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CAT Practice Test - 22 - CAT MCQ


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30 Questions MCQ Test - CAT Practice Test - 22

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CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 1

Arrange the jumbled sentences in order.

1. When I reflected on his crimes and malice, my hatred and revenge burst all bounds of moderation.
2. There was always scope for fear so long as anything I loved remained behind.
3. I would have made a pilgrimage to the highest peak of the Andes, could I when there have precipitated him to their base.
4. I had been the author of unalterable evils, and I lived in daily fear lest the monster whom I had created should perpetrate some new wickedness.
5. My abhorrence of this fiend cannot be conceived.
6. I had an obscure feeling that all was not over and that he would still commit some signal crime


Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 1

Statement 4 introduces the author and states his fear from his own created monster. Statement 6 elaborates on the author's fear discussed in 4. In statement 2 "scope for fear" relates to "all was not over" in statement 6. Statement 5 must precede Statement 1 as both of them express the author’s ‘hatred’ towards this monster. Statement 1 says that the author's hatred burst all bounds of moderation and statement 3 how far he is willing to go to get rid of the monster.
Hence, the correct sequence is 462513.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 2

Carefully read the statements in the questions below and arrange them in a logical order.

1. Knowledge and use of basic mathematics have always been an inherent and integral part of individual and group life.
2. The development continued in fitful bursts until the Renaissance period of the 16th century, when mathematical innovations interacted with new scientific discoveries, leading to an acceleration in research that continues to the present day.
3. Refinements of the basic ideas are visible in mathematical texts originating in the ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Chinese, Greek and Islamic worlds.
4. Through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, mathematics evolved from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects.
5. Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid's Elements.


Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 2

Statement 4 says that mathematics evolved through abstraction and reasoning. Then statement 1 continues by saying that it is human nature to use basic mathematics. Statement 3 talks about the evidence of the abstractions(refinements) discussed previously are visible in mathematical texts from different worlds.
Statement 2 will logically follow statement 5, since 2 speaks about "fitful bursts" following statement 5 with "rigorous arguments". Hence, the correct sequence is 41352.

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CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 3

Given below are a few jumbled sentences. Rearrange the sentences in a proper and logical sequence.

1. Joseph Vehling, a chef who translated Apicius in the 1930s, reckoned the author had been deliberately obscure, lest his secrets leak out.
2. “De re coquinara” (concerning cookery) is attributed to a Roman gourmet named Apicius who, legend has it, poisoned himself upon learning that he could no longer afford to eat fancy food.
3. Its instructions are basic, often more so than the flour-dusted notes that many modem cooks keep stuffed into the pages of a favourite book.
4. As a cookbook, though, “De re coquinara” is unsatisfactory.
5. A more likely reason is that Apicius’s recipes were written by and for professional cooks, who could decipher their shorthand.


Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 3

The passage basically talks about “De re coquinara”, a cookery book written by Apicius. The statement which introduces the book is 2.
4 is the second statement since it talks about the book being unsatisfactory (describes the book). 2-4-3 is more appropriate than 2-4-1, since statement 3 talks about the reasons which make “De re coquinara” unsatisfactory. ‘Its instructions’ in statement 3 refers to the book spoken about in statement 4. ‘A more likely reason’ indicates that 5 should follow 1.
Hence, the correct sequence is 24315.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 4

Each of the questions below consists of a set of labelled sentences. These sentences, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Choose the most logical order of sentences from the options.

1. The various forms of human cloning are controversial.
2. Some people and groups oppose therapeutic cloning, but most scientific, governmental and religious organizations oppose reproductive cloning.
3. Various scientific organizations have made public statements suggesting that human reproductive cloning be banned until safety issues are resolved.
4. Serious ethical concerns have been raised by the idea that it might be possible in the future to harvest organs from clones.
5. There have been numerous demands for all progress in the human cloning field to be halted.


Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 4

Statement 1 starts with an article. Secondly, it introduces the topic of “human cloning”. Therefore, it is the introductory statement. Statement 5 will follow 1 since 1 mentions the controversy surrounding human cloning and 5 describes the effects of that controversy- calls for all progress to be halted. Therefore, option 4 can be eliminated. 2-3 is a pair since 2 continues the theme of banning human cloning first mentioned in statement 5. Furthermore, statement 2 mentions what type of organisations oppose reproductive cloning- one of the organisations being scientific organisations-while statement 3 gives the reason why scientific organisations want cloning to be banned; until safety issues are resolved.
Since the 1523 link has been established, statement 4 can only be the concluding statement.
Hence, the correct sequence is 15234.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 5

Group Question

A passage is followed by questions pertaining to the passage. Read the passage and answer the questions. Choose the most appropriate answer.

Several different U.S. and international studios animate The Simpsons. Throughout the run of the animated shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo. With the debut of the series, because of an increased workload, Fox subcontracted production to several international studios, located in South Korea. These are AKOM, Anivision, Rough Draft Studios, U.S. Animation, Inc., and Toonzone Entertainment. Artists at the U.S. animation studio, Film Roman, draw storyboards, design new characters, backgrounds, props and draw character and background layouts, which in turn become animatics to be screened for the writers at Grade Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas.

The overseas studios then draw the inbetweens, ink and paint, and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the United States to be delivered to Fox three to four months later. For the first three seasons, Klasky Csupo animated The Simpsons in the United States. In 1992, the show's production company, Grade Films, switched domestic production to Film Roman, who continue to animate the show as of 2009. In Season 14, production switched from traditional cel animation to digital ink and paint. The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was "Radioactive Man" in 1995. Animators used digital ink and paint during production of the Season 12 episode "Tennis the Menace," but Grade Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later. The already completed "Tennis the Menace" was broadcast as made. The series began high- definition production in Season 20; the first episode, "Take My Life, Please", aired February 15, 2009. The move to HDTV needed to include a new opening sequence, which was cumbersomely added. Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation.

 

Q. Which of the following options sums up the animation process of The Simpsons succinctly?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 5

The process is simple, Film Roman to Gracie Films to South Korea and back; however, what each of them does is pretty important. This is captured in option 1. 
Option 2 changes the sequence of rendering the animation. According to the passage, the animation is rendered and then sent back.
Option 3 changes the meaning with ‘send it back from America’ Option 4 brings in new data with ‘pan-Asian studios’ whereas the passage only mentions Korean studios.
Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 6

Several different U.S. and international studios animate The Simpsons. Throughout the run of the animated shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo. With the debut of the series, because of an increased workload, Fox subcontracted production to several international studios, located in South Korea. These are AKOM, Anivision, Rough Draft Studios, U.S. Animation, Inc., and Toonzone Entertainment. Artists at the U.S. animation studio, Film Roman, draw storyboards, design new characters, backgrounds, props and draw character and background layouts, which in turn become animatics to be screened for the writers at Grade Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas.

The overseas studios then draw the inbetweens, ink and paint, and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the United States to be delivered to Fox three to four months later. For the first three seasons, Klasky Csupo animated The Simpsons in the United States. In 1992, the show's production company, Grade Films, switched domestic production to Film Roman, who continue to animate the show as of 2009. In Season 14, production switched from traditional cel animation to digital ink and paint. The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was "Radioactive Man" in 1995. Animators used digital ink and paint during production of the Season 12 episode "Tennis the Menace," but Grade Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later. The already completed "Tennis the Menace" was broadcast as made. The series began high- definition production in Season 20; the first episode, "Take My Life, Please", aired February 15, 2009. The move to HDTV needed to include a new opening sequence, which was cumbersomely added. Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation.

 

Q. What can be concluded about Animation technology from the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 6

Nothing in the passage hints that the evolution of animation was faster or slower than normal; just that it happened, gradually, over a period of 20 years. Whenever there were changes in animation, there were changes in the way The Simpsons was created, and hence we can say that they evolved together. Options 1, 2 and 4 are wrong, as the passage does not support them.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 7

Several different U.S. and international studios animate The Simpsons. Throughout the run of the animated shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo. With the debut of the series, because of an increased workload, Fox subcontracted production to several international studios, located in South Korea. These are AKOM, Anivision, Rough Draft Studios, U.S. Animation, Inc., and Toonzone Entertainment. Artists at the U.S. animation studio, Film Roman, draw storyboards, design new characters, backgrounds, props and draw character and background layouts, which in turn become animatics to be screened for the writers at Grade Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas.

