue and negotiation, they cannot guarantee that conflicts will be fully resolved or permanently resolved.
- Conflicts among different groups can persist due to differing interests, ideologies, or power dynamics within a democratic system.
2. Dictatorships can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups:
- Dictatorships often suppress dissent and limit the participation of different groups in decision-making.
- While a dictatorship may enforce temporary stability through coercion or suppression, it does not address the underlying causes of conflicts.
- The lack of inclusivity and the absence of mechanisms for peaceful resolution of conflicts can eventually lead to further tensions or outbreaks of violence.
3. No regime can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups:
- Conflicts among different groups are often rooted in deep-seated differences in values, interests, or identities.
- Resolving conflicts requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the underlying causes and promotes understanding, reconciliation, and compromise.
- While regimes can play a role in facilitating conflict resolution, they cannot guarantee full and permanent resolution due to the complex and dynamic nature of conflicts.
4. None of these:
- This option implies that none of the statements A, B, or C are correct, which is not the case.
- Option C is the correct statement as explained above.
Therefore, the correct statement is option C: No regime can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups.

Missing Factor in Non-Democratic Government: Transparency

• Definition of a Non-Democratic Government: A non-democratic government refers to a system of governance where power and decision-making are concentrated in the hands of a small group or an individual, rather than being distributed among the citizens through free and fair elections.


• Transparency: Transparency refers to the openness and accountability of a government to its citizens. It involves the availability of information, decision-making processes, and the willingness to disclose and share information with the public.

Reasons why Transparency is often missing in Non-Democratic Governments:

• Lack of Accountability: Non-democratic governments often lack mechanisms that hold the ruling party or individual accountable for their actions. This absence of accountability reduces the need for transparency.


• Suppression of Information: Non-democratic governments often suppress or control the flow of information to maintain their power and control over the population. This restricts transparency and hinders access to critical information.


• Limited Freedom of Press: In non-democratic governments, there is often limited freedom of the press, with state-controlled media or strict censorship. This prevents independent journalism and the ability to uncover and report on government activities.


• Lack of Checks and Balances: Non-democratic governments usually lack effective checks and balances on the exercise of power. Without these mechanisms, there is limited scrutiny of government actions, leading to reduced transparency.


• Secrecy in Decision-Making: Non-democratic governments tend to make decisions behind closed doors, without public consultation or input. This lack of transparency in the decision-making process excludes citizen participation and input.

Importance of Transparency:

• Accountability: Transparency ensures that those in power can be held accountable for their actions and decisions.


• Trust and Confidence: Openness and transparency build trust and confidence among citizens, as they can see and understand how decisions are made and how public resources are allocated.


• Prevention of Corruption: Transparency helps to prevent corruption by exposing illicit activities and creating a culture of accountability.


• Citizen Participation: Transparent governments encourage citizen participation in decision-making processes, promoting inclusivity and responsiveness to the needs of the population.


• Effective Governance: Transparency leads to more effective governance as it allows for the identification of inefficiencies and areas that require improvement.

In conclusion, transparency is often missing from non-democratic governments due to the lack of accountability, suppression of information, limited freedom of press, absence of checks and balances, and secrecy in decision-making. However, transparency is crucial for accountability, trust, prevention of corruption, citizen participation, and effective governance.

