UPSC CSE Prelims Paper 1 Practice Test - 18 - UPSC MCQ

• Statement 1 is correct: Kuchipudi is unique among the Indian classical dance styles. It uses fast rhythmic footwork and sculpturesque body movements. Stylised mime, using hand gestures and subtle facial expression, is combined with more realistic acting, occasionally including dialogues spoken by the dancers. Bharatanatyam is one of the oldest forms of classical dance that originated in Tamil Nadu. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. In this dance, dancers do not speak dialogues.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The "Tarangam" is a unique feature of Kuchipudi. In this, a dancer dances on the edge of a brass plate, matching to the rhythm of music. Sometimes, dancers also balance a pot of water on the head. Tarangam is not a feature of Bharatanatyam.

• Buta kola is a very popular art practised in Tulu Nādu region of Karnataka. The face is painted, wrapped in a Siri made of coconut feathers, and danced invoking the deity. The Divine Dancer gives justice to human beings and resolves disputes through the Word of God.

• Statement 1 is correct: Bhootaradhana or Deity/spirit worship is very popular in Tulunadu region of coastal Karnataka. A ritual called nema or kola or Bhootakola is performed for ghosts/spirits/gods. Conducting Bhootakola/kola/nema has its own rules. The face is painted, wrapped in a Siri made of coconut feathers, and danced invoking the deity. The Divine Dancer gives justice to human beings and resolves disputes through the Word of God. Deity worship is the fundamental religious belief of the Tulu race.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: Buta Kola is not performed by women. It is performed by male who is feared and respected in the community and is believed to give answers to people’s problems on behalf of the god.

• Statement 3 is incorrect: Yakshagana involves dancing to the beat of drums in open space usually in the village paddy fields after the winter crop has been harvested. On the other hand, Buta kola is not performed specifically in paddy fields nor after winter harvest.

• Statement 4 is correct: Some of the Bhootada Kola rituals involve walking on a bed of hot coal. Drums and music give company to the dancing and pooja rituals. By praying together during Bhootada Kola, the community seeks God’s blessing, prosperity and riddance of various problems of the community.

• SVAMITVA (Survey of villages and mapping with improvised technology in village areas) scheme is a new initiative of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj. It aims to provide rural people with the right to document their residential properties so that they can use their property for economic purposes.

• Statement 1 is incorrect: The SVAMITVA scheme is a collaborative effort between the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, the state Revenue Departments, Survey of India and the state Panchayati Raj Departments. The Ministry of Rural Development is not involved in this scheme. Hence this statement is incorrect.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The main aim of the SVAMITVA scheme is to provide clear proof of ownership of property and land record cards to the owners of lands as well as all house owners in rural inhabited areas. The government scheme focussed on providing pucca houses to all rural families is PM Awas Yojana (Grameen), not the SVAMITVA yojana. Hence this statement is incorrect.

• Statement 3 is correct: The SVAMITVA scheme is a Central Sector scheme. This means that all the expenses incurred in the implementation of this scheme are borne exclusively, 100% by the Central government. Hence this statement is correct. Remember that any scheme specified as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme generally has a component which is financed by the state government of respective states.

• Statement 4 is incorrect: The SVAMITVA scheme is being implemented in all the 600+ districts, throughout the country, not exclusively in the Aspirational districts. Hence this statement is incorrect. The scheme will cover about 6.62 lakh villages in the country.

• Knowledge Base:

1) The survey of land parcels will be done using Drone technology.

2) Some other subsidiary goals of the scheme:

a. To bring financial stability to the citizens in rural India by enabling them to use their property as a financial asset for taking loans and other financial benefits.

b. Creation of accurate land records for rural planning.

c. Determination of property tax, which would accrue to the GPs directly in States where it is devolved or else, add to the State exchequer.

d. Creation of survey infrastructure and GIS maps that can be leveraged by any department for their use.

e. To support in preparation of better-quality Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP) by making use of GIS maps.

• Option a is incorrect: Mohiniattam is a classical dance of Kerala and was patronised by the ruling dynasty of erstwhile kingdom of Travancore, not Vijayanagar or Golconda. The Lasya aspect of the dance is dominant and hence it is performed mainly by female performers not male performers. Hence this option is not correct.