The overseas studios then draw the inbetweens, ink and paint, and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the United States to be delivered to Fox three to four months later. For the first three seasons, Klasky Csupo animated The Simpsons in the United States. In 1992, the show's production company, Grade Films, switched domestic production to Film Roman, who continue to animate the show as of 2009. In Season 14, production switched from traditional cel animation to digital ink and paint. The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was "Radioactive Man" in 1995. Animators used digital ink and paint during production of the Season 12 episode "Tennis the Menace," but Grade Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later. The already completed "Tennis the Menace" was broadcast as made. The series began high- definition production in Season 20; the first episode, "Take My Life, Please", aired February 15, 2009. The move to HDTV needed to include a new opening sequence, which was cumbersomely added. Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation.

 

Q. Which of the following is true about HDTV?
A. A new opening sequence was added to The Simpsons.
B. It occurred in the year 2009, in the 20th season of The Simpsons.
C. It was a complicated change because it affected the time and composition of the animation.
D. The first episode was called ‘Take my life, please” and it aired in February.

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 7

All the statements have been mentioned in the concluding lines of the passage - “The series began high-definition production in Season 20; the first episode, "Take My Life, Please", aired February 15, 2009. The move to HDTV needed to include a new opening sequence. Matt Groening called it a complicated change because it affected the timing and composition of animation.” Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 8

Group Question

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

To begin with, in the pre-independence period, labour rights, trade unions, and freedom of association were all suppressed. As a result, labour activism became part of the civil disobedience and unrest. Postindependence Indian labour law was so closely linked to the Indian independence movement, that the then newly framed Constitution of India in 1950, included fundamental labour rights, such as the right to join and take action in a trade union, the principle of equality at work and the aspiration of creating a living wage with decent working conditions. Despite several decades of economic progress, labour laws enshrined in the constitution have not largely been amended nor reformed over the years, making them archaic to contemporary businesses and ways of working in a technology-centric world. While laws are one thing, the productivity of labour is also another cause for concern. Studies conducted over the years have shown that India is affected by low productivity (defined as output per employee) of labour compared to other developing nation. Perhaps this mood was reflected when during the early days of offshoring, firms from the developed world (The US and Western Europe) showed greater interest in setting up manufacturing facilities in Thailand, Mexico, China, Vietnam and Philippines rather than in India. It is interesting to note that although these countries (like India) had an equally bad record of bureaucracy and corruption, the labour in these countries was found to be more productive.

Apparently, political ideologies and mindsets are also to be blamed. Studies have indicated that regional mindset has impaired domestic industry and economic growth. For example, in Kerala alone there were nearly 363 “hartals” called by different political parties, between 2005 and 2012, making them days of unproductive labour. Moreover, a political climate dominated by the socialist ideology during the 70’s and 80’s contributed to a mindset which perceived profit making and enterprise a taboo, thereby also laying extra emphasis on workercentric labour policies. Nevertheless, the current union government is taking an industry-friendly attitude and hopes to transform India into a manufacturing hub over the next years.

 

Q. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 8

Option 1 is contradicted by “Despite several....technologycentric world.” Option 2 is contradicted by “It is interesting...productive.” Option 3 is contradictory to the fact that labour activism became a part of civil disobedience movement.
Option 4 can be inferred from “ Perhaps this...in India.” Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 9

To begin with, in the pre-independence period, labour rights, trade unions, and freedom of association were all suppressed. As a result, labour activism became part of the civil disobedience and unrest. Postindependence Indian labour law was so closely linked to the Indian independence movement, that the then newly framed Constitution of India in 1950, included fundamental labour rights, such as the right to join and take action in a trade union, the principle of equality at work and the aspiration of creating a living wage with decent working conditions. Despite several decades of economic progress, labour laws enshrined in the constitution have not largely been amended nor reformed over the years, making them archaic to contemporary businesses and ways of working in a technology-centric world. While laws are one thing, the productivity of labour is also another cause for concern. Studies conducted over the years have shown that India is affected by low productivity (defined as output per employee) of labour compared to other developing nation. Perhaps this mood was reflected when during the early days of offshoring, firms from the developed world (The US and Western Europe) showed greater interest in setting up manufacturing facilities in Thailand, Mexico, China, Vietnam and Philippines rather than in India. It is interesting to note that although these countries (like India) had an equally bad record of bureaucracy and corruption, the labour in these countries was found to be more productive.

Apparently, political ideologies and mindsets are also to be blamed. Studies have indicated that regional mindset has impaired domestic industry and economic growth. For example, in Kerala alone there were nearly 363 “hartals” called by different political parties, between 2005 and 2012, making them days of unproductive labour. Moreover, a political climate dominated by the socialist ideology during the 70’s and 80’s contributed to a mindset which perceived profit making and enterprise a taboo, thereby also laying extra emphasis on workercentric labour policies. Nevertheless, the current union government is taking an industry-friendly attitude and hopes to transform India into a manufacturing hub over the next years.

 

Q. A suitable title for the passage would be:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 9

In the first paragraph, the author highlights the importance of labour laws and later on speaks about India’s struggle to become a manufacturing hub given the stagnant labour laws driven by political interference. Hence, in the above passage it boils down to the issue of India's sluggish manufacturing sector.
This ideology is reflected in option 3.
Option 1 with “Future” is out of scope.
Option 2 is generic and can be eliminated.
Option 4 is vague and can be eliminated.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 10

To begin with, in the pre-independence period, labour rights, trade unions, and freedom of association were all suppressed. As a result, labour activism became part of the civil disobedience and unrest. Postindependence Indian labour law was so closely linked to the Indian independence movement, that the then newly framed Constitution of India in 1950, included fundamental labour rights, such as the right to join and take action in a trade union, the principle of equality at work and the aspiration of creating a living wage with decent working conditions. Despite several decades of economic progress, labour laws enshrined in the constitution have not largely been amended nor reformed over the years, making them archaic to contemporary businesses and ways of working in a technology-centric world. While laws are one thing, the productivity of labour is also another cause for concern. Studies conducted over the years have shown that India is affected by low productivity (defined as output per employee) of labour compared to other developing nation. Perhaps this mood was reflected when during the early days of offshoring, firms from the developed world (The US and Western Europe) showed greater interest in setting up manufacturing facilities in Thailand, Mexico, China, Vietnam and Philippines rather than in India. It is interesting to note that although these countries (like India) had an equally bad record of bureaucracy and corruption, the labour in these countries was found to be more productive.

Apparently, political ideologies and mindsets are also to be blamed. Studies have indicated that regional mindset has impaired domestic industry and economic growth. For example, in Kerala alone there were nearly 363 “hartals” called by different political parties, between 2005 and 2012, making them days of unproductive labour. Moreover, a political climate dominated by the socialist ideology during the 70’s and 80’s contributed to a mindset which perceived profit making and enterprise a taboo, thereby also laying extra emphasis on workercentric labour policies. Nevertheless, the current union government is taking an industry-friendly attitude and hopes to transform India into a manufacturing hub over the next years.

 

Q. The low labor productivity in India can be attributed to:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 10

Option 1 is not corroborated by the passage.
Option 2 is apt and has been elaborately explained in the last paragraph.
Option 3 is not mentioned in the passage.
Although “corruption” is mentioned in the passage, in light of option 2 it falls short.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 11

To begin with, in the pre-independence period, labour rights, trade unions, and freedom of association were all suppressed. As a result, labour activism became part of the civil disobedience and unrest. Postindependence Indian labour law was so closely linked to the Indian independence movement, that the then newly framed Constitution of India in 1950, included fundamental labour rights, such as the right to join and take action in a trade union, the principle of equality at work and the aspiration of creating a living wage with decent working conditions. Despite several decades of economic progress, labour laws enshrined in the constitution have not largely been amended nor reformed over the years, making them archaic to contemporary businesses and ways of working in a technology-centric world. While laws are one thing, the productivity of labour is also another cause for concern. Studies conducted over the years have shown that India is affected by low productivity (defined as output per employee) of labour compared to other developing nation. Perhaps this mood was reflected when during the early days of offshoring, firms from the developed world (The US and Western Europe) showed greater interest in setting up manufacturing facilities in Thailand, Mexico, China, Vietnam and Philippines rather than in India. It is interesting to note that although these countries (like India) had an equally bad record of bureaucracy and corruption, the labour in these countries was found to be more productive.

