UPSC EPFO Mock Test - 9 - UPSC MCQ

• The Declaration of Philadelphia adopted by the 26th session of ILO
  The principle "labour is not a commodity" is stated in the Declaration of Philadelphia, which was adopted by the 26th Session of the International Labour Conference (ILO) in 1944. This declaration is an important document in the field of international labour rights.
• Content of The Declaration of Philadelphia
  The Declaration of Philadelphia restates the fundamental principles on which the organization is based and sets the aims the ILO should pursue in the postwar world.
  It reaffirms the relevance of the fundamental principles proclaimed in 1919, and places a new emphasis on human rights, economic planning, and social security.
• Significance of the Principle
  The statement "labour is not a commodity" means that labour should not be treated merely as an article of commerce or a tool of production that can be bought and sold like any other commodity in the market.
  The principle emphasizes the dignity of labour and the fundamental rights of workers. It implies that workers should not be exploited and that they deserve fair wages, safe working conditions, and respectful treatment.

Impact of the Principle

• This principle has had a significant impact on labour standards worldwide. It has influenced the development of labour laws and policies, which aim to protect workers' rights and improve their working conditions.
• It has also guided the work of the ILO, which seeks to promote social justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights.

Businessman start business in market his link very high so didn't get convinced people and easily call business partner to import products.

So option B is correct

Foreign exchange act as a cushion in times of recession or mass economic disharmony in a country. They act as a last resort in times of crisis.

Answer: b

Explanation: 

In a study by a team of researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur has highlighted the effect of biomass burning in increasing atmospheric aerosols and in turn atmospheric warming through light absorption. While the role of black carbon produced by biomass burning in increasing atmospheric warming has already been well established, this study highlights the lesser-known role of brown carbon.

Compared with earlier studies carried out in the U.S, absorption of light of 365 nanometre wavelength was found to be five times higher in Kanpur, which has a high biomass burning area. Also, brown carbon accounts for about 30 per cent of light absorption in Kanpur. The results were published on November 24 in the journal Scientific Reports.

The correct option is Option B.

In bookkeeping and accounting, a ledger is a book (or record) for collecting historical transaction data from a journal and organizing entries by account. The ledger provides the transaction history and current balance in each accounting system account, throughout the accounting period.

• Partition sparked a major political crisis along religious lines. Hindu resistance exploded as the Indian National Congress began the Swadeshi movement that included boycotting British goods and public institutions, meetings and processions, forming committees, propaganda through the press and diplomatic pressure.

• Moreover, revolutionary terrorism was also on the rise. The British needed to control all this. Because of the protests and terrorism, the British had to annul the partition in 1911 finally. On the other hand, the Muslims in East Bengal hoped that a separate region would give them more control over education and employment; hence, they opposed those movements.

• In 1911, Delhi became capital of India, headed by a Commissioner and then known as ‘Chief Commissioner’s Province.’ In key legislations of that era, in 1919 and 1935, Delhi was seen as a centrally- administered territory.

• In 1950 Delhi became a Part C state, but in 1951 this category was abolished. All C-states got their own Legislative Assembly.

• It is administered under Article 239 AA. Article 239 AA was incorporated in the Constitution in 1992. It creates a ‘special’ constitutional set up for Delhi.

• It has provisions for popularly elected assembly, a council of ministers responsible to the assembly and a certain demarcation of responsibilities between the LG and the ministers' council.

• As per Article 239 AA (3) (a), the Delhi assembly can legislate on all those matters listed in the State List and Concurrent List as apply to union territories. The public order, police and land are reserved for the LG.

• This special setup worked well mainly because the same party held office at the centre and Delhi for much of the time. Things changed when different governments ruled the city and the centre.

In 1839,     founded the Tatvbodhini Sabha to propagate Rammohan Roy’s ideas. In time it came to include most of the prominent followers and independent thinkers. The Tatvbodhini Sabha and its organ the Tatvbodhini Patrika promoted a systematic study of India’s past in the Bengali language. It also helped spread a rational outlook among the intellectuals of Bengal. In 1843, Debendranath Tagore reorganised the Brahmo Samaj and put new life into it.

Robert F. Hoxie was a renowned economist and labor historian who was known for his advocacy for functional types of trade unions. His support for this kind of union organization is particularly evident in his work "Trade Unionism in the United States," published posthumously in 1919.
Understanding Functional Trade Unions

• Functional trade unions are those that are organized around a particular skill or trade. They seek to protect and promote the interests of workers who share a similar professional skill or occupation.
• Compared to industrial unions that include all workers in a particular industry, regardless of their specific roles or skills, functional trade unions are more focused and often more effective in advocating for the specific needs and interests of their members.

