Test: Additional Evidence - GMAT MCQ

First, Company X had $$$ in sales in 95. An American racer in an international race attributed to unusually high sales.
Second, Company X had $$$$$$ sales in 96, despite a broad drop in sales.

This is simply a strengthen question. We have to fill the gap that while sales were down broadly, the answer choice supports why Company X still higher higher sales than the previous year.

A. Foreign manufacturers of racing bikes announced increased sales of their products in Europe in 1996 compared with 1995.
Nowhere in the prompt does it say that what is true for European companies is true for American companies.

B. In the first quarter of 1996, the American cyclist who won the high-profile international race in 1995 announced that he was switching to the racing bike made by the manufacturer in question.
The American cyclist who brought unusually high sales in 95, switched to Company X in 96. Decent choice, let's look at the others.

C. In the first quarter of 1995, the manufacturer in question first began selling its top-of-the-line “Titanium Extreme” model.
The test maker wants to throw you off by using these buzz words, 'top of the line' and 'extreme.' But really, we cannot conclude anything about this release.

D. In the second quarter of 1996, the manufacturer announced that it would begin production of skateboarding equipment in the following quarter.
Same as answer C. We can conclude nothing about this statement and does not help fill the gap or explain why profits were better, despite broadly lower sales

E. Intense competition in the racing bike market forced a competitor of the manufacturer to go out of business in the fourth quarter of 1996.
The logic here makes sense, but we can conclude that Company X's higher sales were attributed to this? Causation vs Correlation

A) Winnings from card games are generally larger than winnings from slot machines.
This premise, although potentially true, does not directly relate to the argument. The argument is focused on the treatment of shills' winnings from "Chicken," not a comparison between card games and slot machines in general. Therefore, this choice is not the most suitable addition to the argument.

B) Employees are more likely to win at "Chicken" than at slot machines.
This premise introduces the idea that employees have a higher likelihood of winning at "Chicken" compared to slot machines. If this were true, it would support the notion that shills should be able to keep their winnings from "Chicken" since they already keep their slot machine winnings. Therefore, this premise strengthens the conclusion and is a logical addition to the argument.

C) Card games attract more gamblers to casinos than do slot machines.
While this premise provides information about the popularity of card games compared to slot machines, it doesn't directly relate to the treatment of shills' winnings from "Chicken." It doesn't provide any support for the idea that shills should be able to keep their "Chicken" winnings. Therefore, this choice is not the most suitable addition to the argument.

D) In the experience of most casino owners, "Chicken" is more marketable than slot machines are.
Although this premise suggests that "Chicken" is more marketable than slot machines, it doesn't provide any information about shills' winnings or their treatment. The argument focuses on whether shills should be allowed to keep their winnings from "Chicken," not the marketability of the game. Therefore, this choice is not the most suitable addition to the argument.

E) In terms of the amount of luck versus skill involved in winning, "Chicken" is more nearly comparable to slot machines than to card games.
This premise directly addresses the comparison between "Chicken," slot machines, and card games in terms of luck versus skill. It establishes that "Chicken" is more similar to slot machines in this regard, supporting the idea that shills should be allowed to keep their winnings from "Chicken" just as they keep their slot machine winnings. Therefore, this premise strengthens the conclusion and is the most suitable addition to the argument.

Based on the logical analysis, the answer choice that would strengthen the conclusion the most is E) "In terms of the amount of luck versus skill involved in winning, 'Chicken' is more nearly comparable to slot machines than to card games."

The correct answer to logically complete the argument is E) be thinner in the portion of the glass that is under the pressure of the object than in those portions of the glass that are not under that pressure.

The argument establishes that glass is a fluid and does not compress like steel. Instead, it flows when put under pressure, redistributing itself from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure. Given this information, if a heavy object is placed in the middle of a horizontal sheet of glass, the glass will gradually flow over time. Therefore, the portion of the glass under the pressure of the object will experience more flow and thinning compared to the areas not under pressure.

Choice A is incorrect because the argument does not suggest that the glass will become larger in size. It only mentions that the glass will flow from areas of high pressure to low pressure.

Choice B is incorrect because the argument does not state that the glass will flow toward the point of greatest pressure. It emphasizes that the glass will flow from areas of high pressure to low pressure.

Choice C is incorrect because the argument establishes that glass does not compress like steel. It does not suggest that the glass will compress, even if it is not as much as a piece of steel would.