Apparently, political ideologies and mindsets are also to be blamed. Studies have indicated that regional mindset has impaired domestic industry and economic growth. For example, in Kerala alone there were nearly 363 “hartals” called by different political parties, between 2005 and 2012, making them days of unproductive labour. Moreover, a political climate dominated by the socialist ideology during the 70’s and 80’s contributed to a mindset which perceived profit making and enterprise a taboo, thereby also laying extra emphasis on workercentric labour policies. Nevertheless, the current union government is taking an industry-friendly attitude and hopes to transform India into a manufacturing hub over the next years.

 

Q. Offshore firms from developed countries prefer to set up manufacturing facilities in the following countries, except:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 11

The passage states that “..setting up manufacturing facilities in Thailand, Mexico, China, Vietnam and Philippines rather than in India.” Thus, options 1, 2 and 3 are corroborated, while it is clearly stated that India was not their first choice. Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 12

To begin with, in the pre-independence period, labour rights, trade unions, and freedom of association were all suppressed. As a result, labour activism became part of the civil disobedience and unrest. Postindependence Indian labour law was so closely linked to the Indian independence movement, that the then newly framed Constitution of India in 1950, included fundamental labour rights, such as the right to join and take action in a trade union, the principle of equality at work and the aspiration of creating a living wage with decent working conditions. Despite several decades of economic progress, labour laws enshrined in the constitution have not largely been amended nor reformed over the years, making them archaic to contemporary businesses and ways of working in a technology-centric world. While laws are one thing, the productivity of labour is also another cause for concern. Studies conducted over the years have shown that India is affected by low productivity (defined as output per employee) of labour compared to other developing nation. Perhaps this mood was reflected when during the early days of offshoring, firms from the developed world (The US and Western Europe) showed greater interest in setting up manufacturing facilities in Thailand, Mexico, China, Vietnam and Philippines rather than in India. It is interesting to note that although these countries (like India) had an equally bad record of bureaucracy and corruption, the labour in these countries was found to be more productive.

Apparently, political ideologies and mindsets are also to be blamed. Studies have indicated that regional mindset has impaired domestic industry and economic growth. For example, in Kerala alone there were nearly 363 “hartals” called by different political parties, between 2005 and 2012, making them days of unproductive labour. Moreover, a political climate dominated by the socialist ideology during the 70’s and 80’s contributed to a mindset which perceived profit making and enterprise a taboo, thereby also laying extra emphasis on workercentric labour policies. Nevertheless, the current union government is taking an industry-friendly attitude and hopes to transform India into a manufacturing hub over the next years.

 

Q. The fundamental labour rights discussed in the passage were created to safeguard the rights of the following EXCEPT

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 12

The passage clearly states that “...the then newly framed Constitution of India in 1950, included fundamental labour rights, such as the right to join and take action in a trade union, the principle of equality at work and the aspiration of creating a living wage with decent working conditions.” Thus, options 1, 2 and 3 can be inferred, while option 4 is not stated in the passage.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 13

To begin with, in the pre-independence period, labour rights, trade unions, and freedom of association were all suppressed. As a result, labour activism became part of the civil disobedience and unrest. Postindependence Indian labour law was so closely linked to the Indian independence movement, that the then newly framed Constitution of India in 1950, included fundamental labour rights, such as the right to join and take action in a trade union, the principle of equality at work and the aspiration of creating a living wage with decent working conditions. Despite several decades of economic progress, labour laws enshrined in the constitution have not largely been amended nor reformed over the years, making them archaic to contemporary businesses and ways of working in a technology-centric world. While laws are one thing, the productivity of labour is also another cause for concern. Studies conducted over the years have shown that India is affected by low productivity (defined as output per employee) of labour compared to other developing nation. Perhaps this mood was reflected when during the early days of offshoring, firms from the developed world (The US and Western Europe) showed greater interest in setting up manufacturing facilities in Thailand, Mexico, China, Vietnam and Philippines rather than in India. It is interesting to note that although these countries (like India) had an equally bad record of bureaucracy and corruption, the labour in these countries was found to be more productive.

Apparently, political ideologies and mindsets are also to be blamed. Studies have indicated that regional mindset has impaired domestic industry and economic growth. For example, in Kerala alone there were nearly 363 “hartals” called by different political parties, between 2005 and 2012, making them days of unproductive labour. Moreover, a political climate dominated by the socialist ideology during the 70’s and 80’s contributed to a mindset which perceived profit making and enterprise a taboo, thereby also laying extra emphasis on workercentric labour policies. Nevertheless, the current union government is taking an industry-friendly attitude and hopes to transform India into a manufacturing hub over the next years.

 

Q. Which of the following can be concluded from the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 13

Option 1 is apt as the passage takes the example of Kerala to explain the mindset of people influenced by political powers in India which works against the growth of Indian economy. Option 2 cannot be concluded as the nature of the labor laws during 70’s and 80’s period is not known. Options 3 is incorrect as the passage says that India should have more of industry-friendly policies to achieve the dream of manufacturing hub.
Option 4 is incorrect as the passage says that prior independence, the labour laws in India were suppressed. Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 14

Group Question

The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental illness characterized by impairments in the perception or expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and thinking in the context of significant social or occupational dysfunction. Diagnosis is based on the patient’s self-reported experiences and observed behaviour. A person with mental illness who does not want treatment may hide strange behaviour or ideas from a professional. No laboratory test for schizophrenia exists. Studies suggest that genetics, early environment, neurobiology and psychological and social processes are important contributory factors. Current psychiatric research is focused on the role of neurobiology, but a clear organic cause has not been found. Due to the many possible combinations of symptoms, there is debate about whether the diagnosis represents a single disorder or a number of discrete syndromes. The mainstay of treatment is pharmacotherapy with antipsychotic medications; these primarily work by suppressing dopamine activity. Psychotherapy, vocational and social rehabilitation are also important. In more serious cases - where there is risk to self and others - involuntary hospitalization may be necessary, though hospital stays are less frequent and for shorter periods than they were in previous years. The disorder is primarily thought to affect cognition, but it also usually contributes to chronic problems with behaviour and emotion. People diagnosed with schizophrenia are likely to be diagnosed with comorbid conditions, including clinical depression and anxiety disorders. Social problems, such as long-term unemployment, poverty and homelessness, are common and life expectancy is decreased; the average life expectancy of people with the disorder is 10 to 12 years less than those without, owing to increased physical health problems and a high suicide rate. A person experiencing schizophrenia may demonstrate symptoms such as auditory hallucinations, and delusions. In severe cases, the person may be largely mute, remain motionless in bizarre postures, or exhibit purposeless agitation; these are signs of catatonia. The current classification of psychoses holds that symptoms need to have been present for at least one month in a period of at least six months of disturbed functioning. No one sign is diagnostic of schizophrenia, and all can occur in other medical and psychiatric conditions. Social isolation commonly occurs and may be due to a number of factors. Late adolescence and early adulthood are peak years for the onset of schizophrenia. These are critical periods in a young adult’s social and vocational development, and they can be severely disrupted by disease onset. To minimize the effect of schizophrenia, much work has recently been done to identify and treat the prodromal phase of the illness. Those who go on to develop schizophrenia may experience the non-specific symptoms of social withdrawal, irritability and dysphoria in the prodromal period, and transient or self-limiting psychotic symptoms in the prodromal phase before psychosis becomes apparent.