• Option b is incorrect: Sattriya is a classical dance form from the state of Assam in the north east and not South India. Hence this option is not correct.

• Option c is incorrect: Odissi is a classical dance from the state of Odisha. It was patronised by Jain king Kharavela, not the Vijayanagara rulers. Hence this option is not correct.

• Option d is correct: Kuchipudi is a south Indian classical dance form that emerged in the Andhra region (in the Kuchipudi village in Krishna district), where it was first patronised by the Vijayanagara rulers, and later by those in Golconda. With the advent of Vaishnavism during the Bhakti movement of 16th century CE, this art form began to be practised almost exclusively by male Brahmins who were called Bhagvathalus. The dance recitals are often based on stories from Bhagavata Purana, but often have secular themes, especially Sringar Ras. Hence this option is correct.

• Knowledge Base:

• Other features of Kuchipudi:

1) Both Tandav and Lasya components have equal dominance in this dance form.

2) The dance may also take the role of the singer, thus making it a dance-drama performance.

3) The recital is accompanied by Carnatic music - Violin and Mridangam being the chief instruments.

4) Some important solo elements:

a. Manduka Shabdam: story of a frog.

b. Taranagam: dancer performs with their feet on edge of a brass plate while balancing a pot of water or a set of diyas on head.

c. Jala Chitra Nrityam: Dancer draws pictures on the floor with his/ her toes while dancing.

• India having a diverse culture is home to various arts and crafts mastered by many generations over the years. Recently, Gamosa of Assam, Tandur Redgram of Telangana, RaktseyKarpo Apricot of Ladakh, Alibag White Onion of Maharashtra etc. have been given the coveted GI Tags.

• Statement 1 is correct: Gamosa, a handwoven rectangular cotton piece of cloth with red borders and different designs and motifs, is traditionally offered to elders and guests as a mark of respect and honour by Assamese. Gamosa is a symbol of cultural identity of Assam.

• Statements 2 is incorrect: The Gamosa or Gamusa is Body wipes or Towel, an article of significance for the indigenous people of Assam, India (not from Maharashtra).

• Statement 1 is correct: Cymbal, is a solid type musical instrument made of metal and cloth. Cymbals are generally used in pairs; it consists of thin round plates. The most popular examples of Cymbals are Manjira, Jaltarang, Kanchtarang, Jhanj, Khartal, etc.

• Statement 2 is correct: Drum, Cymbals (Manjira) and Flute are major musical instruments of Sattriya dance. Sattriya dance in its modern form was introduced by the Vaishnava saint Shankaradeva in the 15th century A.D in Assam. It is a devotional dance and narrates mythological stories of Lord Vishnu.

• Statement 3 is correct: The Manjira is a small brass cymbal that is generally used in temples. Archaeological excavations have dated Manjira to be as old as the Harappan civilisation. The function of these instruments is to keep rhythm and time with the song that is being sung.

Tribhanga is a ‘triple-bend position’ where the body bends in one direction at the knees, the other direction at the hips and then the other again at the shoulders and neck. Along with ‘chowk’, it is one of the basic postures of Indian classical dance ‘Odissi’.

• Statement 1 is correct: The Ghazal as a poetic form originated in Persia in the tenth century. Later Ghazal developed as a sub style of Hindustani classical music, which was influenced by Sufism. Sufi mystics (a person who believes attaining insights into mysteries transcending ordinary human knowledge) played a major role in spreading Ghazal music in India and South Asia during the 12th century.

• Statement 2 is correct: Thumri a sub style of Hindustani classical music was adopted by the Bhakti saints to connect with gods. Compositions of Thumri are either romantic or devotional in nature and the main theme being the girl’s love for Krishna. It was usually sung in a female voice. The thumri is very lyrical in its structure and presentation. Thumri is a love song and hence the textual beauty is very important. This is closely coordinated with the musical rendition. And keeping in mind its mood a thumri is usually set to ragas like Khamaj, Kaphi, Bhairavi and so on and the musical grammar is not strictly adhered to.