Choice D is incorrect because the argument does not provide any information or evidence to suggest that the glass will divide into two unequal pieces. It focuses on the glass flowing, not on it breaking into separate pieces.

Therefore, the most logical completion of the argument is that the sheet of glass will be thinner in the portion under the pressure of the object than in the portions of the glass not under that pressure (Choice E).

To determine which premise, when introduced into the argument, would make it logically correct except for one, let's analyze each answer choice:

A. Collard greens have more nutritional value than kale.
If this premise were introduced, it would directly contradict the initial statement that "kale has more nutritional value than spinach." Therefore, this premise would not make the argument logically correct.

B. Spinach has more nutritional value than lettuce.
This premise does not affect the comparison between kale and lettuce. It provides additional information about the nutritional value of spinach and lettuce, but it doesn't change the relationship between kale and lettuce. Therefore, this premise could make the argument logically correct.

C. Spinach has more nutritional value than collard greens.
If this premise were introduced, it would not impact the initial statement that "kale has more nutritional value than spinach." Therefore, this premise could make the argument logically correct.

D. Spinach and collard greens have the same nutritional value.
If this premise were introduced, it would not impact the comparison between kale and lettuce. It provides information about the nutritional value of spinach and collard greens, but it doesn't change the relationship between kale and lettuce. Therefore, this premise could make the argument logically correct.

E. Kale and collard greens have the same nutritional value.
If this premise were introduced, it would directly contradict the initial statement that "kale has more nutritional value than spinach." Therefore, this premise would not make the argument logically correct.

After evaluating each answer choice, the premise that would make the argument logically correct except for one is option A. Introducing the premise that "collard greens have more nutritional value than kale" contradicts the initial statement about kale having more nutritional value than spinach. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Dylan's response to Alan can be best described as D. Dylan challenges Alan's reasoning by explaining why two situations that Alan perceives as similar are not.

Dylan provides a counterargument to Alan's claim that reducing poverty and increasing funding to education will effectively bring down overall crime rate and reduce the threat from terrorism. Dylan highlights a specific study conducted in a different country that shows terrorists, unlike other criminals, tend to be better educated and not necessarily from lower income classes. By doing so, Dylan challenges the assumption made by Alan that the factors contributing to theft and murder are the same as those contributing to terrorism. Dylan's response questions the similarity between the two situations and presents an alternative perspective, thus challenging Alan's reasoning.

To determine whether the conclusion drawn by Dr. Godfrey can be logically defended against Dr. Nash's counterargument, we need to find the answer choice that helps in evaluating the relationship between working long hours at part-time jobs and academic problems in high school. Let's analyze each answer choice:

(A) whether people who have had academic problems in high school are ultimately less successful in their careers than people who have not had such problems.
This answer choice focuses on the long-term career success of individuals who faced academic problems in high school. While this information may be interesting, it does not directly address the relationship between working long hours at part-time jobs and academic problems. Therefore, it does not provide a helpful evaluation of the conclusion drawn by Dr. Godfrey in response to Dr. Nash's counterargument.

(B) whether students are allowed to spend more than 15 hours per week at school-sponsored nonacademic extracurricular activities such as team sports or clubs.
This answer choice introduces the possibility of students engaging in nonacademic extracurricular activities for more than 15 hours per week. While this information may be relevant to the overall time commitment of students, it does not directly evaluate the impact of working long hours at part-time jobs on academic problems. Therefore, it is not the most helpful in defending Dr. Godfrey's conclusion.

(C) whether the students who work more than 15 hours per week and have academic problems had such problems before they began to work that many hours.
This answer choice directly addresses the timing of academic problems and working long hours at part-time jobs. It evaluates whether the students who experienced academic problems had those problems before they started working long hours. This information is crucial for determining the causal relationship between work hours and academic problems, and it helps in evaluating the conclusion drawn by Dr. Godfrey in response to Dr. Nash's counterargument. Therefore, this answer choice is the most helpful in defending Dr. Godfrey's conclusion.

(D) whether employers and high school students typically obey all the laws that regulate the conditions under which young people may legally be employed.
This answer choice focuses on the adherence to employment laws by employers and high school students. While this information may be relevant to the legal aspect of part-time jobs for high school students, it does not directly evaluate the relationship between work hours and academic problems. Therefore, it is not the most helpful in defending Dr. Godfrey's conclusion.

