Test: Complete the Passage - GMAT MCQ

A. Good choreography must be combined with a talented and determined cast of dancers in order to create a successful dance production.

This option does not directly address the information provided in the passage. While it's true that a successful dance production requires a combination of good choreography and talented dancers, this option does not specifically relate to the idea that the production in question used borrowed concepts from others.

B. The smaller individual components of certain entities can be detached and then rearranged to form a completely new creation.

This option aligns with the passage's theme. It suggests that the choreographer took existing concepts, movements, and storylines from other works and rearranged them to create a new and unique production. The critics' acclaim, stating that it is like nothing they've ever seen, supports the idea that the rearrangement of these smaller components resulted in a fresh and innovative performance.

C. The choreographer utilized ideas belonging to unknown creations previously formulated by others.

This option suggests that the choreographer specifically borrowed ideas from unknown creations that were formulated by others. However, the passage does not provide information about the source of the ideas used by the choreographer, whether they were from unknown creations or well-known works.

D. An idea that is removed from its original context and used in another is sure to lose the very essence of its charm.

This option addresses the potential loss of charm or essence when an idea is taken out of its original context and used elsewhere. However, the passage does not provide information about whether the production lost or retained the charm of the original ideas it borrowed. The critics' acclaim suggests that the production was successful despite using borrowed concepts.

E. One should always strive for complete originality while refraining from basing ideas on those that have already been used.

This option suggests that one should strive for complete originality and avoid basing ideas on those that have already been used. However, the passage presents a different perspective where the production's success comes from the rearrangement of existing concepts rather than striving for complete originality.

In summary, option B aligns best with the information provided in the passage, as it captures the idea of rearranging smaller components to create something new and unique.

(A) employee dissatisfaction causes more aggregate hours to be taken to complete a task and so would be prevented under "temporization."

This completion challenges the presupposition in the passage that the increased number of employees performing a task while slightly decreasing aggregate hours leads to increased productivity and employee satisfaction. It suggests that the claim is based on the assumption that employee dissatisfaction causes more hours to be taken to complete a task, and "temporization" prevents this by ensuring employee satisfaction. However, the passage does not provide any evidence or explanation for this presupposition, making it questionable.

(B) The goal of employers is to maximize their employees' productivity rather than their businesses' profitability.

This option introduces a different presupposition, suggesting that the goal of employers is focused on maximizing employees' productivity rather than overall profitability. While this statement might be true in some cases, it does not directly challenge the claim made in the passage regarding productivity and employee satisfaction under "temporization."

(C) The strategy of "temporization" would require employers to approach hiring and human resources issues in a challenging new way.

This option addresses the potential challenges employers might face in implementing "temporization" as a strategy. However, it does not directly challenge the presupposition regarding productivity and employee satisfaction.

(D) "Temporization" is a recently-developed business strategy that has not yet been put into practice.

This option challenges the presupposition that "temporization" is an established and practiced strategy. However, the passage presents "temporization" as an existing strategy without suggesting it is a recently-developed one.

(E) "Temporization" could be implemented by hiring workers currently employed by competitors.

This option introduces a potential method of implementing "temporization" by hiring workers employed by competitors. However, it does not directly challenge the presupposition regarding productivity and employee satisfaction.

A. Some students who admitted to plagiarizing once may have plagiarized more frequently: This option suggests that the reported percentage of 40 percent may underestimate the true extent of plagiarism because some students who admitted to plagiarizing once may have actually engaged in plagiarism multiple times. In other words, the reported percentage only accounts for students who admitted to at least one instance of plagiarism, but it doesn't capture the frequency of plagiarism for each student.

B. Statistics taken from high schools across the nation indicate that 62 percent of high school students have cheated on tests: This option provides a separate statistic related to cheating on tests, which is not directly related to the issue of plagiarism. While it highlights a concerning trend of academic dishonesty, it doesn't necessarily explain why the reported percentage of 40 percent may be lower than the actual percentage of plagiarism among the seniors.