• Statement 3 is correct: Tappa, a substyle of Hindustani classical music originated from the folk songs of the camel riders of Punjab known as 'dhapa', which was transformed into the Hindi Tappa. It gained legitimacy and popularity under the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah.

• Option 1 is correct: Koodiyattam is a traditional performing art form from the Indian state of Kerala. It combines elements of ancient Sanskrit theatre with Koothu, an ancient performing art from the Sangam era. Kutiyattam (Koodiyattam), which dates back around 2000 years, has been designated by UNESCO as a 'Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity'.

• Option 2 is incorrect: Karyala is popular in districts of Himachal, Karyala is an impromptu folk theatre that does not need any stage. It is mostly performed during Diwali and is usually performed by a person for the deity. This theatre is a fusion of drama, versification, music, and dance. It is not included in UNESCO'S representative list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity.

• Option 3 is correct: Mudiyettu is a traditional ritual theatre and folk-dance drama from Kerala based on the mythological tale of a battle between the goddess Kali and the demon Darika. It is a community ritual in which the entire village participates. It depicts the mythological storey of the Goddess Kali and the demon Darika in battle. It was included in the UNESCO'S List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2010.

• Option 4 is correct: Ramman is an Indian religious event and ritual theatre that takes place in the Garhwal area. It is a Hindu community celebration held in the Saloor Dungra hamlet in the Painkhanda Valley in Uttarakhand's Chamoli district. It was included in UNESCO'S List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2009.

• Option 5 is incorrect: Bhand Pather (Kashmir) is an age-old folk theatre having its origins in Kashmir. It is commonly held in open spaces and performed along with musical instruments like the surnai, nagada, and dhol. It is not included in UNESCO'S representative list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity.

• Theatre in India began as a narrative art form, which encompassed a concoction of music, dance and acting. Recitation, dance and music were integral parts of theatre. Characters in Sanskrit plays were important. They were broadly classified into three kinds which are Nayaka (Hero or the Protagonist), Nayika (Heroine) and the Vidusaka (Clown).

• Statement 1 is correct: Vidusaka (Clown), the comic character plays a vital role in the plays. He is the noble and good-hearted, often a friend of hero. He questions the prevailing social norms through satire. The vidushaka is one who challenges social norms. He provides comic relief while simultaneously prodding us to actually think.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: In Indian theatre, Sutradhar is the narrator who narrates the play and sings verses. The Sutradhar, is the stage manager and director, who enters the stage with his assistants. The time and place of the play was announced by the Sutradhar. He also gave a brief introduction of the playwright. For example, in Mahabharata, the Sutradhar of the story is Lord Krishna.

• The India Infrastructure Project Development Fund (IIPDF) is a scheme designed to promote infrastructure development through Public Private Partnership (PPP).

• Statement 1 is correct: The IIPDF scheme will try to promote infra projects by aiding the process of project report creation for finding various bankable and credit worthy PPP infra projects. Hence this statement is correct. In order to improve the success rate, as well as reduce overhead costs in PPP projects many activities such as feasibility study, consultancy on technical aspects, etc need to be undertaken that are time and money consuming. So, this fund will cover such costs to select PPP projects on which the government must focus and invest.

• Statement 2 is incorrect: The IIPDF has been placed under the Department of Economic Affairs (not Financial Services) of the Union Ministry of Finance. Hence this statement is incorrect.

• Statement 3 is correct: The IIPDF has been designed as a revolving fund, with an initial corpus of Rs 100 Crore. Hence this statement is correct. The initial corpus will be provided out of the budget for the Union Ministry of Finance. Thereafter it would be supplemented, should it become necessary, through budgetary support by the Ministry of Finance from time to time. As the IIPDF matures, funding from the multilateral and bilateral agencies could become available. Other interested agency(ies), as approved by DEA, including the bilateral agencies, will be permitted to join the IIPDF. Agents with conflict of interest will not be allowed to contribute to the fund.

• Statement 4 is incorrect: The IIPDF will be providing costs for initial project report development work subject to certain maximum limits to the Sponsoring Authorities within the Central and State governments. This fund shall not be providing any financial assistance to the concessionaire (private partner) in the PPP. Hence this statement is incorrect.