(E) whether high school students who have after-school jobs continue to work at those jobs after graduating from high school.
This answer choice focuses on the continuation of after-school jobs for high school students after graduation. While this information may be interesting, it does not directly evaluate the impact of working long hours at part-time jobs on academic problems during high school. Therefore, it is not the most helpful in defending Dr. Godfrey's conclusion.

After analyzing each answer choice, we can conclude that the most helpful answer choice in determining whether Dr. Godfrey's conclusion can be logically defended against Dr. Nash's counterargument is (C) whether the students who work more than 15 hours per week and have academic problems had such problems before they began to work that many hours.

To evaluate the support for the archaeologists' hypothesis regarding the transportation of stones from Copacabana to Tiwanaku using reed boats, we need to find the answer choice that provides relevant information for assessing the validity of their claim. Let's analyze each answer choice:

(A) whether the traditional techniques for building reed boats were in use at the time Tiwanaku was inhabited.
This answer choice addresses the historical context and whether the traditional techniques for building reed boats were used during the time Tiwanaku was inhabited. Knowing this information is crucial for evaluating the feasibility of using reed boats for stone transportation. If the traditional techniques were not in use during that period, it weakens the support for the archaeologists' hypothesis. Therefore, this answer choice is useful in evaluating the support for their claim.

(B) whether green andacite stones quarried at the time Tiwanaku was inhabited were used at any sites near Copacabana.
This answer choice focuses on the usage of green andacite stones at sites near Copacabana during the time Tiwanaku was inhabited. While this information may provide additional insights into the stone usage and transportation patterns, it does not directly evaluate the support for the archaeologists' hypothesis regarding the transportation of stones using reed boats. Therefore, it is not the most useful answer choice for evaluating their claim.

(C) whether reed boats are commonly used today on the lake.
This answer choice discusses the current usage of reed boats on the lake. While it provides some information about the contemporary use of reed boats, it does not directly evaluate the support for the archaeologists' hypothesis regarding the transportation of stones in the past. Therefore, it is not the most useful answer choice for evaluating their claim.

(D) whether the green andacite stones at Tiwanaku are the largest stones at the site.
This answer choice focuses on the size of the green andacite stones at Tiwanaku. While it may provide information about the stones' characteristics, it does not directly evaluate the support for the archaeologists' hypothesis regarding stone transportation. Therefore, it is not the most useful answer choice for evaluating their claim.

(E) whether the reed boat built for the experimenters is durable enough to remain usable for several years.
This answer choice addresses the durability of the reed boat used in the experiment. While it may provide insights into the boat's longevity, it does not directly evaluate the support for the archaeologists' hypothesis regarding stone transportation in the past. Therefore, it is not the most useful answer choice for evaluating their claim.

After analyzing each answer choice, we can conclude that the most useful answer choice for evaluating the support for the archaeologists' hypothesis is (A) whether the traditional techniques for building reed boats were in use at the time Tiwanaku was inhabited.

The sentence "Also, CO₂ and the other gases emitted by aircraft could be even more damaging to the environment because" suggests that there is a reason why the emissions from aircraft are particularly harmful to the environment. To complete the passage, we need to provide an explanation for this.

Option (C) "the effect of a given amount of emission is greater at higher altitudes" provides a logical continuation of the sentence. This statement suggests that emissions from aircraft at higher altitudes have a greater impact on the environment compared to emissions from vehicles on the ground. The higher altitude allows the emissions to disperse more widely and stay in the atmosphere for longer periods, potentially causing more damage.

Therefore, the best completion for the passage is option (C) "the effect of a given amount of emission is greater at higher altitudes."

To evaluate the support given for the conclusion that the ash from Mount Etna's eruption spread over great distances, we need to find the answer choice that provides relevant information for assessing the validity of this claim. Let's analyze each answer choice:

(A) modern monitoring equipment can detect the precise path of volcanic ash in the atmosphere.
This answer choice focuses on the technological capability of modern monitoring equipment to detect the precise path of volcanic ash in the atmosphere. While this information may be interesting, it does not directly evaluate the support for the conclusion that the ash from Mount Etna's eruption spread over great distances. Therefore, it is not the most important answer choice for determining the validity of the claim.

(B) the abnormal weather in China lasted for a full year or longer.
This answer choice addresses the duration of the abnormal weather in China following Mount Etna's eruption. While the duration of the abnormal weather may be relevant to understanding the impact and extent of the volcanic ash, it does not directly evaluate the support for the conclusion regarding the spread of ash over great distances. Therefore, it is not the most important answer choice for evaluating the claim.