C. Some students who did not take the survey have never plagiarized: This option suggests that there may be students who did not participate in the questionnaire but have never engaged in plagiarism. If the students who did not take the survey are significantly different from those who did, it could potentially skew the reported percentage. However, this option doesn't directly address why the reported percentage may underestimate the true extent of plagiarism.

D. Some students who claimed not to have plagiarized may not have been truthful: This option implies that some students who denied plagiarizing may have been dishonest in their responses. It suggests that there could be students who have actually engaged in plagiarism but chose not to admit it. This discrepancy between reported responses and actual behavior would result in the reported percentage being lower than the true percentage of students who have plagiarized.

E. Some students who claimed to have plagiarized may not have been truthful: This option suggests that there may be students who falsely admitted to plagiarism on the questionnaire. In other words, some students who claimed to have plagiarized may have been dishonest in their responses. This would lead to an overestimation of the reported percentage, as some students may have falsely admitted to engaging in plagiarism.

Out of these options, option D is the most relevant and directly explains why the reported percentage of plagiarism may be lower than the actual percentage.

A. Only candidates with significant campaign resources should be permitted to run for public office: This option suggests that only candidates who have substantial campaign resources should be allowed to run for public office. However, this solution does not address the dilemma raised in the argument regarding the unfair advantage that candidates with vastly more resources would have over their rivals. It also does not address the obligation of democratic governments to ensure equal opportunities for all voices to be heard.

B. An upper limit on the political campaign spending of each candidate is warranted: This option aligns with the argument presented by the political scientist. It proposes the implementation of an upper limit on the amount of money that each candidate can spend on their political campaign. This limit aims to address the concern of candidates with excessive spending power having an unfair advantage, while still allowing individuals the freedom to spend money within certain boundaries.

C. Government subsidization of all political campaigns at a low percentage of their total cost is warranted: This option suggests that the government should provide subsidies to all political campaigns, albeit at a low percentage of their total cost. While this solution aims to level the playing field by providing support to all candidates, it does not directly address the issue of candidates with significantly greater resources having an unfair advantage. Additionally, it raises the question of whether it is practical or feasible for governments to subsidize all political campaigns.

D. All wealthy persons should be prohibited from spending their own money on political campaigns: This option proposes that wealthy individuals should be prohibited from using their own money for political campaigns. While it may address concerns about the influence of wealth in politics, it contradicts the initial statement that individuals should be free to spend their money as they choose. This solution does not strike a balance between individual freedom and equal opportunities in political campaigns.

E. Each candidate should be allowed to spend as much money on a political campaign as any other candidate chooses to spend: This option suggests complete freedom in campaign spending, allowing each candidate to spend as much money as they choose. However, this solution does not address the concern raised in the argument about candidates with vastly greater resources having an unfair advantage. It also does not align with the notion that democratic governments have an obligation to ensure equal opportunities for all voices to be heard.

Among these options, option B, which proposes an upper limit on political campaign spending, best aligns with the political scientist's argument by addressing the issue of unfair advantage while still respecting individual freedom to spend within certain limits.

A. Most people live in areas where the ozone layer is thickest: This option does not directly complete the passage or provide a reason why chlorofluorocarbons should not be used. It presents a fact about the distribution of the ozone layer but does not contribute to the argument against the use of chlorofluorocarbons.

B. Users of chlorofluorocarbons are generally unaware of the risks involved: This option suggests that the reason why chlorofluorocarbons should not be used is that the users of these substances are generally unaware of the risks associated with them. While this may be a valid concern, it does not directly complete the passage or provide a strong argument against the use of chlorofluorocarbons.

C. Most chlorofluorocarbons are used in small amounts: This option indicates that most chlorofluorocarbons are used in small quantities. However, it does not directly complete the passage or provide a reason why chlorofluorocarbons should not be used. The argument in the passage is focused on the harmful effects of even small amounts of chlorofluorocarbons, so the emphasis on small usage amounts may not strengthen the argument against their use.