Available treatments can relieve many of the disorder’s symptoms, but most people who have schizophrenia must cope with some residual symptoms as long as they live. Nevertheless, this is a time of hope for people with schizophrenia and their families. Many people with the disorder now lead rewarding and meaningful lives in their communities. Researchers are developing more effective medications and using new research tools to understand the causes of schizophrenia and to find ways to prevent and treat it. Recent research speculates that the use of oxytocin might act on the brains of schizophrenics and anxiety and may increase the level of trust or emotional contact between patient and significant others. Oxytocin is released during hugging and pleasant physical touch.

 

Q. Many people with the disorder lead rewarding and meaningful lives in their communities. This statement suggests that:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 14

The passage does not mention that schizophrenia can be cured completely; in fact the passage staes that, “most people who have schizophrenia must cope with some residual symptoms as long as they live”, thereby ruling out option 1. Schizophrenia may be very common but that is not why people with the disorder lead rewarding and meaningful lives, thus ruling out option 2.
Option 4 is incorrect because the passage does not state anywhere that ‘people have learnt to deal with schizophrenics’. Option 3 is the right answer as it is explicitly stated in the passage, “Available treatments can relieve many of the disorder’s symptoms”.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 15

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental illness characterized by impairments in the perception or expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and thinking in the context of significant social or occupational dysfunction. Diagnosis is based on the patient’s self-reported experiences and observed behaviour. A person with mental illness who does not want treatment may hide strange behaviour or ideas from a professional. No laboratory test for schizophrenia exists. Studies suggest that genetics, early environment, neurobiology and psychological and social processes are important contributory factors. Current psychiatric research is focused on the role of neurobiology, but a clear organic cause has not been found. Due to the many possible combinations of symptoms, there is debate about whether the diagnosis represents a single disorder or a number of discrete syndromes. The mainstay of treatment is pharmacotherapy with antipsychotic medications; these primarily work by suppressing dopamine activity. Psychotherapy, vocational and social rehabilitation are also important. In more serious cases - where there is risk to self and others - involuntary hospitalization may be necessary, though hospital stays are less frequent and for shorter periods than they were in previous years. The disorder is primarily thought to affect cognition, but it also usually contributes to chronic problems with behaviour and emotion. People diagnosed with schizophrenia are likely to be diagnosed with comorbid conditions, including clinical depression and anxiety disorders. Social problems, such as long-term unemployment, poverty and homelessness, are common and life expectancy is decreased; the average life expectancy of people with the disorder is 10 to 12 years less than those without, owing to increased physical health problems and a high suicide rate. A person experiencing schizophrenia may demonstrate symptoms such as auditory hallucinations, and delusions. In severe cases, the person may be largely mute, remain motionless in bizarre postures, or exhibit purposeless agitation; these are signs of catatonia. The current classification of psychoses holds that symptoms need to have been present for at least one month in a period of at least six months of disturbed functioning. No one sign is diagnostic of schizophrenia, and all can occur in other medical and psychiatric conditions. Social isolation commonly occurs and may be due to a number of factors. Late adolescence and early adulthood are peak years for the onset of schizophrenia. These are critical periods in a young adult’s social and vocational development, and they can be severely disrupted by disease onset. To minimize the effect of schizophrenia, much work has recently been done to identify and treat the prodromal phase of the illness. Those who go on to develop schizophrenia may experience the non-specific symptoms of social withdrawal, irritability and dysphoria in the prodromal period, and transient or self-limiting psychotic symptoms in the prodromal phase before psychosis becomes apparent.

Available treatments can relieve many of the disorder’s symptoms, but most people who have schizophrenia must cope with some residual symptoms as long as they live. Nevertheless, this is a time of hope for people with schizophrenia and their families. Many people with the disorder now lead rewarding and meaningful lives in their communities. Researchers are developing more effective medications and using new research tools to understand the causes of schizophrenia and to find ways to prevent and treat it. Recent research speculates that the use of oxytocin might act on the brains of schizophrenics and anxiety and may increase the level of trust or emotional contact between patient and significant others. Oxytocin is released during hugging and pleasant physical touch.

 

Q. Schizophrenic symptoms need to have been present for at least one month in a period of at least six months of disturbed functioning because:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 15

The passage does not state that the “symptoms are apparent only once in six months” but that they should be apparent once in six months. Option 1 is eliminated.
Options 3 and 4 do not answer the question stem.
According to the passage, “The current classification of psychoses holds that symptoms need to have been present for at least one month in a period of at least six months of disturbed functioning. No one sign is diagnostic of schizophrenia, and all can occur in other medical and psychiatric conditions.” Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 16

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental illness characterized by impairments in the perception or expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and thinking in the context of significant social or occupational dysfunction. Diagnosis is based on the patient’s self-reported experiences and observed behaviour. A person with mental illness who does not want treatment may hide strange behaviour or ideas from a professional. No laboratory test for schizophrenia exists. Studies suggest that genetics, early environment, neurobiology and psychological and social processes are important contributory factors. Current psychiatric research is focused on the role of neurobiology, but a clear organic cause has not been found. Due to the many possible combinations of symptoms, there is debate about whether the diagnosis represents a single disorder or a number of discrete syndromes. The mainstay of treatment is pharmacotherapy with antipsychotic medications; these primarily work by suppressing dopamine activity. Psychotherapy, vocational and social rehabilitation are also important. In more serious cases - where there is risk to self and others - involuntary hospitalization may be necessary, though hospital stays are less frequent and for shorter periods than they were in previous years. The disorder is primarily thought to affect cognition, but it also usually contributes to chronic problems with behaviour and emotion. People diagnosed with schizophrenia are likely to be diagnosed with comorbid conditions, including clinical depression and anxiety disorders. Social problems, such as long-term unemployment, poverty and homelessness, are common and life expectancy is decreased; the average life expectancy of people with the disorder is 10 to 12 years less than those without, owing to increased physical health problems and a high suicide rate. A person experiencing schizophrenia may demonstrate symptoms such as auditory hallucinations, and delusions. In severe cases, the person may be largely mute, remain motionless in bizarre postures, or exhibit purposeless agitation; these are signs of catatonia. The current classification of psychoses holds that symptoms need to have been present for at least one month in a period of at least six months of disturbed functioning. No one sign is diagnostic of schizophrenia, and all can occur in other medical and psychiatric conditions. Social isolation commonly occurs and may be due to a number of factors. Late adolescence and early adulthood are peak years for the onset of schizophrenia. These are critical periods in a young adult’s social and vocational development, and they can be severely disrupted by disease onset. To minimize the effect of schizophrenia, much work has recently been done to identify and treat the prodromal phase of the illness. Those who go on to develop schizophrenia may experience the non-specific symptoms of social withdrawal, irritability and dysphoria in the prodromal period, and transient or self-limiting psychotic symptoms in the prodromal phase before psychosis becomes apparent.

Available treatments can relieve many of the disorder’s symptoms, but most people who have schizophrenia must cope with some residual symptoms as long as they live. Nevertheless, this is a time of hope for people with schizophrenia and their families. Many people with the disorder now lead rewarding and meaningful lives in their communities. Researchers are developing more effective medications and using new research tools to understand the causes of schizophrenia and to find ways to prevent and treat it. Recent research speculates that the use of oxytocin might act on the brains of schizophrenics and anxiety and may increase the level of trust or emotional contact between patient and significant others. Oxytocin is released during hugging and pleasant physical touch.

 

Q. Most people who have schizophrenia must cope with some residual symptoms life long because:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 16

People suffering from schizophrenia do hear voices but the life long “residual symptoms” are not because of this, thus eliminating option 1.
Option 3 with ‘it is a multiple disorder’ has no support in the passage. Secondly, option 3 does not answer the question asked.
Option 4 is true, but nevertheless does not answer the question stem too. “Available treatments can relieve many of the disorder’s symptoms, but most people who have schizophrenia must cope with some residual symptoms as long as they live” indicates that all the symptoms cannot be treated.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 17

Group Question

The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.

