Geography: CUET Mock Test - 5 - Humanities/Arts MCQ

Circular villages develop around lakes, tanks and sometimes a village is planned in such a way that the central part remains open and is used for keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals.

Industrial belts create jobs and attract a large number of people. These include not only factory workers but also bus drivers, shopkeepers, bank employees, doctors, teachers, and other service providers. The Kobe-Osaka region of Japan is densely populated, because of the presence of several industries such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, machinery, devices, chemicals, food, and construction. After Tokyo, this is Japan's most populous region.

Medieval towns are fort towns which came up on the ruins of ancient towns. Important among them are Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra and Nagpur.

The importance of the Great Indian Plains:
1) With a population of approximately 65 crores, these plains cultivate approximately 60% of India's food production.
2) These plains incorporate vast political, cultural, and economic powers.
3) Delhi, India's national capital, is located in the northern plains.
4) There is immense concentration of rural and urban people.

People prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes. This is because such areas are favourable for the production of crops and to build roads and industries. The mountainous and hilly areas hinder the development of transport network and, hence initially do not favour agricultural and industrial development.

First Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) was published in 1990. Since then, this organisation has been bringing out World Human Development Report every year. This report does not only define human development, make amendments and changes its indicators but also ranks all the countries of the world based on the calculated scores.

Most of India's foreign trade is carried through sea and air routes. However, a small portion is also carried through land route to neighbouring countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the Central Government are known as the National Highways. These roads are meant for inter-state transport and movement of defence men and material in strategic areas. These also connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railway junctions. The National Highways Authority of India was operationalised in 1995. It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport.

Each parcel of land has a finite capacity to support the people who live on it. As a result, it is critical to comprehend the relationship between the number of people and the size of land. This ratio represents population density. It is usually expressed in terms of people per square kilometre.
Population Density = Population/Area
Region X has a land area of 100 square kilometres and a population of 1,50,000 people.
The population density is calculated as follows:
= 1500 people per square kilometre

The use of land is determined through:
Physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types.
Human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc.
Hence, the use of land is not determined through temperature factors.

Among the union territories, Lakshadweep has the highest literacy rate of 92.3%. The male literacy rate is 96.1%, whereas the female literacy rate is 88.2%.

Ploughing along the contour lines decelerates the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing.
Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. This type of agriculture practice is done in Western and Central Himalayas.
When a large field is divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow between the crops, then this breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.

The term conurbation was coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915 and applied to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of originally separate towns or cities. Greater London, Manchester, Chicago and Tokyo are examples.

Urban agglomeration is a highly developed spatial form of integrated cities. It occurs when the relationships among cities shift from mainly competition to both competition and cooperation. An urban agglomeration may consist of any one of the following three combinations:
(i) A town and its adjoining urban outgrowths
(iii) Two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths
(iv) A city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths together forming a contiguous spread

Rural settlements may be classified on the basis of number of geometrical forms and shapes such as linear, rectangular, circular, star-like, T-shaped village, double village, cross-shaped village, etc. Double villages: These villages can be found on both sides of a river where a ferry or bridge connects them.

The Government of India with its flagship programme Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) aims at a pollution-free environment. Its objectives are:

• Making India open defecation-free and achieving 100 percent scientific management of municipal solid waste, construction of individual household latrines (IHHL), community toilet (CT) seats and public toilet (PT) seats;
• Making provisions for the supply of clean energy fuel (LPG) to all households in rural India to reduce domestic pollution;
• Providing potable drinking water to every household to control the spread of water-borne diseases; and
• Promoting the use of non-convention energy resources, like wind and solar energy.

Jute is used for making coarse cloth, bags, sacks and decorative items. It is a cash crop in West Bengal and adjoining eastern parts of the country. India lost large jute growing areas to East Pakistan (Bangladesh) during partition. At present, India produces about three-fifths of jute production of the world. West Bengal accounts for about three-fourths of the production in the country. Bihar and Assam are other jute growing areas. Being concentrated only in a few states, this crop accounts for only about 0.5 percent of total cropped area in the country.

Haryana has the lowest sex ratio (877) in Indian states while in union territory Daman Diu has lowest sex ratio of 618. Kerala has the highest sex ratio of 1084 in the all Indian states.

Pampas are fertile South American lowlands that cover more than 12,00,000 square kilometres (4,60,000 square miles) and include the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, and Córdoba; all of Uruguay; and Brazil's southernmost state, Rio Grande do Sul. The region has extremely fertile soil where commercial grain farming is practised.

Market gardening and horticulture are specialised in the cultivation of high value crops such as vegetables, fruits and flowers. This type of agriculture is well developed in densely populated industrial areas.

The Ruhr Coalfield, Germany 

• This has been one of the major industrial regions of Europe for a long time.
• Coal and iron and steel formed the basis of the economy, but as the demand for coal declined, the industry started shrinking.
• Even after the iron ore was exhausted, the industry remained, using imported ore brought by waterways to the Ruhr.
• The Ruhr region is responsible for 80 per cent of Germany’s total steel production.
• This is Germany's most densely populated region.
• The Ruhr coalfield is one of the world's largest, producing the bulk of Germany's bituminous coal.
• Hence the correct answer is option C.