Decisions taken by which type of government are likely to be more acceptable to the people and more effective?
There is a strong argument to suggest that decisions taken by a democratic government are more likely to be acceptable to the people and more effective. Here's why:
1. Democratic government:
- In a democratic government, decisions are made through a process of consultation, debate, and voting. This allows for multiple perspectives to be considered and ensures that decisions reflect the will of the majority.
- Democratic governments are accountable to the people and can be held accountable for their decisions through regular elections.
- Public participation and engagement are encouraged, leading to a greater sense of ownership and acceptance of decisions made.
- Democratic governments value transparency and accountability, which enhances the effectiveness of decision-making processes.
2. Non-democratic government:
- Non-democratic governments, such as authoritarian or totalitarian regimes, tend to concentrate power in the hands of a few individuals or a single party.
- Decision-making in non-democratic governments often lacks transparency and accountability, leading to decisions that may not reflect the needs and desires of the people.
- Lack of public participation and limited civil liberties can lead to discontent and resistance, making it more difficult for decisions to be effective.
3. Military dictatorship:
- Military dictatorships are characterized by the rule of the military or a small group of military officials.
- Decision-making in military dictatorships may prioritize the interests of the military over those of the general population.
- Lack of public input and limited civil rights can lead to decisions that are not accepted or supported by the majority of the people.
4. Theocracy:
- A theocracy is a government where religious leaders hold the highest authority.
- Decision-making in a theocracy is often based on religious doctrine, which may not take into account the diverse needs and beliefs of the population.
- Theocratic governments may not be seen as legitimate or acceptable by those who do not share the same religious beliefs.
In conclusion, a democratic government is more likely to make decisions that are acceptable to the people and more effective due to the inclusion of multiple perspectives, transparency, accountability, and public participation. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of decision-making also depends on the specific context and the quality of governance within a democratic system.

Democracy vs Dictatorship: Why is democracy considered as a better form of government?
There are several reasons why democracy is considered a better form of government compared to a dictatorship:
1. Promotes equality and enhances dignity of the individual: Democracy values the rights and freedoms of individuals, providing equal opportunities for all citizens to participate in the decision-making process. It ensures that every individual has a voice and their opinions are considered, regardless of their social status or background.
2. Provides methods to resolve conflicts: Democracy offers peaceful ways to resolve conflicts through open dialogue, negotiations, and compromise. The existence of multiple political parties and a free press allows for diverse opinions and the opportunity to find common ground, reducing the likelihood of violence or suppression.
3. Encourages accountability and transparency: In a democratic system, leaders are accountable to the people and can be held responsible for their actions. Regular elections enable citizens to choose their representatives and remove those who do not fulfill their promises or act against the interests of the people. This ensures transparency and helps prevent abuse of power.
4. Fosters economic development: Democracy tends to promote economic growth and stability. It encourages innovation, investment, and entrepreneurship by providing a stable environment and protecting property rights. Additionally, democratic governments are more likely to invest in education, healthcare, and infrastructure, leading to overall development and improved living standards.
5. Respects human rights: Democracy upholds and protects fundamental human rights, such as freedom of speech, expression, religion, and assembly. It recognizes the inherent worth and dignity of every individual, creating an environment where people can freely express themselves and participate in shaping their society.
Overall, democracy is considered a better form of government as it values the principles of equality, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. It provides a framework for peaceful governance, inclusive decision-making, and socio-economic development.

The practices and institutions that measure the accountability of government and involvement of people in the decision-making process in a democracy are:

1. Regular, free and fair elections:

• Elections play a vital role in a democracy as they provide an opportunity for the citizens to choose their representatives.


• Regular elections ensure that the government is accountable to the people and allows for a peaceful transfer of power.


• Free and fair elections ensure that citizens have the right to vote without any coercion or manipulation.

2. Public debate on major policies and legislations:

• Public debate allows citizens to express their opinions and concerns about the policies and legislations proposed by the government.


• It provides an opportunity for citizens to participate in the decision-making process and hold the government accountable for its actions.


• Through public debate, different perspectives and ideas can be considered, leading to better decision-making.

3. Citizens' right to information about the government and its functioning:

• The right to information ensures transparency and accountability in governance.


• Citizens have the right to access information about government policies, decisions, and actions.


• This enables citizens to make informed choices, participate actively in the decision-making process, and hold the government accountable.