• Beekeeping is an agro-based activity which is being undertaken by farmers/ landless labourers in rural area as a part of the Integrated Farming System. Beekeeping has been useful in pollination of crops, thereby, increasing income of the farmers/beekeepers by way of increasing crop yield and providing honey and other high value beehive products, viz.; bee wax, bee pollen, propolis, royal jelly, bee venom, etc. Diversified agro climatic conditions of India provide great potential and opportunities for beekeeping/honey production and export of honey. India‟s export of honey has increased by about 110 per cent between 2013-14 to 2019-20.

• National Beekeeping & Honey Mission (NBHM) aims for the overall promotion and development of scientific beekeeping in the country to achieve the goal of „Sweet Revolution‟ which is being implemented through National Bee Board (NBB).

So, Option (a) is correct.

• Indian Pharmaceutical industry ranks third in the world in pharmaceutical production by volume. During 2020-21, total pharma export US$ 24.4 Bn against the total pharma import of US$7.0Bn, thereby generating trade surplus of US$17.5 Bn. India is the largest supplier of generic medicines with a 20 percent share in the global supply. So, Option (a) is not correct.

• Medical Research is dominated by United States followed by United Kingdom and Germany. So, Option (b) is not correct.

• Computer software and hardware sector attract the highest FDI in India. So, Option (c) is not correct.

• Economic Survey 2021-22 pointed out that, Although price competitiveness and good quality have enabled homegrown medicine producers to be dominant players in the world market, thereby making the country the 'Pharmacy of the World, India is significantly dependent on the import of bulk drugs that are used in the formulation of medicines. So, Option (d) is correct.

• The first council of Jain monks was held in 300 BC and the fourth council of Buddhist monks was held in 72 AD. So, Statement 1 is not correct.

  • In fourth Buddhist council held in 72 AD at Kundalvana, Kasmir under the patronage of King Kanishka, there was a split in Buddhism and two sects Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism were born.

• In first council of Jain monks differences arose between them which led to the division of Shvetambaras and Digambaras sects. So, Statement 2 is correct.

  • First council of Jain monks held in 300 BC at Patliputra under the patronage of Mauryan King Chandragupta Maurya.

• Third council of Buddhist monks held in 250 BC at Patliputra, under the patronage of Mauryan King Ashoka. So, Statement 3 is correct.

• Shantinathacharita is a text in Sanskrit written in Devanagari script. It describes the life and times of Shantinatha, the sixteenth Jain Tirthankara. This work was composed and written in the late fourteenth century 1396 C.E. (1453 Vikram Samvat). This unique manuscript contains as many as 10 images of scenes from the life of Shantinatha in the style of Jain paintings from Gujarat. It is an example of the finest expression in the art of miniature paintings in manuscripts. The ink used in the manuscript is gum lampblack and white paint made from mineral silver. The text was submitted for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register of UNESCO in 2012 by India. It was approved by UNESCO in 2013 and it is the only Jain literature to be registered under UNESCO Memories of the World Programme. So, Statement 1 is correct.

• Kutiyattam, Ramlila, Ramman, Chhau Dance, Kalbelia songs and dance, Mudiyettu, Buddist chanting, Sankirtana, Traditional brass and copper craft of making utensils, Yoga and Kumbh Mela are UNESCO List of Intangible cultural heritage in India. The holy Buddhist chanting from the trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh is the only practice of Buddhism that was inscribed on the UNESCO‟s list in 2012. In every monastery and village in the region, Buddhist priests or lamas recite the teachings and philosophy of Lord Buddha in the form of hymns. The monks wear sacred masks and use special hand gestures, or mudras, that symbolize Lord Buddha. They use instruments such as drums, cymbals and trumpets to add a musical rhythm to the chanting. So, Statement 2 is correct.

• Sri Harminder Sahib or Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab was initiated in 1585 and completed by Arjan Dev in 1604. The site has been nominated to be recognized under UNESCO Cultural Heritage Sites but its application is pending on the tentative list of UNESCO. So, Statement 3 is not correct.