Robert F. Hoxie and Functional Trade Unions

• In his work, Hoxie identified different types of trade unions, one of which is the functional type. He argued that functional trade unions have a significant role to play in the labor movement.
• Hoxie believed that functional trade unions could provide an effective means for workers to collectively bargain for better wages, working conditions, and other benefits. They could also contribute to the broader goal of improving the overall economic and social conditions of workers.
• Furthermore, Hoxie suggested that functional trade unions could serve as a vehicle for workers to gain more control over their work and their workplace. For instance, they could negotiate for greater job security, better training opportunities, and more say in decision-making processes.
• It was also Hoxie's belief that functional trade unions, with their focus on specific trades or skills, could help to promote the professionalization of these trades or skills. This could lead to higher standards of work, better quality of products or services, and greater respect and recognition for the workers in these trades or skills.

All 3 statements are correct.

The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) is a statutory body established under Article 338A of the Constitution of India. The NCST was set up on 19 February 2004 with the objective of protecting, promoting and safeguarding the interests of the Scheduled Tribes.

The NCST has the following functions:

• To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Scheduled Tribes under the Constitution or under any other law for the time being in force or under any other order of the Government;
• To evaluate the working of such safeguards;
• To make recommendations to the Central Government and the State Governments on the measures required to be taken for the protection, development and welfare of the Scheduled Tribes;
• To advise the Central Government and the State Governments on any matter relating to the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes;
• To take up such other work as may be entrusted to it by the Central Government or the State Governments.

The NCST is headed by a Chairperson who is appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Chairperson is assisted by a Vice-Chairperson and a few members. The NCST has its headquarters in New Delhi and has regional offices in different parts of the country.

In addition to the above, the NCST also has the following powers:

• To call for information from any person or authority;
• To examine any record;
• To require the attendance of any person and to examine him on oath;
• To commission any inquiry;
• To publish its reports.

The NCST has been successful in playing an important role in safeguarding the rights of Scheduled Tribes. The Commission has been successful in raising awareness about the problems faced by these communities, and in bringing about positive changes in their lives.

15 33 50 rise narrow bowl tap 55 deal 76 night.

Answer: d

Explanation:

The 1st International Agro biodiversity Congress was held in New Delhi and throughout the Congress, delegated discussed various aspects of access, conservation and use of agro biodiversity. Then, the delegates unanimously adopted the Preamble and Delhi Declaration on Agro biodiversity Management at the concluding session.

The Declaration called upon nations to accord top priority to the agro biodiversity conservation and their sustainable use towards achieving targets of SDGs relating to poverty alleviation, food and nutritional security, good health, gender equity and partnership. Moreover, it recognized the importance of traditional knowledge on agro biodiversity of farm men and women, pastoralists and other tribal and rural communities and their central role in its conservation and use for a food and climate resilient world. 

Explanation of the answer:
Given Statements:
- A > N = I > W < O < P
- O > S
- T < N
We need to find the validity of the given conclusions:
1. P > S
2. A < W
Conclusion 1: P > S
- From the first statement, we have O < P
- From the second statement, we have O > S
- Combining these two, we get: S < O < P, which implies P > S
- Therefore, Conclusion 1 is true.
Conclusion 2: A < W
- From the first statement, we have A > N = I > W
- This implies A > W, which is opposite to the given conclusion (A < W)
- Therefore, Conclusion 2 is false.
Based on the above analysis, the correct answer is **A: Only I is true**.Only I is true

R.K. Das, a renowned scholar and expert in the field of labour law, specified four major principles of labour legislations. These principles are important as they lay the groundwork for understanding the rights, responsibilities, and protections for workers. They are:

1. Principle of Protection:
   This principle focuses on protecting workers against certain types of business-related risks. These risks could include workplace injuries, occupational diseases, unemployment, and other similar hazards. The principle of protection aims to ensure that employees are not left without any form of protection or compensation in such situations.
2. Principle of Fair Wages:
   The principle of fair wages states that every worker has the right to receive a fair and equitable wage for the work they perform. This principle is based on the belief that wages should not be determined solely by the free play of economic forces but should also consider the basic needs of the workers and their families.
3. Principle of Workers' Participation in Management:
   According to this principle, workers should have a say in the decision-making processes of their workplace. It advocates for the involvement of workers in managerial decisions, which can lead to improved working conditions and a better understanding between management and workers.
4. Principle of Social Justice:
   The principle of social justice emphasizes the need for policies and laws that ensure justice and equity in the workplace. This principle seeks to balance the interests of workers and employers and promote a more equitable distribution of wealth.