The correct answer is- industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels

• Acid rain means the presence of excessive acids in rainwater.
• The causes of acid rain are Sulfur and Nitrogen particles which get mixed with the wet components of rain.
• Sulfur and Nitrogen particles which get mixed with water are found in two ways either man-made as the emissions are given out from industries or by natural causes.
• Natural causes of acid rain are oxides of sulfur and nitrogen from volcanoes, swamps, and plankton in the oceans.
• However, most of the acids are produced by human activities like power generation from fossil fuels which produces around 70% of the SO² produced in the atmosphere. However, this is not a natural source but is an anthropogenic source.

Hence, The main cause of acid rain is industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels​

Footloose industries 

• Footloose industries can be located in a wide variety of places.
• They are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight loss or otherwise.
• Hence the correct answer is option B.
• They largely depend on component parts which can be obtained anywhere.
• They produce in small quantities and also employ a small labour force.
• These are generally not polluting industries.
• The important factor in their location is accessibility by road network.

The correct answer is Mixed farming

• Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together are the chief characteristics of mixed farming and in India, animal rearing is considered an associate business with agricultural activities in rural India.
• Animal husbandry is an integral component of Indian agriculture, supporting the livelihood of almost 55% of the rural population as India is the highest livestock owner in the world.
• Cultivation of crops in India is the primary activity, which produces food grains and raw materials for industries as two-thirds of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities.
• Mixed farming is a type of farming that involves both the growing of crops and the raising of livestock together.
• Alternatively, Mixed farming is one of the agricultural methods in which more than one agricultural practices take place on the same agricultural field.

Factors Affecting Mining Activity

• The profitability of mining operations thus depends on two main factors -
• Physical factors include the size, grade and mode of occurrence of the deposits.
• Economic factors such as the demand for the mineral, technology available and used, capital to develop infrastructure and labour and transport costs.
• Hence the correct answer is option C.

The correct answer is Option C.

• The Integrated Tribal Development Programme was formally launched in 1974 with the Fifth Five Year Plan.
• The Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDP) under Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) is being implemented since the Fifth Five Year Plan.
• Objectives: To reduce poverty, improve the educational status and eliminate exploitation of the tribal families.
• Ministry of Tribal Affairs releases grants to the State Governments for the implementation of the schemes/ programmes for Scheduled Tribes meant for their socio-economic development and protection against exploitation. 
• This plan laid the highest priority on the development of transport and communications, agriculture and allied activities, and social and community services.
• The social benefits derived from ITDP include a tremendous increase in literacy rate, improvement in sex ratio and decline in child marriage.
• The administrative arrangements to execute this program exists in all states like the Integrated Tribal Development Authority and the system of decentralised planning, implementation and monitoring is being implemented.

The correct answer is Salinization.

• Salinization is an increase in the total dissolved solids (TDS) as the salt of the aquifer caused by natural or anthropogenic factors.
• Salinization is a global problem.
  • It tends to be concentrated in the world’s arid and semi-arid regions.
• Gypsum (calcium sulfate) or lime can be used to help leach salt from the soil.

The correct answer is Marginal land.

Marginal land is land with little to no agricultural or commercial value.

Negative impact on urban areas:

• Automobile exhausts increase pollution and lead level in the air.
• Intensive urban growth can lead to greater poverty with local governments unable to provide services for all their people.
• Too much dumping of waste creates multiple health hazards, that increase the rate of illness in that area.
• Here conditions are unhygienic with poor sanitation, leading to water accumulation and breeding grounds for mosquitoes, houseflies etc in nearby areas.
• Urban areas' poor drainage system leads to flooding in the lower urban are.
• Overpopulation leads to a high demand for water which causes water scarcity.
• Physical barriers to tree growth-promoting loss of urban tree cover.
• Overpopulation in urban areas leads to the loss of habitat and food sources.
• In urban areas lack of safety and high crime rate sometimes comes as a negative thing in the environment.
• Competition for a limited number of jobs (unskilled) occurs between locals and urban migrants.
• Since most cities in developing countries are unplanned, it creates severe congestion.
• In urban areas, an increasing proportion of the population lives in substandard housing, e.g. slums and squatter settlements that low the standard of living in those areas.

By increasing the risk of illness and diseases - Negative Impact

Increase in crime rate in urban areas - Negative Impact

Unemployment leads to decrease standards in urban areas - Negative Impact

Thus, All the options are correct.

Problems of Rural Settlements

• Rural settlements in the developing countries are large in number and poorly equipped with infrastructure. 
• They represent a great challenge and opportunity for planners. 
• Supply of water to rural settlements in developing countries is not adequate. 
• People in villages, particularly in mountainous and arid areas have to walk long distances to fetch drinking water. 
• Water borne diseases such as cholera and jaundice tend to be a common problem. 
• The countries of South Asia face conditions of drought and flood very often. 
• Crop cultivation sequences, in the absence of irrigation, also suffer. 
• The general absence of toilet and garbage disposal facilities cause health related problems. 
• The design and use of building materials of houses vary from one ecological region to another. 
• The houses made up of mud, wood and thatch, remain susceptible to damage during heavy rains and floods, and require proper maintenance every year. 
• Most house designs are typically deficient in proper ventilation. 
• Besides, the design of a house includes the animal shed along with its fodder store within it. 
• This is purposely done to keep the domestic animals and their food properly protected from wild animals. 
• Unmetalled roads and lack of modern communication networks creates a unique problem. 
• During the rainy season, the settlements remain cut off and pose serious difficulties in providing emergency services. 
• It is also difficult to provide adequate health and educational infrastructure for their large rural population. 
• The problem is particularly serious where proper villagization has not taken place and houses are scattered over a large area.