Therefore, the accountability of government and involvement of people in the decision-making process in a democracy can be measured through:

Answer: D. 1, 2, and 3

Legitimacy
- One respect in which a democratic government is certainly better than its alternatives is legitimacy.
- Legitimacy refers to the perceived authority and acceptance of a government by its citizens.
- In a democratic government, power is derived from the consent of the people through free and fair elections.
- This gives the government legitimacy as it represents the will and interests of the majority.
- The legitimacy of a government is crucial for its stability and the acceptance of its policies and decisions.
- In authoritarian or autocratic governments, power is often concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or a single leader.
- This lack of representation and accountability can lead to a lack of legitimacy and public trust.
- Democratic governments, on the other hand, provide a platform for citizens to participate in decision-making and hold their leaders accountable.
- This enhances the legitimacy of the government as citizens feel that their voices are heard and their concerns are taken into consideration.
- Legitimate governments are more likely to be stable and effective in implementing policies that benefit the society as a whole.
- Therefore, the legitimacy of democratic governments makes them better than alternative forms of government in this respect.

Higher Rate of Economic Growth and Development: Democracies vs Dictatorships vs Non-Democratic Regimes vs Monarchies
Introduction:
The question is comparing different types of political systems to determine which one generally has a higher rate of economic growth and development. Let's analyze each option and examine their characteristics.
A: Democracies
- Democracies are political systems where power is vested in the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives.
- Key features of democracies include political freedom, civil liberties, rule of law, and competitive elections.
- Democracies promote transparency, accountability, and protection of individual rights.
- Economic policies in democracies tend to prioritize private property rights, free market competition, and entrepreneurship.
- Democracies generally have more stable and predictable economic policies, which can attract foreign investment and stimulate economic growth.
- However, decision-making processes in democracies can be slower due to the need for consensus and public opinion, which may hinder rapid economic development.
B: Dictatorships
- Dictatorships are political systems where power is concentrated in the hands of a single individual or a small group of people.
- Dictators often come to power through force, and their rule is typically characterized by limited political freedom and suppression of dissent.
- Economic policies in dictatorships can vary widely, but they often prioritize stability and control over rapid growth.
- Dictatorships may prioritize infrastructure development and large-scale projects to demonstrate progress and maintain control.
- However, lack of transparency, corruption, and limited accountability can hinder long-term economic growth and discourage foreign investment.
- Economic development in dictatorships can be highly dependent on the ruler's economic competence and stability of the regime.
C: All Non-Democratic Regimes
- Non-democratic regimes encompass different political systems, including dictatorships, oligarchies, theocracies, and one-party rule.
- These systems often lack political freedoms, transparency, and accountability.
- Economic policies in non-democratic regimes can vary significantly, depending on the specific characteristics of the regime.
- Some non-democratic regimes may prioritize economic growth and development, while others may prioritize stability or the ruling elite's interests.
- Lack of political freedoms and rule of law can create an uncertain business environment, hindering long-term economic growth.
- Economic development in non-democratic regimes is highly dependent on the specific policies and characteristics of the regime in question.
D: Monarchies
- Monarchies are political systems where power is vested in a hereditary monarch.
- Monarchies can have varying degrees of political freedoms, depending on the specific system.
- Economic policies in monarchies can range from autocratic to more democratic, depending on the monarch's approach and the presence of other governing institutions.
- Economic development in monarchies can be influenced by factors such as the monarch's economic competence, stability of the monarchy, and the presence of supportive institutions.
- Some monarchies may prioritize stability and long-term planning, which can provide a conducive environment for economic growth.
- However, lack of political freedoms and potential for dynastic rule can hinder innovation and limit economic opportunities.
Conclusion:
- It is challenging to generalize which type of political system has a higher rate of economic growth and development, as various factors influence economic outcomes.
- Democracies generally prioritize individual rights, transparency, and accountability, which can attract foreign investment and promote long-term economic

The correct option is C.
Income inequality has been rising in many wealthy countries in recent decades.The causes of these growing income gaps are complex and reflect the economic condition.

Half of the population living in poverty:
- Among the given countries, Bangladesh is the country where half of the population lives in poverty.
- Poverty is a major issue in Bangladesh, with approximately 50% of the population living below the poverty line.
- The high poverty rate in Bangladesh is attributed to various factors, including overpopulation, limited access to education and healthcare, and a lack of employment opportunities.
- Despite significant progress in poverty reduction efforts over the years, Bangladesh still faces significant challenges in addressing this issue.
- Poverty in Bangladesh is particularly prevalent in rural areas, where the majority of the population resides.
- The government of Bangladesh, along with international organizations and NGOs, has implemented various initiatives to alleviate poverty and improve the living conditions of its citizens.
- These initiatives include microfinance programs, social safety nets, and investment in infrastructure and agriculture.
- However, addressing poverty remains an ongoing challenge in Bangladesh, requiring continued efforts and comprehensive strategies.