'And why am I under arrest?’ he then asked. ‘That’s something we’re not allowed to tell you. Go into your room and wait there’”. The story of Joseph K. described in Kafka’s novel The Trial may indeed appear to many as a terrible nightmare or description of a truly wicked legal system. Yet, it becomes even more shocking and unbelievable when one is told that far from being just a creation of a writer’s imagination, such situations have recently taken place in a contemporary democratic state. Based on secret evidence presented in closed proceedings, a number of people “reasonably suspected of terrorism” have been repeatedly deprived of their liberty without any knowledge of the case or evidence against them. This was the effect of the control orders regime introduced in the United Kingdom as part of the so-called ‘war on terror’.
Fortunately, it has been claimed by various commentators, this has all changed after the AF ruling. Imposing an obligation to disclose an ‘irreducible minimum’ of information to the suspect as well as questioning the fairness of the detention regime, the decision has been seen as effectively reprimanding the Government for failing to respect human rights. However, amid these appraisals the reality appears to be bleak as legal practitioners have regularly argued the limited practical impact of the decision. So far, the Government has resisted any reform, hiding behind the AF decision and claiming that a sufficient level of procedural fairness has been provided. The author argues, however, that neither the presence of secret advocates (SA) nor the provision of a ‘gist’ of the case will ever be enough to fully secure Art. 6 ECHR compliance. The lack of clarity surrounding the definition of an ‘irreducible minimum’ and the systemic problems of the SA procedure make it very likely that breaches of due process will continue.

 

Q. Which of the following is least true according to the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 17

Options 1, 3 and 4 are supported by the data provided in the first paragraph.
Option 2 is contrary to what is stated in the passage. It is clearly stated that, “Based on secret....against them.” Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 18

'And why am I under arrest?’ he then asked. ‘That’s something we’re not allowed to tell you. Go into your room and wait there’”. The story of Joseph K. described in Kafka’s novel The Trial may indeed appear to many as a terrible nightmare or description of a truly wicked legal system. Yet, it becomes even more shocking and unbelievable when one is told that far from being just a creation of a writer’s imagination, such situations have recently taken place in a contemporary democratic state. Based on secret evidence presented in closed proceedings, a number of people “reasonably suspected of terrorism” have been repeatedly deprived of their liberty without any knowledge of the case or evidence against them. This was the effect of the control orders regime introduced in the United Kingdom as part of the so-called ‘war on terror’.
Fortunately, it has been claimed by various commentators, this has all changed after the AF ruling. Imposing an obligation to disclose an ‘irreducible minimum’ of information to the suspect as well as questioning the fairness of the detention regime, the decision has been seen as effectively reprimanding the Government for failing to respect human rights. However, amid these appraisals the reality appears to be bleak as legal practitioners have regularly argued the limited practical impact of the decision. So far, the Government has resisted any reform, hiding behind the AF decision and claiming that a sufficient level of procedural fairness has been provided. The author argues, however, that neither the presence of secret advocates (SA) nor the provision of a ‘gist’ of the case will ever be enough to fully secure Art. 6 ECHR compliance. The lack of clarity surrounding the definition of an ‘irreducible minimum’ and the systemic problems of the SA procedure make it very likely that breaches of due process will continue.

 

Q. From the above passage, the phrase “‘irreducible minimum’ of  information” could mean

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 18

The passage states that “The lack....will continue”. This indicates that the information is not sufficient enough for the suspect to defend himself. Moreover, option 1 seems unlikely while option 3 is contextually incorrect.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 19

'And why am I under arrest?’ he then asked. ‘That’s something we’re not allowed to tell you. Go into your room and wait there’”. The story of Joseph K. described in Kafka’s novel The Trial may indeed appear to many as a terrible nightmare or description of a truly wicked legal system. Yet, it becomes even more shocking and unbelievable when one is told that far from being just a creation of a writer’s imagination, such situations have recently taken place in a contemporary democratic state. Based on secret evidence presented in closed proceedings, a number of people “reasonably suspected of terrorism” have been repeatedly deprived of their liberty without any knowledge of the case or evidence against them. This was the effect of the control orders regime introduced in the United Kingdom as part of the so-called ‘war on terror’.
Fortunately, it has been claimed by various commentators, this has all changed after the AF ruling. Imposing an obligation to disclose an ‘irreducible minimum’ of information to the suspect as well as questioning the fairness of the detention regime, the decision has been seen as effectively reprimanding the Government for failing to respect human rights. However, amid these appraisals the reality appears to be bleak as legal practitioners have regularly argued the limited practical impact of the decision. So far, the Government has resisted any reform, hiding behind the AF decision and claiming that a sufficient level of procedural fairness has been provided. The author argues, however, that neither the presence of secret advocates (SA) nor the provision of a ‘gist’ of the case will ever be enough to fully secure Art. 6 ECHR compliance. The lack of clarity surrounding the definition of an ‘irreducible minimum’ and the systemic problems of the SA procedure make it very likely that breaches of due process will continue.

 

Q. Based on the passage, what can be said about the author’s style?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 19

Option 1 can be ruled out as an abstract passage highlights hypothetical ideas and opinions.
Option 2 can be ruled out. In an analytical passage, the author presents the reader with an analysis on the subject.
Option 3 is apt, in an argumentative passage, the subject is usually an issue that has two sides to it. The author presents his point of view and the government’s standing on trials associated with people suspected of terrorism.
Option 4 can be ruled out as a data driven passage is generally statistical in nature and may consist of numerical analysis. Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 20

'And why am I under arrest?’ he then asked. ‘That’s something we’re not allowed to tell you. Go into your room and wait there’”. The story of Joseph K. described in Kafka’s novel The Trial may indeed appear to many as a terrible nightmare or description of a truly wicked legal system. Yet, it becomes even more shocking and unbelievable when one is told that far from being just a creation of a writer’s imagination, such situations have recently taken place in a contemporary democratic state. Based on secret evidence presented in closed proceedings, a number of people “reasonably suspected of terrorism” have been repeatedly deprived of their liberty without any knowledge of the case or evidence against them. This was the effect of the control orders regime introduced in the United Kingdom as part of the so-called ‘war on terror’.
Fortunately, it has been claimed by various commentators, this has all changed after the AF ruling. Imposing an obligation to disclose an ‘irreducible minimum’ of information to the suspect as well as questioning the fairness of the detention regime, the decision has been seen as effectively reprimanding the Government for failing to respect human rights. However, amid these appraisals the reality appears to be bleak as legal practitioners have regularly argued the limited practical impact of the decision. So far, the Government has resisted any reform, hiding behind the AF decision and claiming that a sufficient level of procedural fairness has been provided. The author argues, however, that neither the presence of secret advocates (SA) nor the provision of a ‘gist’ of the case will ever be enough to fully secure Art. 6 ECHR compliance. The lack of clarity surrounding the definition of an ‘irreducible minimum’ and the systemic problems of the SA procedure make it very likely that breaches of due process will continue.

 

Q. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 20

Option 1 resonates with the main theme and has been time and again mentioned in the passage.
Option 2 is not mentioned in the passage.
Option 3 is contrary to what is portrayed in the passage.
Option 4 is out of context and misinterprets the last paragraph. Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 21

'And why am I under arrest?’ he then asked. ‘That’s something we’re not allowed to tell you. Go into your room and wait there’”. The story of Joseph K. described in Kafka’s novel The Trial may indeed appear to many as a terrible nightmare or description of a truly wicked legal system. Yet, it becomes even more shocking and unbelievable when one is told that far from being just a creation of a writer’s imagination, such situations have recently taken place in a contemporary democratic state. Based on secret evidence presented in closed proceedings, a number of people “reasonably suspected of terrorism” have been repeatedly deprived of their liberty without any knowledge of the case or evidence against them. This was the effect of the control orders regime introduced in the United Kingdom as part of the so-called ‘war on terror’.
Fortunately, it has been claimed by various commentators, this has all changed after the AF ruling. Imposing an obligation to disclose an ‘irreducible minimum’ of information to the suspect as well as questioning the fairness of the detention regime, the decision has been seen as effectively reprimanding the Government for failing to respect human rights. However, amid these appraisals the reality appears to be bleak as legal practitioners have regularly argued the limited practical impact of the decision. So far, the Government has resisted any reform, hiding behind the AF decision and claiming that a sufficient level of procedural fairness has been provided. The author argues, however, that neither the presence of secret advocates (SA) nor the provision of a ‘gist’ of the case will ever be enough to fully secure Art. 6 ECHR compliance. The lack of clarity surrounding the definition of an ‘irreducible minimum’ and the systemic problems of the SA procedure make it very likely that breaches of due process will continue.