D. Safe and equally cheap replacements are readily available: This option best completes the passage and provides a strong argument against the use of chlorofluorocarbons. It states that safe alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons exist, and these alternatives are equally inexpensive. This completion supports the argument that there is no need to use chlorofluorocarbons when viable and affordable alternatives are available.

E. The ozone layer serves to protect human life in a variety of ways: This option highlights the importance of the ozone layer in protecting human life in various ways. While it is a relevant statement, it does not directly complete the passage or provide a reason why chlorofluorocarbons should not be used.

Among the given options, option D provides the most suitable completion by offering a strong argument against the use of chlorofluorocarbons - the availability of safe and equally cheap alternatives.

The best completion of the passage is: C. a successful architect who reacts to the introduction of computer drafting programs by rejecting those programs in favor of traditional drafting methods.

This option provides a clear example of a professional who responds to change in a hostile manner. Despite the introduction of computer drafting programs, which are new technologies in the field, the architect chooses to reject them and stick with traditional drafting methods. This showcases a refusal to embrace new techniques and technologies, which aligns with the argument presented in the passage.

A. This option describes a calligrapher designing a printer font based on her own calligraphy when faced with new computerized printing techniques. While this may show a different approach to embracing change, it does not represent a hostile attitude toward it.

B. This option presents an accountant specializing in one of the new accounting programs rather than gaining superficial knowledge of both. While it may reflect a focused approach, it does not demonstrate a hostile response to change.

D. This option describes a managing partner of a law firm instructing members to learn new software designed for legal research. This suggests an openness to change and an embrace of new technologies, which is contrary to the hostile attitude described in the passage.

E. This option describes a college professor using modified accounting software for tracking student grades, even though it was not designed for that purpose. While this may show adaptability, it does not exemplify a hostile attitude toward change.

Overall, option C is the best completion as it clearly portrays a professional rejecting new technologies in favor of traditional methods, which aligns with the concept of a hostile attitude toward change discussed in the passage.

The best completion of the passage is: (B) no longer insist upon separate schools for boys and girls.

This completion follows the logical flow of the argument. If the administrators realized that children are more likely to develop the desired attitudes in the company of the opposite sex, it would contradict their belief in the necessity of separating boys and girls. As a result, they would no longer insist upon separate schools for boys and girls.

(A) This option suggests putting an end to all parochial education. While it may be an extreme solution, there is no evidence or argument in the passage to support such a drastic measure.

(C) This option suggests abolishing all racial discrimination in religious schools. However, the passage does not discuss racial discrimination or indicate that it is related to the segregation of boys and girls.

(D) This option suggests stopping the teaching of religious values and focusing solely on secular education. While it may be an extreme reaction, the passage does not indicate that the administrators should completely abandon religious instruction or change the focus of the education provided.

(E) This option suggests reinforcing the policies of isolating the sexes in separate programs. However, this option contradicts the hypothetical realization that children would be more likely to develop desired attitudes in the company of the opposite sex. It does not align with the understanding that the administrators' beliefs may be flawed.

Among the given options, option (B) is the best completion as it logically follows from the realization that children may develop the desired attitudes in the company of the opposite sex, leading to a reconsideration of the insistence on separate schools for boys and girls.

A. The process of the creation of such preservatives is lengthy and complex.
This option does not directly support the argument. While a lengthy and complex creation process for chemical preservatives might suggest that they are not desirable, it does not address the potential harm to consumers or provide a reason why they need not be included in products.

B. They have been known to produce an undesirable aftertaste in food products.
This option also does not directly support the argument. While an undesirable aftertaste could be a reason to avoid using chemical preservatives, it does not address the potential harm to consumers or provide a strong enough reason to exclude them from products.

C. Health is not an overly important factor in the development of a commercial product.
This option weakens the argument. If health is not considered an important factor in developing a commercial product, then the argument's premise that chemical preservatives lead to harmful results loses its weight. This option does not provide a strong reason to exclude chemical preservatives based on the potential harm they may cause.

D. It has been found that natural stabilizers are equally effective without being unhealthy.
This option best completes the argument. It provides a reason why chemical preservatives need not be included in products. It suggests that natural stabilizers can effectively preserve the products without causing harm to consumers. This aligns with the argument's premise that chemical preservatives lead to harmful results in consumers.