Which regime is best suited to accommodate social diversity?

When considering which regime is best suited to accommodate social diversity, a democratic regime stands out as the most suitable option. Here is a detailed explanation:

A democratic regime:

• Encourages participation: Democracy allows for the active participation of citizens, allowing diverse voices to be heard and considered in the decision-making process.


• Respects individual rights: Democratic regimes typically prioritize the protection of individual rights and liberties, ensuring that diverse groups are free to express their beliefs and identities without fear of persecution.


• Offers equal opportunities: Democracy promotes equal opportunities for all citizens, regardless of their social background, ethnicity, or religion. This creates an environment where social diversity can thrive.


• Facilitates peaceful coexistence: By providing a platform for dialogue and negotiation, democratic regimes encourage peaceful coexistence among diverse groups. They promote the resolution of conflicts through peaceful means, fostering social harmony.


• Promotes tolerance and inclusion: Democratic values such as tolerance, inclusion, and respect for diversity are embedded in the principles of democratic governance. These values help create a society that embraces and celebrates social diversity.

In contrast:

• A non-democratic regime may suppress diverse opinions and limit the rights of minority groups, leading to social inequality and marginalization.


• A dictatorial regime, characterized by a concentration of power in the hands of a single leader, often suppresses dissent and restricts individual freedoms, stifling social diversity.


• None of these options provide the same level of openness, inclusivity, and protection of individual rights as a democratic regime.

In conclusion, a democratic regime is the most suitable option to accommodate social diversity due to its emphasis on participation, respect for individual rights, equal opportunities, peaceful coexistence, tolerance, and inclusion.

Non-democratic regimes
- Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences.
- These regimes tend to prioritize maintaining power and control over their populations.
- They may enforce strict censorship and surveillance to restrict freedom of expression and suppress dissenting voices.
- Social divisions and inequalities may be ignored or downplayed in order to maintain a united front and prevent potential challenges to the regime's authority.
- Non-democratic regimes may use tactics such as repression, intimidation, and propaganda to suppress internal social differences and maintain a semblance of stability and unity.

To determine which country is a perfect example of accommodation of social diversity, let's analyze the options given:
Sri Lanka:
- Sri Lanka has a diverse population with multiple ethnic and religious groups.
- However, there have been tensions and conflicts between different communities in the past, particularly between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority.
Belgium:
- Belgium is known for its successful accommodation of social diversity.
- It is a country with multiple linguistic communities, including Dutch-speaking Flemish and French-speaking Walloons.
- Belgium has implemented a federal system that allows for autonomy and representation of different linguistic groups.
- The country has successfully maintained peace and stability despite its diverse population.
Saudi Arabia:
- Saudi Arabia is not known for accommodating social diversity.
- The country is predominantly Islamic, and there are limited rights and freedoms for non-Muslims and women.
Pakistan:
- Pakistan is a diverse country with multiple ethnic and religious groups.
- However, it has faced challenges in accommodating social diversity due to ethnic and sectarian tensions.
Based on the analysis, Belgium is the correct answer as it is a perfect example of accommodation of social diversity.

Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting:




Dignity and freedom of the individual:
- Democracy allows individuals to have a say in the decision-making process through voting and participating in political activities.
- It ensures the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion.
- Democracy promotes equality and prohibits discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or any other characteristic.
- It allows for the peaceful transfer of power and guarantees the right to peaceful protests and demonstrations.




Economic growth:
- Democracy fosters an environment of innovation and entrepreneurship, which drives economic growth.
- It encourages competition and free-market principles, leading to increased productivity and efficiency.
- Democracy promotes transparency and accountability, reducing corruption and creating a favorable business climate.
- It allows for the protection of property rights and the enforcement of contracts, which are essential for economic development.