 

Q. The statement - “So far, the Government has resisted any reform, hiding behind the AF decision and claiming that a sufficient level of procedural fairness has been provided.” implies:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 21

The excerpt implies that the existing policy aptly deals with people suspected of terrorism and that the trials are fairly conducted, therefore the need to incorporate changes is uncalled for. This is reflected only in option 1.
From the passage it is clear that the proceedings are not in favor of the suspect, regardless of what the government states. Hence, options 2 and 3 are incorrect.
Option 4 misinterprets the given statement. Hence, can be eliminated.
Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 22

'And why am I under arrest?’ he then asked. ‘That’s something we’re not allowed to tell you. Go into your room and wait there’”. The story of Joseph K. described in Kafka’s novel The Trial may indeed appear to many as a terrible nightmare or description of a truly wicked legal system. Yet, it becomes even more shocking and unbelievable when one is told that far from being just a creation of a writer’s imagination, such situations have recently taken place in a contemporary democratic state. Based on secret evidence presented in closed proceedings, a number of people “reasonably suspected of terrorism” have been repeatedly deprived of their liberty without any knowledge of the case or evidence against them. This was the effect of the control orders regime introduced in the United Kingdom as part of the so-called ‘war on terror’.
Fortunately, it has been claimed by various commentators, this has all changed after the AF ruling. Imposing an obligation to disclose an ‘irreducible minimum’ of information to the suspect as well as questioning the fairness of the detention regime, the decision has been seen as effectively reprimanding the Government for failing to respect human rights. However, amid these appraisals the reality appears to be bleak as legal practitioners have regularly argued the limited practical impact of the decision. So far, the Government has resisted any reform, hiding behind the AF decision and claiming that a sufficient level of procedural fairness has been provided. The author argues, however, that neither the presence of secret advocates (SA) nor the provision of a ‘gist’ of the case will ever be enough to fully secure Art. 6 ECHR compliance. The lack of clarity surrounding the definition of an ‘irreducible minimum’ and the systemic problems of the SA procedure make it very likely that breaches of due process will continue.

 

Q. Which of the following is true with respect to the "control order regime" discussed in the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 22

Option 1 is incorrect, rather this point comes under the ‘irreducible minimum’ clause.
Option 2 is incorrect as the passage mentions, “...a number of people “reasonably suspected of terrorism” have been repeatedly deprived of their liberty..” which is not the same as a terrorist or a terrorist organization.
Option 3 is incorrect as the passage says that withholding certian information from the suspect is an effect of control order regime.
Option 4 is mentioned in the last line of the first paragraph. Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 23

Group Question

Answer the questions based on the passage given below.

Structuration theory aims to avoid extremes of structural or agent determinism. The balancing of agency and structure is referred to as the duality of structure: social structures make social action possible and at the same time, that social action creates those very structures. For Giddens, structures are rules and resources (sets of transformation relations) organized as properties of social systems. Rules are patterns people may follow in social life. Resources relate to what is created by human action; they are not given by nature (explained further below). The theory employs a recursive notion of actions constrained and enabled by structures which are produced and reproduced by those actions. Consequently, this theory has been adopted by those with structuralist inclinations, but who wish to situate such structures in human practice rather than reify them as an ideal type or material property. (This is different, for example, from actor-network theory which grants certain autonomy to technical artefacts.) Additionally, the theory of structuration distinguishes between discursive and practical knowledge recognizes actors as having knowledge is reflexive and situated, and that habitual use becomes institutionalized.

A social system can be understood by its structure, modality, and interaction. Structure is constituted by rules and resources governing and available to agents. (Authoritative resources control persons, whereas allocative resources control material objects.) The modality of a structural system is the means by which structures are translated into action. Interaction is the activity instantiated by the agent acting within the social system. There has been some attempt by various theorists to link structuration theory to systems theory (with its emphasis on recursive loops) or the complexity theory of organizational structure (which emphasizes the adaptability that simple structures provide). Social systems have patterns of social relation that exist over time; the changing nature of space and time will determine the interaction of social relations and therefore structure. For example, 19th century Britain set out certain rules for that time and space. Those rules affected the action which determines structure and the structure was upheld as long as it was reproduced in action. Hitherto social structures or ‘models of society’ were taken to be beyond the realm of human control - the positivistic approach; the other social theory would be that of action creating society - the interpretivist approach. The duality of structure would argue that, in the most basic assumption, that they are one and the same - different sides to the coin of a similar problem of order.

Agency, as Giddens calls it, is human action. To be human is to be an agent, although not all agents are human beings. Agents’ knowledge of their society informs their action, which reproduce social structures, which in turn enforce and maintain the dynamics of action. Giddens defines ‘ontological security’ as the trust people have in social structure; everyday actions have some degree of predictability, thus ensuring social stability. This is not always true, though, as the possession of agency allows one to break away from normative actions, and depending on the sum of social factors at work, they may instigate shifts in the social structure. The dynamic between agency and structure makes such generative action possible. Thus agency can lead to both the reproduction and the transformation of society. Another way to explain this concept is by, what Giddens calls, the “reflexive monitoring of actions”. Reflexive monitoring looks at the ability to look at actions to judge their effectiveness in achieving their objectives: if agents can reproduce structure through action, they can also transform it.

 

Q. A structure’s modality is the basis for:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 23

Option 1 is incorrect as the author mentions that social pattern is related to its time period and space. However it does not specify the modality of the structure as the basis of its relation. Option 2 like option 1 is incorrect as it too does not specify the modality of the structure as the basis of its interrelation with action.
The dynamism between structure and action makes it responsible for making generative transformation possible which makes option 4 incorrect.
The author clearly mentions in the second paragraph that the modality of the structure is the means by which structures are translated into action.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 24

Structuration theory aims to avoid extremes of structural or agent determinism. The balancing of agency and structure is referred to as the duality of structure: social structures make social action possible and at the same time, that social action creates those very structures. For Giddens, structures are rules and resources (sets of transformation relations) organized as properties of social systems. Rules are patterns people may follow in social life. Resources relate to what is created by human action; they are not given by nature (explained further below). The theory employs a recursive notion of actions constrained and enabled by structures which are produced and reproduced by those actions. Consequently, this theory has been adopted by those with structuralist inclinations, but who wish to situate such structures in human practice rather than reify them as an ideal type or material property. (This is different, for example, from actor-network theory which grants certain autonomy to technical artefacts.) Additionally, the theory of structuration distinguishes between discursive and practical knowledge recognizes actors as having knowledge is reflexive and situated, and that habitual use becomes institutionalized.

A social system can be understood by its structure, modality, and interaction. Structure is constituted by rules and resources governing and available to agents. (Authoritative resources control persons, whereas allocative resources control material objects.) The modality of a structural system is the means by which structures are translated into action. Interaction is the activity instantiated by the agent acting within the social system. There has been some attempt by various theorists to link structuration theory to systems theory (with its emphasis on recursive loops) or the complexity theory of organizational structure (which emphasizes the adaptability that simple structures provide). Social systems have patterns of social relation that exist over time; the changing nature of space and time will determine the interaction of social relations and therefore structure. For example, 19th century Britain set out certain rules for that time and space. Those rules affected the action which determines structure and the structure was upheld as long as it was reproduced in action. Hitherto social structures or ‘models of society’ were taken to be beyond the realm of human control - the positivistic approach; the other social theory would be that of action creating society - the interpretivist approach. The duality of structure would argue that, in the most basic assumption, that they are one and the same - different sides to the coin of a similar problem of order.