These principles, as proposed by R.K. Das, form the basis of labour legislations and aim to create a balanced and fair work environment where the rights and interests of workers are protected.

Statement 3 is incorrect.

Tropical cyclones are those which develop in the regions between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer. They are the most devastating storms on Earth. Such cyclones develop when “thunderstorm activity starts building close to the centre of circulation, and the strongest winds and rain are no longer in a band far from the centre”. The core of the storm turns warm, and the cyclone gets most of its energy from the “latent heat” released when water vapour that has evaporated from warm ocean waters condenses into liquid water. Moreover, warm fronts or cold fronts aren’t associated with tropical cyclones.

Tropical cyclones have different names depending on their location and strength. For instance, they are known as hurricanes in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Atlantic Ocean and the eastern and central North Pacific Ocean. In the western North Pacific, they are called typhoons.

Bio gas is primarily methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S), moisture and siloxanes.

"It is said that achievement brings out the best in a person”.

Statement 2 is incorrect.

• India has been growing poppy at least since the 15th century, as per historical records. The British East India Company assumed monopoly on the cultivation of poppy when the Mughal Empire was on the decline, and the entire trade was brought under government control by 1873.
• After India gained independence, the cultivation and trade of opium passed on to the Indian government, with the activity being controlled by The Opium Act, 1857, The Opium Act, 1878, and The Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930. At present, the cultivation and processing of poppy and opium is controlled by the provisions of The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act and Rules.
• In India, drug consumption or possession is a criminal offence. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act of 1985 is the main legislation dealing with drugs and their trafficking.
• Currently, the NDPS Act only adopts a reformative approach towards addicts.
• Department of Revenue – the NDPS Act’s nodal administrative authority.
• Giving weight to the right to a speedy trial, the Supreme Court recently held that “undue delay” in a trial can be a ground for granting bail to an accused even under stringent special legislation such as the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985.
• NDPS is an exception to the ordinary rules for granting bail. Under Section 37 of the Act, for a court to grant bail it has to be satisfied that “that there are reasonable grounds for believing that he is not guilty of such an offence” and that upon release, “isn’t likely to commit any offence.” This high bar, requiring the accused to prove innocence at the time of seeking bail, ensures getting bail under the law is virtually impossible for certain offences.

Let the number of buffaloes be x and number of ducks be y.
Now, number of heads = x + y
Number of legs = 4x + 2y  .......(1) 
But given that legs = 2(x + y) + 24 ......(2)
solving (1) & (2),we get
4x + 2y = 2x + 2y + 24 
--> x = 12.
Therefore number of buffaloes =12

X+Y+Z = 23
X+Y+1 = Z
Z = 12

Under this method, the amount of depreciation is calculated as a fixed percentage of the reducing or diminishing value of the asset standing in the books at the beginning of the year, so as to bring down the book value of the asset to its residual value. The amount of depreciation goes on decreasing every year.

After the elections it was discovered that the phones had been bugged.

Originally, the period allowed for approval by the Parliament was two months but was reduced to 1 month by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978.

The Grounds for removal of Judge of SC are two - proved misbehaviour and incapacity.

The removal procedure is regulated by The Judges Enquiry Act 1968.

It is true that so far no judge of the Supreme Court has been removed by impeachment, but there was one single case of impeachment that was put forth in the Lok Sabha against V Ramaswami (1991-1993)

Given 5x - 6 = 3x - 8

5x - 3x = -8 + 6

2x = -2

=> x = -1.

History and Formation of Madras Labour Union

• The Madras Labour Union is known to be the first organized trade union in India. It was established in the year 1918, marking the beginning of the trade union movement in the country.
• The establishment of the Madras Labour Union was largely influenced by the labour unrest that was prevalent during the First World War. The union was formed with the primary aim of addressing the grievances of workers and improving their working conditions.
• The founding members of the Madras Labour Union included B.P. Wadia, V. Kalyanasundaram Mudaliar, and others. B.P. Wadia, an influential social reformer, played a significant role in the formation and growth of the union.
• The Madras Labour Union represented a wide range of workers, including those from the textile industry, railway industry, and other industrial sectors. The union played a crucial role in advocating for the rights of workers and negotiating with employers for better wages and working conditions.
• Through its actions and initiatives, the Madras Labour Union set a precedent for the formation of other trade unions in different parts of India. It marked a significant milestone in the history of the labour movement in India.

The anti defection law gives a clear cut constitutional recognition to the existence of political parties.

A macro is a sort of instruction that can generate many lines of machine language code. The computer language VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) is used to create macros in Excel. The purpose of employing a macro code is to automatically do an Excel task that would otherwise require manual labor.