Economic equality:
- Democracy provides opportunities for social mobility and reduces income disparities.
- It implements policies that aim to reduce poverty and provide equal access to education, healthcare, and basic services.
- Democracy allows for the creation of social safety nets and welfare programs to support vulnerable populations.
- It promotes inclusive economic policies that benefit the majority of the population rather than a privileged few.




Conclusion:
In conclusion, democracy stands superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual, as well as economic growth and equality. It empowers citizens, encourages participation, and ensures the protection of human rights. Through its principles of transparency, accountability, and inclusivity, democracy creates an environment conducive to individual and societal well-being.

Moral and Legal Sanctions in a Democracy
In a democracy, certain values are regarded as important and are supported by both moral and legal sanctions. Let's analyze the given options to determine which values fall under this category:
1. Gender Equality
- Gender equality refers to the belief that individuals of all genders should have equal rights, opportunities, and treatment.
- In a democracy, gender equality is considered a fundamental value that is protected by both moral and legal sanctions.
- Moral sanctions: Society expects individuals to treat people of all genders with respect and fairness.
- Legal sanctions: Laws are in place to prevent gender discrimination and promote equal rights and opportunities for all genders.
2. Caste-based Equality
- Caste-based equality refers to the idea that individuals should not be discriminated against based on their caste or social hierarchy.
- In many democracies, caste-based discrimination is considered immoral and is legally prohibited.
- Moral sanctions: Society expects individuals to treat people from all castes with respect and equality.
- Legal sanctions: Laws are in place to prevent caste-based discrimination and provide equal opportunities for individuals from all castes.
3. Economic Equality
- Economic equality refers to the belief that individuals should have equal access to resources, wealth, and opportunities.
- While economic equality is a value that is often promoted in democracies, it may not have the same level of moral and legal sanctions as gender and caste-based equality.
- Moral sanctions: Society may have expectations for individuals to work towards reducing economic inequalities, but the level of moral obligation may vary.
- Legal sanctions: While there may be some laws in place to address economic inequalities, they are often focused on preventing extreme disparities rather than enforcing complete economic equality.
4. Both (a) and (b)
- The answer 'd' suggests that both gender equality and caste-based equality have moral and legal sanctions in a democracy, which is accurate based on the analysis above.
In conclusion, in a democracy, gender equality and caste-based equality are values that have both moral and legal sanctions. While economic equality may be a value promoted in democracies, it may not have the same level of moral and legal sanctions as the other two values.

Answer:
In the context of democracies, the correct idea is that they have rejected the idea of political inequality. While democracies strive for equality and fairness, it is important to note that they have not completely eliminated conflicts, economic inequalities, or differences of opinion about how marginalized sections are to be treated. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Democracies have not eliminated conflicts among people:
- Democracies provide a platform for people to express their opinions and participate in decision-making processes. However, conflicts and disagreements are natural in any society, and democracies do not guarantee the elimination of conflicts among people.
2. Democracies have not eliminated economic inequalities among people:
- Economic inequality is a complex issue that arises from various factors such as wealth distribution, access to resources, and opportunities. While democracies aim to reduce economic inequalities through policies and regulations, complete elimination of economic inequalities is often challenging.
3. Democracies have not eliminated differences of opinion about how marginalized sections are to be treated:
- Democracies value diverse opinions and perspectives. The treatment of marginalized sections is often a subject of debate and discussion in democracies, and different individuals and groups may hold different views on how to address the issues faced by marginalized sections.
4. Democracies have rejected the idea of political inequality:
- One of the fundamental principles of democracies is political equality, which means that all individuals have an equal right to participate in the political process. Democracies aim to ensure that all citizens have an equal say and equal opportunities to shape the policies and decisions that affect their lives.
In conclusion, while democracies strive for equality and fairness, it is important to recognize that they have not completely eliminated conflicts, economic inequalities, or differences of opinion about the treatment of marginalized sections. However, democracies have rejected the idea of political inequality by ensuring that all individuals have an equal right to participate in the political process.