E. The raw materials needed to formulate them are extremely costly.
This option does not directly support the argument. While costly raw materials might be a reason to consider alternatives, it does not address the potential harm to consumers or provide a strong enough reason to exclude chemical preservatives from products.

In conclusion, option D provides the most logical completion by offering an alternative solution that effectively preserves products without causing harm to consumers.

The most logical completion of the passage would be option D: although the bones in the legs are large, severe impacts in that area are very likely to cause serious injury, such as a compound fracture.

This option provides a reason to support the argument that airbags should protect the legs. It states that severe impacts to the legs are highly likely to result in serious injuries, such as compound fractures. Since the study shows that a large proportion of injuries in car accidents are caused by blows to the legs, including leg protection in airbags would greatly reduce the risk of serious injury. This option strengthens the argument by highlighting the importance of protecting the legs, which the current airbags do not address.

A. Among the drivers included in the study's sample of injuries, only a very small proportion had been wearing an airbag at the time of the accident.
This option does not directly support the argument. While it suggests that the use of airbags was not prevalent among the drivers in the study, it does not provide a reason why airbags should protect the legs.

B. Even those drivers who drive cars with airbags have poor understanding of the degree and kind of protection that airbags afford.
This option is not directly related to the argument. It discusses the drivers' understanding of airbag protection, but it does not provide a reason to include leg protection in airbags.

C. An airbag that included protection for the legs would have to be somewhat larger and more expensive than current airbags.
This option does not directly support the argument either. While it mentions the potential size and cost implications of including leg protection in airbags, it does not provide a strong reason why it should be done to reduce the risk of serious injury.

E. Drivers generally remain in their seat when they crash, which reduces the likelihood of severe impacts to the legs.
This option weakens the argument. If drivers generally remain in their seat during crashes, which reduces the likelihood of severe impacts to the legs, it diminishes the importance of including leg protection in airbags. This option does not provide a strong reason to support the argument.

In conclusion, option D is the most logical completion as it provides a reason to include leg protection in airbags based on the likelihood of serious injury resulting from severe impacts to the legs.

A. The school cafeteria does not receive any outside funding.
If the school cafeteria relies solely on the allocated budget without any additional funding sources, it could limit their ability to purchase higher-quality ingredients or invest in improved cooking methods. This lack of additional funding might hinder their efforts to serve healthier food options.

B. The cafeteria's ordering process requires that all meals for a semester be planned before the semester starts.
If the cafeteria has to plan meals in advance for an entire semester, it may limit their flexibility to adapt to changing nutritional guidelines or availability of healthier ingredients. They might have locked in meal plans that do not align with the desired nutritional improvements, leading to no change in the overall quality of school lunches.

C. The prices of healthy ingredients have increased at a rate much higher than the rate of inflation.
This option directly addresses the issue by stating that the prices of healthy ingredients have risen significantly. If the cost of nutritious ingredients has increased at a rate exceeding the inflation rate, it becomes harder for the cafeteria to afford those ingredients within the allocated budget. This financial constraint could prevent them from providing healthier food options and result in no improvement in nutritional quality.

D. When the budget change occurred, the nutritional quality of Happy Meadows' school lunches was at an all-time low.
If the nutritional quality of the school lunches was already at an all-time low when the budget increase was implemented, it suggests that there were underlying challenges in improving the quality even with the additional funding. It implies that the starting point was so low that even with the budget increase, significant improvements were difficult to achieve.

E. The most recent budget increase was only the second such increase in the last eight years.
This option suggests that there have been limited budget increases over the years. If the school has not received frequent budget increases, it might have struggled to address the longstanding issue of providing healthier food options. Insufficient funding over an extended period could hinder their ability to make significant changes and improve the nutritional quality of school lunches.

Considering all the options, option C, which highlights the increased prices of healthy ingredients, provides the most plausible explanation for the lack of improvement in the nutritional quality of Happy Meadows' school lunches.