Agency, as Giddens calls it, is human action. To be human is to be an agent, although not all agents are human beings. Agents’ knowledge of their society informs their action, which reproduce social structures, which in turn enforce and maintain the dynamics of action. Giddens defines ‘ontological security’ as the trust people have in social structure; everyday actions have some degree of predictability, thus ensuring social stability. This is not always true, though, as the possession of agency allows one to break away from normative actions, and depending on the sum of social factors at work, they may instigate shifts in the social structure. The dynamic between agency and structure makes such generative action possible. Thus agency can lead to both the reproduction and the transformation of society. Another way to explain this concept is by, what Giddens calls, the “reflexive monitoring of actions”. Reflexive monitoring looks at the ability to look at actions to judge their effectiveness in achieving their objectives: if agents can reproduce structure through action, they can also transform it.

 

Q. The author presents an example of the 19th century in order to:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 24

Options 1 and 2 are incorrect as they compare time and space and such a comparison is not mentioned in the passage. Option 4 mentions ‘modern society’- not indicated in the passage.
The passage states “Social systems have patterns of social relation that exist over time; the changing nature of space and time will determine the interaction of social relations and therefore structure”. This idea is captured in option 3.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 25

Structuration theory aims to avoid extremes of structural or agent determinism. The balancing of agency and structure is referred to as the duality of structure: social structures make social action possible and at the same time, that social action creates those very structures. For Giddens, structures are rules and resources (sets of transformation relations) organized as properties of social systems. Rules are patterns people may follow in social life. Resources relate to what is created by human action; they are not given by nature (explained further below). The theory employs a recursive notion of actions constrained and enabled by structures which are produced and reproduced by those actions. Consequently, this theory has been adopted by those with structuralist inclinations, but who wish to situate such structures in human practice rather than reify them as an ideal type or material property. (This is different, for example, from actor-network theory which grants certain autonomy to technical artefacts.) Additionally, the theory of structuration distinguishes between discursive and practical knowledge recognizes actors as having knowledge is reflexive and situated, and that habitual use becomes institutionalized.

A social system can be understood by its structure, modality, and interaction. Structure is constituted by rules and resources governing and available to agents. (Authoritative resources control persons, whereas allocative resources control material objects.) The modality of a structural system is the means by which structures are translated into action. Interaction is the activity instantiated by the agent acting within the social system. There has been some attempt by various theorists to link structuration theory to systems theory (with its emphasis on recursive loops) or the complexity theory of organizational structure (which emphasizes the adaptability that simple structures provide). Social systems have patterns of social relation that exist over time; the changing nature of space and time will determine the interaction of social relations and therefore structure. For example, 19th century Britain set out certain rules for that time and space. Those rules affected the action which determines structure and the structure was upheld as long as it was reproduced in action. Hitherto social structures or ‘models of society’ were taken to be beyond the realm of human control - the positivistic approach; the other social theory would be that of action creating society - the interpretivist approach. The duality of structure would argue that, in the most basic assumption, that they are one and the same - different sides to the coin of a similar problem of order.

Agency, as Giddens calls it, is human action. To be human is to be an agent, although not all agents are human beings. Agents’ knowledge of their society informs their action, which reproduce social structures, which in turn enforce and maintain the dynamics of action. Giddens defines ‘ontological security’ as the trust people have in social structure; everyday actions have some degree of predictability, thus ensuring social stability. This is not always true, though, as the possession of agency allows one to break away from normative actions, and depending on the sum of social factors at work, they may instigate shifts in the social structure. The dynamic between agency and structure makes such generative action possible. Thus agency can lead to both the reproduction and the transformation of society. Another way to explain this concept is by, what Giddens calls, the “reflexive monitoring of actions”. Reflexive monitoring looks at the ability to look at actions to judge their effectiveness in achieving their objectives: if agents can reproduce structure through action, they can also transform it.

 

Q. According to the author, possession of agency allows which of the following?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 25

Option 1 convolutes the meaning of the data provided in the passage. The passage states that “agents’ knowledge of the society informs his action”.
Option 2 elaborates on ‘ontological security’ and not ‘possession of agency’.
Option 3 is incorrect because the possession of agency might lead to an instigation of shift in the social structure, not ‘breaking of shifts’.
The last paragraph of the passage states “... as the possession of agency allows one to break away from normative actions, and depending ... instigate shifts in the social structure”.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 26

Structuration theory aims to avoid extremes of structural or agent determinism. The balancing of agency and structure is referred to as the duality of structure: social structures make social action possible and at the same time, that social action creates those very structures. For Giddens, structures are rules and resources (sets of transformation relations) organized as properties of social systems. Rules are patterns people may follow in social life. Resources relate to what is created by human action; they are not given by nature (explained further below). The theory employs a recursive notion of actions constrained and enabled by structures which are produced and reproduced by those actions. Consequently, this theory has been adopted by those with structuralist inclinations, but who wish to situate such structures in human practice rather than reify them as an ideal type or material property. (This is different, for example, from actor-network theory which grants certain autonomy to technical artefacts.) Additionally, the theory of structuration distinguishes between discursive and practical knowledge recognizes actors as having knowledge is reflexive and situated, and that habitual use becomes institutionalized.

A social system can be understood by its structure, modality, and interaction. Structure is constituted by rules and resources governing and available to agents. (Authoritative resources control persons, whereas allocative resources control material objects.) The modality of a structural system is the means by which structures are translated into action. Interaction is the activity instantiated by the agent acting within the social system. There has been some attempt by various theorists to link structuration theory to systems theory (with its emphasis on recursive loops) or the complexity theory of organizational structure (which emphasizes the adaptability that simple structures provide). Social systems have patterns of social relation that exist over time; the changing nature of space and time will determine the interaction of social relations and therefore structure. For example, 19th century Britain set out certain rules for that time and space. Those rules affected the action which determines structure and the structure was upheld as long as it was reproduced in action. Hitherto social structures or ‘models of society’ were taken to be beyond the realm of human control - the positivistic approach; the other social theory would be that of action creating society - the interpretivist approach. The duality of structure would argue that, in the most basic assumption, that they are one and the same - different sides to the coin of a similar problem of order.

Agency, as Giddens calls it, is human action. To be human is to be an agent, although not all agents are human beings. Agents’ knowledge of their society informs their action, which reproduce social structures, which in turn enforce and maintain the dynamics of action. Giddens defines ‘ontological security’ as the trust people have in social structure; everyday actions have some degree of predictability, thus ensuring social stability. This is not always true, though, as the possession of agency allows one to break away from normative actions, and depending on the sum of social factors at work, they may instigate shifts in the social structure. The dynamic between agency and structure makes such generative action possible. Thus agency can lead to both the reproduction and the transformation of society. Another way to explain this concept is by, what Giddens calls, the “reflexive monitoring of actions”. Reflexive monitoring looks at the ability to look at actions to judge their effectiveness in achieving their objectives: if agents can reproduce structure through action, they can also transform it.

 

Q. The passage states all of the following except:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 26

Options 1 and 2 are mentioned in the passage. The passage states, “A social system can be understood by its structure, modality, and interaction” and “the dynamic between agency and structure makes such generative action possible”.
Option 4 is also mentioned in the “reflexive monitoring looks at the ability to look at actions to judge their effectiveness in achieving their objectives: if agents can reproduce structure through action, they can also transform it” and “social structures or ‘models of society’ were taken to be beyond the realm of human control - the positivistic approach; the other social theory would be that of action creating society - the interpretivist approach. The duality of structure would argue that, in the most basic assumption, that they are one and the same - different sides to the coin of a similar problem of order”. Though the author mentions that all humans are agents, he also specifies that all agents are not necessarily human beings. Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 27

Structuration theory aims to avoid extremes of structural or agent determinism. The balancing of agency and structure is referred to as the duality of structure: social structures make social action possible and at the same time, that social action creates those very structures. For Giddens, structures are rules and resources (sets of transformation relations) organized as properties of social systems. Rules are patterns people may follow in social life. Resources relate to what is created by human action; they are not given by nature (explained further below). The theory employs a recursive notion of actions constrained and enabled by structures which are produced and reproduced by those actions. Consequently, this theory has been adopted by those with structuralist inclinations, but who wish to situate such structures in human practice rather than reify them as an ideal type or material property. (This is different, for example, from actor-network theory which grants certain autonomy to technical artefacts.) Additionally, the theory of structuration distinguishes between discursive and practical knowledge recognizes actors as having knowledge is reflexive and situated, and that habitual use becomes institutionalized.

