CUET History Previous Year Solved Paper 4 (8 August 2022 Slot-1) - Humanities/Arts MCQ

If you locate Nageshwar and Balakot, you will notice that both settlements are near the coast.
These were specialised centres for making shell objects - including bangles, ladles and inlay -which were taken to other settlements.

• Subsequently, seals were discov ered at Harappa by archaeologists such as Daya Ram Sahni in the early decades of the twentieth century, in layers that were definitely much older than Early Historic levels.  Another archaeologist, Rakhal Das Banerji found similar seals at Mohenjodaro, leading to the conjecture that these sites were part of a single archaeological culture.
• Based on these finds, in 1924.
• As S.N. Roy noted in The Story of Indian Archaeology, "Marshall left India three thousand years older than he had found her."
• In 1990 R.S. Bisht begins excavations at Dholavira.

• FROM ERNEST MACKAY:  Early Indus Civilisation, 1948
• Raymond and Bridget Allchin. 1997: Origins of a Civilization. Viking, New Delhi.
• Shereen Ratnagar. 2001: Understanding Harappa. Tulika, New Delhi.
• G.L. Possehl. 2003: The Indus Civilization. Vistaar, New Delhi

Most Asokan inscriptions were in the Prakrit language while those in the northwest of the subcontinet were in Aramaic and Greek.
Most Prakrit inscriptions were written in the Brahmi script; however, some, in the northwest, were written in Kharosthi. The Aramaic and Greek scripts were used for inscriptions in Afghanistan.

The notions of kingship Kushans wished to project are perhaps best evidenced in their coins and sculpture. Colossal statues of Kushana rulers have been found installed in a shrine at Mat near Mathura (Uttar Pradesh). Similar statues have been found in a shrine in Afghanistan as well.
Some historians feel this indicates that the Kushanas considered themselves godlike.
Many Kushana rulers also adopted the title devaputra, or "son of god", possibly inspired by Chinese rulers who called themselves sons of heaven.

The first coins to bear the names and images of rulers were issued by the Indo-Greeks, who established control over the north-western part of the subcontinent c. second century BCE.

Matriliny is the term used when descent is traced through the mother.

One of the most ambitious projects of scholarship began in 1919, under the leadership of a noted Indian Sanskritist, V.S. Sukthankar.

Sanskrit texts and inscriptions used the term vanik to designate merchants. While trade was defined as an occupation for Vaishyas in the Shastras, a more complex situation is evident in plays such as the Mrichchhakatika written by Shudraka (c. fourth century CE)

According to Buddhist philosophy, the world is transient (anicca) and constantly changing; it is also soulless (anatta) as there is nothing permanent or eternal in it. Within this transient world, sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence. The Buddha emphasised individual agency and righteous action as the means to escape from the cycle of rebirth and attain self-realisation and nibbana, literally the extinguishing of the ego and desire - and thus end the cycle of suffering for those who renounced the world. The importance attached to conduct and values rather than claims of superiority based on birth, the emphasis placed on metta (fellow feeling) and karuna (compassion), especially for those who were younger and weaker than oneself, were ideas that drew men and women to Buddhist teachings.

The women were allowed to retain the gifts they received on the occasion of their marriage as stridhana (literally, a woman's wealth).

The Vinaya Pitaka included rules and regulations for those who joined the sangha or monastic order.

Slaves were generally used for domestic labour, and Ibn Battuta found their services particularly indispensable for carrying women and men on palanquins or dola.

There is a painting of seventeenth-century depicts Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya and his disciple Amir Khusrau.

The terms great and little traditions were coined by a sociologist named Robert Redfield in the twentieth century to describe the cultural practices of peasant societies. He found that peasants observed rituals and customs that emanated from dominant social categories, including priests and rulers. At the same time, peasants also followed local practices that did not necessarily correspond with those of the great tradition. These he included within the category of little tradition.
Such instances of integration are evident amongst goddess cults as well. Worship of the goddess, often simply in the form of a stone smeared with ochre, was evidently widespread.

Baba Guru Nanak (1469-1539) was born in a Hindu merchant family in a village called Nankana Sahib near the river Ravi in the predominantly Muslim Punjab. The message of Baba Guru Nanak is spelt out in his hymns and teachings.
These suggest that he advocated a form of nirguna bhakti. He proposed a simple way to connect to the Divine by remembering and repeating the Divine Name, expressing his ideas through hymns called "shabad " in Punjabi, the language of the region. He appointed one of his disciples, Angad, to succeed him as the preceptor (gur u), and this practice was followed for nearly 200 years.

Establishment of the Gajapati kingdom of Orissa (1435); On their northern frontier, the Vijayanagara kings competed with contemporary rulers -including the Sultans of the Deccan and the Gajapati rulers of Orissa - for control of the fertile river valleys and the resources generated by lucrative overseas trade. Some of the areas that were incorporated within the empire had witnessed the development of powerful states such as those of the Cholas in Tamil Nadu and the Hoysalas in Karnataka

Krishnadev a Raya bel onged to the Tuluva dynasty. Krishnadeva Raya's rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation.
This was the time when the land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers (the Raichur doab) was acquired (1512), the rulers of Orissa were subdued (1514) and severe defeats were inflicted on the Sultan of Bijapur (1520). Krishnadeva Raya is credited with building some fine temples and adding impressive gopurams to many important south Indian temples. He also founded a suburban township near Vijayanagara called Nagalapuram after his mother. Some of the most detailed descriptions of Vijayanagara come from his time or just after.

Ruling elites in these areas had ex tended patronage to elaborate temples such as the Brihadishvara temple at Thanjavur and the Chennakeshava temple at Belur.

In Assam, the Ahom kings had their paiks, people who were obliged to render military service in exchange for land. The capture of wild elephants was declared a royal monopoly by the Ahom kings.

The historian Abu'l Fazl described painting as a "magical art": in his view it had the power to make inanimate objects look as if they possessed life.

Akbar's quest for religious knowledge led to interfaith debates in the ibadat khana at Fatehpur Sikri between learned Muslims, Hindus, Jainas, Parsis and Christians. Akbar's religious views matured as he queried scholars of different religions and sects and gathered knowledge about their doctrines.

All holders of government offices held ranks (mansabs) comprising two numerical designations: zat which was an indicator of position in the imperial hierarchy and the salary of the official (mansabdar), and sawar which indicated the number of horsemen he was required to maintain in service. In the seventeenth century, mansabdars of 1,000 zat or above ranked as nobles (umara, which is the plural of amir ).

It was Akbar who consciously set out to make Persian the leading language of the Mughal court.

A kbar was curious about Christianity and dispatched an embassy to Goa to invite Jesuit priests.

According to the Sunset Law, if payment did not come in by sunset of the specified date, the zamindari was liable to be auctioned.

By this time in fact there were newer intimations of danger. Santhals were pouring into the area, clearing forests, cutting down timber, ploughing land and growing rice and cotton. As the lower hills were taken over by Santhal settlers, the Paharias receded deeper into the Rajmahal hills.
If Paharia life was symbolised by the hoe, which they used for shifting cultivation, the settlers came to represent the power of the plough. The battle between the hoe and the plough was a long one.

Bengal was the first province where East India Company established its colonial rule.

Lord Cornwallis was the commander of the British forces during the American War of Independence and the Governor General of Bengal when the Permanent Settlement was introduced there in 1793.

In 1796, a local raja who wanted to build a temple stumbled upon the ruins of the stupa at Amaravati.
He decided to use the stone, and thought there might be some treasure buried in what seemed to be a hill.