(C) temperatures in Sicily were abnormally cold after Mount Etna erupted.
This answer choice discusses the temperatures in Sicily following Mount Etna's eruption. While this information may provide insights into the local effects of the eruption, it does not directly evaluate the support for the conclusion regarding the spread of ash over great distances. Therefore, it is not the most important answer choice for assessing the claim.

(D) there were any volcanic eruptions near China around the time of Mount Etna's eruption.
This answer choice addresses the occurrence of volcanic eruptions near China during the time of Mount Etna's eruption. Knowing if there were any other volcanic eruptions in the vicinity helps to establish if the abnormal weather in China could be attributed solely to the eruption of Mount Etna. Therefore, this answer choice is relevant to evaluating the support for the conclusion.

(E) subsequent eruptions of Mount Etna were as powerful as the one in 44 B.C.
This answer choice focuses on the power of subsequent eruptions of Mount Etna. While it may provide some insights into the recurrence of powerful eruptions, it does not directly evaluate the support for the conclusion regarding the spread of ash over great distances. Therefore, it is not the most important answer choice for evaluating the claim.

After analyzing each answer choice, we can conclude that the most important answer choice for evaluating the support given for the conclusion is (D) there were any volcanic eruptions near China around the time of Mount Etna's eruption. By determining if there were other volcanic eruptions near China during that time, we can assess whether the abnormal weather and phenomena in China were solely attributable to the ash from Mount Etna's eruption or if other volcanic activities could have contributed to the observed effects.

To further support the conclusion that the high rate of diabetes among the Timas in Gredaria is a result of their dietary choices, we need to find an answer choice that provides evidence connecting the consumption of heavily processed foods and the prevalence of diabetes. Let's evaluate each answer choice:

A. Among the 62 percent of Timas living in Gredaria who are not experiencing diabetes are many who consume large amounts of heavily processed foods.
This answer choice suggests that there are Timas in Gredaria who consume heavily processed foods but do not have diabetes. While this information may raise doubts about the direct correlation between heavily processed foods and diabetes, it does not provide further evidence supporting the conclusion. Therefore, it weakens the argument rather than supporting it.

B. When asked, Timas who eat heavily processed foods and are experiencing diabetes generally indicate that they are not aware that there could be a connection between their diets and their health issues.
This answer choice states that Timas who consume heavily processed foods and have diabetes are generally not aware of the potential link between their diets and their health issues. This information suggests a lack of awareness and knowledge about the impact of their dietary choices on their health, supporting the conclusion that their high rate of diabetes results from their dietary choices. Therefore, it provides further evidence supporting the conclusion.

C. Because Gredaria is a technologically advanced nation, Timas in Gredaria who are experiencing diabetes have access to advanced medications for managing diabetes symptoms.
This answer choice introduces information about the availability of advanced medications for managing diabetes in Gredaria. While this may be relevant to the healthcare options for Timas with diabetes, it does not directly support the conclusion that the high rate of diabetes results from dietary choices. Therefore, it is not the best answer choice for providing further evidence.

D. In the Timas who live in Lexica, who consume a traditional diet that includes no heavily processed foods, the rate of diabetes is 7 percent.
This answer choice provides a comparison between the Timas in Gredaria and the Timas in Lexica. It states that in Lexica, where the Timas consume a traditional diet without heavily processed foods, the rate of diabetes is significantly lower. This information strengthens the argument by suggesting that the dietary choices, specifically the consumption of heavily processed foods, are indeed a factor contributing to the high rate of diabetes among the Timas in Gredaria. Therefore, it provides further evidence supporting the conclusion.

E. The Timas who maintain healthy body weights as a result of their engaging in strenuous activity while farming experience diabetes only rarely.
This answer choice presents information about Timas who engage in strenuous activity while farming and maintain healthy body weights. It states that this group experiences diabetes only rarely. While this information may suggest a potential link between physical activity, body weight, and diabetes, it does not directly support the conclusion that the high rate of diabetes among the Timas in Gredaria results from dietary choices. Therefore, it is not the best answer choice for providing further evidence.

After evaluating each answer choice, we can conclude that the answer choice that provides further evidence supporting the conclusion is (B) "When asked, Timas who eat heavily processed foods and are experiencing diabetes generally indicate that they are not aware that there could be a connection between their diets and their health issues." This answer choice strengthens the argument by highlighting the lack of awareness among Timas who consume heavily processed foods and have diabetes, thereby supporting the conclusion that their high rate of diabetes results from their dietary choices.