A social system can be understood by its structure, modality, and interaction. Structure is constituted by rules and resources governing and available to agents. (Authoritative resources control persons, whereas allocative resources control material objects.) The modality of a structural system is the means by which structures are translated into action. Interaction is the activity instantiated by the agent acting within the social system. There has been some attempt by various theorists to link structuration theory to systems theory (with its emphasis on recursive loops) or the complexity theory of organizational structure (which emphasizes the adaptability that simple structures provide). Social systems have patterns of social relation that exist over time; the changing nature of space and time will determine the interaction of social relations and therefore structure. For example, 19th century Britain set out certain rules for that time and space. Those rules affected the action which determines structure and the structure was upheld as long as it was reproduced in action. Hitherto social structures or ‘models of society’ were taken to be beyond the realm of human control - the positivistic approach; the other social theory would be that of action creating society - the interpretivist approach. The duality of structure would argue that, in the most basic assumption, that they are one and the same - different sides to the coin of a similar problem of order.

Agency, as Giddens calls it, is human action. To be human is to be an agent, although not all agents are human beings. Agents’ knowledge of their society informs their action, which reproduce social structures, which in turn enforce and maintain the dynamics of action. Giddens defines ‘ontological security’ as the trust people have in social structure; everyday actions have some degree of predictability, thus ensuring social stability. This is not always true, though, as the possession of agency allows one to break away from normative actions, and depending on the sum of social factors at work, they may instigate shifts in the social structure. The dynamic between agency and structure makes such generative action possible. Thus agency can lead to both the reproduction and the transformation of society. Another way to explain this concept is by, what Giddens calls, the “reflexive monitoring of actions”. Reflexive monitoring looks at the ability to look at actions to judge their effectiveness in achieving their objectives: if agents can reproduce structure through action, they can also transform it.

 

Q. What is the similarity between the actions of the agency and reflexive monitoring?
I. The ability of reflexive monitoring to look at the actions for their ineffectiveness in achieving objectives.
II. The inability of human agents to bring about a change in the society.
III. The ability that allows the transformation of structure.

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 27

In the passage, it is observed that actions of the agency and reflexive monitoring both are used essentially for bringing about a transformation of the structure.
The passage states “Thus agency can lead to both the reproduction and the transformation of society. Another way to explain this concept... the “reflexive monitoring of actions”. 
Reflexive monitoring ... ability to look at actions to judge ... through action, they can also transform it.” This idea has been captured in statement III.
Statements I and II are contrary to the data given.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 28

Structuration theory aims to avoid extremes of structural or agent determinism. The balancing of agency and structure is referred to as the duality of structure: social structures make social action possible and at the same time, that social action creates those very structures. For Giddens, structures are rules and resources (sets of transformation relations) organized as properties of social systems. Rules are patterns people may follow in social life. Resources relate to what is created by human action; they are not given by nature (explained further below). The theory employs a recursive notion of actions constrained and enabled by structures which are produced and reproduced by those actions. Consequently, this theory has been adopted by those with structuralist inclinations, but who wish to situate such structures in human practice rather than reify them as an ideal type or material property. (This is different, for example, from actor-network theory which grants certain autonomy to technical artefacts.) Additionally, the theory of structuration distinguishes between discursive and practical knowledge recognizes actors as having knowledge is reflexive and situated, and that habitual use becomes institutionalized.

A social system can be understood by its structure, modality, and interaction. Structure is constituted by rules and resources governing and available to agents. (Authoritative resources control persons, whereas allocative resources control material objects.) The modality of a structural system is the means by which structures are translated into action. Interaction is the activity instantiated by the agent acting within the social system. There has been some attempt by various theorists to link structuration theory to systems theory (with its emphasis on recursive loops) or the complexity theory of organizational structure (which emphasizes the adaptability that simple structures provide). Social systems have patterns of social relation that exist over time; the changing nature of space and time will determine the interaction of social relations and therefore structure. For example, 19th century Britain set out certain rules for that time and space. Those rules affected the action which determines structure and the structure was upheld as long as it was reproduced in action. Hitherto social structures or ‘models of society’ were taken to be beyond the realm of human control - the positivistic approach; the other social theory would be that of action creating society - the interpretivist approach. The duality of structure would argue that, in the most basic assumption, that they are one and the same - different sides to the coin of a similar problem of order.

Agency, as Giddens calls it, is human action. To be human is to be an agent, although not all agents are human beings. Agents’ knowledge of their society informs their action, which reproduce social structures, which in turn enforce and maintain the dynamics of action. Giddens defines ‘ontological security’ as the trust people have in social structure; everyday actions have some degree of predictability, thus ensuring social stability. This is not always true, though, as the possession of agency allows one to break away from normative actions, and depending on the sum of social factors at work, they may instigate shifts in the social structure. The dynamic between agency and structure makes such generative action possible. Thus agency can lead to both the reproduction and the transformation of society. Another way to explain this concept is by, what Giddens calls, the “reflexive monitoring of actions”. Reflexive monitoring looks at the ability to look at actions to judge their effectiveness in achieving their objectives: if agents can reproduce structure through action, they can also transform it.

 

Q. Which of the following supports the theory that duality of  structure is cyclic in nature?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 28

The start of the passage states that the structure leads to social action and this in turn leads to a structure. Thus, this relationship between the action and structure describes the cyclic nature of structure.
The exclusivity of agency and structure is not connected to the cyclic property of duality of structure and thus option 1 is incorrect.
Options 2 and 3 though mentioned in the passage do not account for the cyclic nature of the structure and action and thus are incorrect.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 29

Five sentences are given below labeled (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). Of these, four sentences need to be arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. Pick out the sentence that does not fit the sequence.

1. Eighty years ago, when he built his house, the Seth loved Italy.
2. He loved, in particular, the rolling hills and cypress trees of Tuscany as they appeared in the background of portraits of aristocratic Renaissance warlords.
3. He owned pictures like this and saw no reason he shouldn’t go further.
4. By law they must be displayed, even by such powerful men as these, but not everybody’s origins are exalted.
5. He had no interest in physically occupying any part of Tuscany, or indeed anywhere else in blighted Europe.


Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 29

Statement 1 introduces the topic of the paragraph - the Seth and his love for Italy. Statement 2 elaborates on it and also introduces his (the Seth’s) interest in art. Statement 3 further talks about his interest in art and statement 5 let’s us know that though he very much loves Tuscany, he is not interested in owning any of it physically, the pictures that he owns are enough.
It is not clear from statement 4 what the law dictates in relation to display of art. Thus, it cannot be said to be a part of the sequence - 1-2-3-5.
Hence, the correct answer is 4.

CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 30

Five sentences are given below labeled (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). Of  these, four sentences need to be arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. Pick out the sentence that does not fit the sequence.

1. Ever since a new methodology for calculating GDP was adopted last year, India has appeared to be the world’s fastest-growing big economy, outpacing China.
2. But skepticism about the data is growing even faster.
3. United Nations has downgraded its GDP growth forecast for India for 2016 to 7.5 per cent from 8.2 per cent estimated earlier, largely due to slow progress in implementing reform policies.
4. The difference between the two gives a nominal rate of growth (i.e., without any adjustment for inflation).
5. Growth figures are calculated by first arriving at the value of economic output over a given period and then comparing it with the prior period.


Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 22 - Question 30

Statement 5 introduces the topic about the conventional method of calculating GDP which is followed by statement 4 which gives the exact process of calculation. This is followed by statement 1 whcih talks about a new method adopted by India which earned it the title of world's fastest-growing big economy. Statement 2 raises doubts over this new method. Thus, the sequence formed is - 5-4-1-2. Statement 3 which talks about the United Nations downgrading India’s forecasted GDP does not fit into the sequence.
Hence, the correct answer is 3.

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