CUET Sociology Previous Year Solved Paper 2 (25 August 2022 Slot-1) - Humanities/Arts MCQ

Life Expectancy refers to the estimated number of years that an average person is expected to survive.

Population momentum refers to a situation, where a large cohort of women of reproductive age will fuel population growth over the next generation, even if each woman has fewer children than previous generations did.

Population studies or social demography, on the other hand, enquires into the wider causes and consequences of population structures and change.

Malthus believed therefore that ‘positive checks’ to population growth – in the form of famines and diseases – were inevitable because they were nature’s way of dealing with the imbalance between food supply and increasing population.

The sex ratio refers to the number of females per 1000 males in a given area at a specified time period.

Examples of such dominant castes include the Yadavs of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, the Vokkaligas of Karnataka, the Reddys and Khammas of Andhra Pradesh, the Marathas of Maharashtra, the Jats of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh and the Patidars of Gujarat.

Jotirao Govindrao Phule denounced the injustice of the caste system and scorned its rules of purity and pollution. In 1873 he founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers Society), which was devoted to securing human rights and social justice for low-caste people.
Savitri Bai Phule was the first headmistress of the country’s first school for girls in Pune. She devoted her life to educating Shudras and Ati- Shudras. She started a night school for agriculturists and labourers. She died while serving plague patients.

The Government of India Act of 1935 was passed which gave legal recognition to the lists or ‘schedules’ of castes and tribes marked out for special treatment by the state. This is how the terms ‘Scheduled Tribes’ and the ‘Scheduled Castes’ came into being.

Caste involves a system consisting of many castes arranged in a hierarchy of rank and status.
Castes also involve sub-divisions within themselves, i.e., castes almost always have subcastes and sometimes sub-castes may also have subsub-castes. This is referred to as a segmental organisation.
Caste membership also involves rules about food and food-sharing.

The line of descent can be matrilineal or patrilineal.

The most famous of the early political economists was Adam Smith, who in his book, The Wealth of Nations, attempted to understand the market economy that was just emerging at that time.

Liberalisation includes a range of policies such as the privatisation of public sector enterprises.
Another word for such changes is marketisation, or the use of markets or market-based processes (rather than government regulations or policies) to solve social, political, or economic problems.

Other Backward Classes were described as the ‘socially and educationally backward classes’.

• To ensure their politi cal control, the W hite European minority developed the policy of apartheid, or separation of the races.
• Trans Gender – In general ‘male body’ and ‘female body’ as social unit are unchanging identity but due to so many researches in the field of physiology, the notion of the body is now liked with ‘choice structure’.
• Third Gender – Third gender refers to that social category of persons who are neither male nor female.
• Adivasis are indigenous population who fought for their identities.

Prejudices refer to pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another. The word literally means ‘prejudgement’, that is, an opinion formed in advance of any familiarity with the subject, before considering any available evidence.

• Stree Purush Tulana (or Comparison of Men and Women) was written by a Maharashtrian housewife, Tarabai Shinde, as a protest against the double standards of a male dominated society.
• Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain was born in a well-to-do Bengali Muslim family, and was lucky to have a husband who was very liberal in outlook and encouraged her education first in Urdu and later in Bengali and English. She was already a successful author in Urdu and Bengali when she wrote Sultana’s Dream to test her abilities in English.
• Ranade used the writings of scholars such as Bishop Joseph Butler whose Analogy of Religion and Three Sermons on Human Nature dominated the moral philosophy syllabus of Bombay University in the 1860s. At the same time, M.G.
  Ranade’s writings entitled the The Texts of the Hindu Law on the Lawfulness of the Remarriage of Widows and Vedic Authorities for Widow Marriage elaborated the shastric sanction for remarriage of widows.

In Indian nationalism, the dominant trend was marked by an inclusive and democratic vision.
Inclusive because it recognised diversity and plurality.

The separation of religious and political authority marked a major turning point in the social history of the west. This separation was related to the process of “secularisation”, or the progressive retreat of religion from public life, as it was converted from a mandatory obligation to a voluntary personal practice. Secularisation in turn was related to the arrival of modernity and the rise of science and rationality as alternatives to religious ways of understanding the world. The Indian meanings of secular and secularism
include the western sense but also involve others.

Community identity is based on birth and ‘belonging’ rather than on some form of acquired qualifications or ‘accomplishment’. It is what we ‘are’ rather than what we have ‘become’.

The Indian people had a brief experience of authoritarian rule during the ‘Emergency’ enforced between June 1975 and January 1977.
Parliament was suspended and new laws were made directly by the government. Civil liberties were revoked and a large number of politically active people were arrested and jailed without trial. Censorship was imposed on the media and government officials could be dismissed without normal procedures.

Sanskritisation as a concept has been criticised at different levels. One, it has been criticised for exaggerating social mobility or the scope of ‘lower castes’ to move up the social ladder. For it leads to no structural change but only positional c hange of som e indiv iduals. ‘Sanskritisation’ seems to justify a model that rests on inequality and exclusion. It appears to suggest that to believe in pollution and purity of groups of people is justifiable or all right. The effect of such a trend is that the key characteristics of dalit culture and society are eroded.

There is a vital difference between the empire building of pre-capitalist times and that of capitalist times. Pre-colonial rulers simply took the tribute that was skimmed off the economic surplus that was produced traditionally in the subjugated areas.

Cities had a key role in the econom ic system of empires. Coastal cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai were favoured. From here primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be cheaply imported.
Colonial cities were the prime link between the economic centre or core in Britain and periphery or margins in colonised India. Cities in this sense were the concrete expression of global capitalism.

The Britain, the first society to under go industrialisation, was also the earliest to move from being rural to a predominantly urban country.

In the modern west, secularisation has usually meant a process of decline in the influence of religion.

The following powers and responsibility were delegated to the Panchayats:

• to prepare plans and schemes for economic development
• to promote schemes that will enhance social justice
• to levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees
• help in the devolution of governmental responsibilities, especially that of finances to local authorities

Nyaya Panchayats hav e been constituted in some states. They possess the authority to hear some petty, civil and criminal cases.

Impact of Green Revolution:

• an increase in the use of agricultural labour as cultivation became more intensive;
• a shift from payment in kind (grain) to payment in cash;
• a loosening of traditional bonds or hereditary relationships between farmers or landowners and agricultural workers (known as bonded labour) and
• the rise of a class of ‘free’ wage labourers.

In the first phase of the Green Rev olution, in the 1960s and 1970s, the introduction of new technology seemed to be increasing inequalities in rural society. Increasing commercialisation and dependence on the market in these areas (for instance, where cotton cultivation has been promoted) has increased rather than reduced livelihood insecurity, as farmers who once grew food for consumption now depend on the market for the incomes.

Rural life also supported many other specialists and crafts persons as storytellers, astrologers, priests, water-distributors, and oil-pressers. The diversity of occupations in rural India was reflected in the caste system, which in most regions included specialist and ‘service’ castes such as Dry Cleaners, Potters, and Goldsmiths.