• Basaveshwara, colloquially known as Basavanna, was a 12th-century CE Indian statesman, philosopher, poet, social reformer, and Lingayat saint in the Shiva-focussed bhakti movement, and a Hindu Shaivite social reformer during the reign of the Kalyani/Chalukyas dynasty. So, option (a) is not correct.

• Kanaka Dasa (1509 – 1609)was a Haridasa saint and philosopher, popularly called DaasashreshtaKanakadasa who lived during the Vijayanagara Empire. He was a renowned composer of Carnatic music, poet, reformer, and musician. He is known for his keertanas and ugabhoga and his compositions in the Kannada language for Carnatic music. Like other Haridasas, he used simple Kannada language and native metrical forms for his compositions. So, option (b) is correct.

• Alluri Sitarama Raju (4 July 1897 – 7 May 1924), was an Indian revolutionary who waged an armed campaign against British colonial rule in India. Born in present-day Andhra, he became involved in anti-British activities in response to the 1882 Madras Forest Act, which effectively restricted the free movement of Adivasis (tribal communities) in their forest habitats and prevented them from practicing a traditional form of agriculture known as podu. So, option (c) is not correct.

• TallapakaAnnamacharya (22 May 1408 – 4 April 1503), also popularly known as Annamayya, was a 15th-century Hindu saint (not a Haridas saint) and the earliest known Indian musician to compose songs called sankirtanas in praise of the Venkateshwara, a form of Vishnu. The musical form of the keertana songs that he composed, which are still popular among Carnatic musicconcert artists, has strongly influenced the structure of Carnatic music compositions. So, option (d) is not correct.

• Mithila painting also known as Madhubani folk art is the traditional art of the Mithila region of Bihar. They are produced by village women using vegetable colors with few earthen colors and finished in black lines on cow dung treated paper.

• These pictures tell tales especially about Sita‟s exile, Ram-Laxman‟s forest life, or depict the images of Lakshmi, Ganesha, Hanuman and others from Hindu mythology. Apart from these women also paint celestial subjects like sun and moon.

• Tulsi, the holy plant also is to be found in these paintings. They also show court scenes, weddings, and social happenings. Drawings in Madhubani pictures are very conceptual.

So, option (c) is correct.

• Statement 1 is not correct: Hybrid immunity is defined as the immune protection in individuals who have had one or more doses of a COVID-19 vaccine and experienced at least one SARS-CoV-2 infection ‘before or after’ the initiation of vaccination.

• Statement 2 is correct: Getting a natural infection before or after the vaccination provides better protection than vaccines alone because it prepares the body against the entire virus, rather than just the spike protein.

• According to Article 75, The council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. So, Statement 1 is correct.

• According to Article 249, Rajya Sabha has special powers to authorise the Parliament to make a law on a subject enumerated in the State list. So, Statement 2 is not correct.

• The Constitution (Article 143) authorises the president to seek the opinion of the Supreme Court in the two categories of matters:

(a) On any question of law or fact of public importance which has arisen or which is likely to arise.

(b) On any dispute arising out of any pre-constitution treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, sanador other similar instruments.

• In the first case, the Supreme Court may tender or may refuse to tender its opinion to the president. But, in the second case, the Supreme Court „must‟ tender its opinion to the president. In both the cases, the opinion expressed by the Supreme Court is only advisory and not a judicial pronouncement. Hence, it is not binding on the president. So, Statement 3 is correct.

• The Constitutional cases or references made by the President under Article 143 are decided by a Supreme Court Bench consisting of at least five judges. So, Statement 4 is correct.

• Article 226 empowers the High courts to have jurisdiction over the law enacted by Parliament as well as State Legislature. So, Statement 1 is correct.

• There are five types of Writs- Habeas Corpus, Certorari, Prohibition Mandamus and Quo Warranto Article 32 (SC) and 226 (HC) of the constitution of India has designed for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for a judicial review of administrative actions, in the form of writs. It is a constitutional remedy available to a person to bring his complaint or grievance against any administrative action to the notice of the court. So, Statement 2 is not correct.

• The Constitution has not fixed the tenure of a judge of the Supreme Court. However, it makes the following three provisions in this regard:

  • He holds office until he attains the age of 65 years. Any question regarding his age is to be determined by such authority and in such manner as provided by Parliament.

  • He can resign his office by writing to the president.

  • He can be removed from his office by the President on the recommendation of the

  • Parliament. Hence will of the executive to remove Judges is exercised through this option. So, Statement 3 is correct.

• The term of the Prime Minister is not fixed and he holds office during the pleasure of the president. So long as the Prime Minister enjoys the majority support in the Lok Sabha, he cannot be dismissed by the President. However, if he loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha, he must resign or the President can dismiss him. So, Statement 1 is correct.

• National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) is a committee set up by the Government of India in the wake of a natural calamity for effective coordination and implementation of relief measures and operations. It isheaded by the Cabinet Secretary. So, Statement 2 is not correct.

• The Constitution has declared the official language(s) of the state or Hindi or English, to be the languages for transacting business in the state legislature. The legislature of a state may adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the state or Hindi as the official language of that state. So, Statement 1 is correct.

• The Constitution has declared Hindi and English to be the languages for transacting business in the Parliament. So the authoritative text of all bills introduced in Parliament shall be in Hindi as well as in English. So, Statement 2 is not correct.

• According to Article 351, It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language and to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India. So, Statement 3 is correct.

• The governor of a state, with the previous consent of the president, can authorise the use of Hindi or any other official language of the state, in the proceedings in the high court of the state, but not with respect to the judgements, decrees and orders passed by it. So, Statement 4 is not correct.

• Similarly, a state legislature can prescribe the use of any language (other than English) with respect to bills, acts, ordinances, orders, rules, regulations or bye-laws, but a translation of the same in the English language is to be published.

• The constitutional provisions dealing with the language of the courts and legislation are as follows: Until Parliament provides otherwise, the following are to be in the English language only:

(a) All proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every high court.

(b) The authoritative texts of all bills, acts, ordinances, orders, rules, regulations and byelaws at the Central and state level. So, Statement 5 is correct.

• If approved by both the Houses of Parliament, the emergency continues forsix months, and can be extended to an indefinite period with an approval of the Parliament for every six months. So, Statement 1 is not correct.

• While a proclamation of National Emergency is in operation, the Parliament may extend the normal tenure of a state legislative assembly (five years) by one year each time (for any length of time) during a national emergency, subject to a maximum period of six months after the Emergency has ceased to operate. So, Statement 2 is correct.

• The President must revoke a proclamation of Emergency if the Lok Sabha (House of People) passes a resolution disapproving its continuation. Such a proclamation does not require the parliamentary approval. It is required to be passed by the Lok Sabha only. So, Statement 3 is correct.

• The President, can proclaim a national emergency only after receiving a written recommendation from the cabinet. This means that the emergency can be declared only on the concurrence of the cabinet and not merely on the advice of the prime minister. So, Statement 4 is correct.

• The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 was introduced by the Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment, allows self-perception of gender identity. But it mandates that each person would have to be recognised as “transgender‟ on the basis of a certificate of identity issued by a district magistrate.

• This Bill rejected the recommendation from the 2016 Standing Committee to have a screening committee to issue a certificate by the District magistrate for identifying as „Transgender‟. So Statement 1 is not correct.

• According to the Act, the appropriate Government shall take the following measures in relation to transgender persons, namely, To set up separate human immunodeficiency virus Sero-surveillance Centres to conduct Sero-surveillance for such persons in accordance with the guidelines issued by the National AIDS Control Organisation in this behalf To provide for medical care facility including sex reassignment surgery and hormonal therapy. So Statement 2 is correct.

  • Before and after sex reassignment surgery and hormonal therapy counselling

  • Bring out a Health Manual related to sex reassignment surgery in accordance with the World Profession Association for Transgender Health guidelines

  • Review of medical curriculum and research for doctors to address their specific health issues

  • To facilitate access to transgender persons in hospitals and other healthcare institutions and centres

  • Provision for coverage of medical expenses by a comprehensive insurance scheme for Sex

  • Reassignment Surgery, hormonal therapy, laser therapy or any other health issues of transgender persons.