Pastoralists In The Modern World -Olympiad Level MCQ, Class 9 SST - Class 9 MCQ

Answer:
The group of Raikas that herded camels is the Maru.
- The Maru group of Raikas herded camels.
- The Raikas are a community of camel herders in India.
- They are known for their expertise in camel husbandry and have been herding camels for generations.
- The Maru Raikas primarily inhabit the Marwar region in Rajasthan, India.
- They have a deep understanding of the behavior and needs of camels and are skilled in managing and caring for them.
- The Maru Raikas play a crucial role in the economy of the region, as camels are used for transportation, milk, and meat production.
- They have traditional knowledge and practices related to camel rearing, which have been passed down through generations.
- The Maru Raikas are recognized for their unique relationship with camels and their ability to handle and train them.
- They are an integral part of the cultural heritage of Rajasthan and are highly respected for their contribution to camel husbandry.
Overall, the Maru group of Raikas is known for their expertise in herding camels and their important role in the camel economy of the Marwar region in Rajasthan, India.

Explanation:
The best explanation for pastoralist nomads is option C: The herdsmen who move from one place to another looking for pasture for their herd.
- Pastoralist nomads are individuals or groups who practice pastoralism, which is a form of agriculture that involves raising livestock.
- These nomads move from one place to another in search of fresh pasture for their herds.
- They do not have a permanent place to live in and their movement is primarily driven by the need to find suitable grazing areas for their animals.
- The pastoralist nomads rely on their herds for their livelihood and survival, so finding adequate pasture is essential for their economic well-being.
- This lifestyle is common in areas with arid or semi-arid climates, where the availability of grazing land can vary seasonally.
- The movement of pastoralist nomads is often cyclical, as they follow predictable patterns in search of grazing areas.
- This lifestyle requires a deep knowledge of the land, the ability to navigate across different terrains, and the skill to manage and protect their herds.
In summary, pastoralist nomads are herdsmen who move from one place to another looking for pasture for their herd. This lifestyle is driven by the need to find suitable grazing areas and is common in arid or semi-arid regions.

To determine which of the following is not an African pastoral group, we need to analyze each option:
A: Bedouin - The Bedouin are a predominantly desert-dwelling Arab ethnic group. They are not considered an African pastoral group.
B: Somali - The Somali people are a pastoral ethnic group in the Horn of Africa, known for their nomadic lifestyle and herding of livestock. They are an African pastoral group.
C: Boran - The Boran are a pastoral ethnic group in East Africa, specifically in Kenya and Ethiopia. They are known for their cattle herding and are considered an African pastoral group.
D: Kuruma - The Kuruma is not a known African pastoral group. There is no evidence or information to suggest that the Kuruma are a pastoral group in Africa.
Therefore, the answer is D: Kuruma.

Annual Movement of Dhangars:
The Dhangars are a nomadic pastoral community in India who traditionally engage in sheep and goat rearing. They have a seasonal migration pattern where they move with their livestock in search of grazing grounds.
True Statements regarding the annual movement of Dhangars:
- They stay in the Central Plateau during the monsoons: This statement is true. During the monsoon season, the Dhangars stay in the Central Plateau region. This region provides better grazing lands for their livestock during this time.
- After the monsoons are over they move towards the Konkan area: This statement is true. After the monsoon season ends, the Dhangars move towards the Konkan area. The Konkan region has favorable climate and abundant vegetation, making it suitable for their livestock.
- With the onset of monsoon, they leave the Konkan: This statement is true. With the onset of the monsoon season, the Dhangars leave the Konkan region. The heavy rainfall and waterlogged conditions during the monsoon make it unsuitable for the movement and grazing of their livestock.
Therefore, the correct answer is Option D: All of the above.

Colonial Government in India and the Criminal Tribes Act
The Criminal Tribes Act was a legislation passed by the colonial government in India during the British Raj. It aimed to control and regulate the movements and activities of certain communities that were considered criminal or dangerous by the colonial authorities.
Year of Passage: 1871
The correct answer is option C: 1871.
Explanation:
The Criminal Tribes Act was enacted in 1871 by the colonial government in India. This act identified certain communities as "criminal tribes" based on their traditional occupations, lifestyle, and perceived criminal tendencies. The act allowed the government to effectively control and monitor these communities through measures such as registration, surveillance, and restrictions on their movements.
The act classified these communities as hereditary criminals, assuming that criminal behavior was an inherent trait passed down through generations. This classification led to widespread discrimination and stigmatization of the affected communities, as they were subject to constant scrutiny and harassment by the colonial authorities.
The act was later amended in 1911 and 1924, further strengthening the government's control over these communities. It wasn't until independence in 1947 that the Criminal Tribes Act was finally repealed by the newly formed Indian government.
Key Points:
- The Criminal Tribes Act was passed by the colonial government in India.
- It aimed to control and regulate the movements and activities of certain communities considered criminal or dangerous.
- The act was enacted in 1871.
- It classified certain communities as "criminal tribes" based on their traditional occupations and lifestyle.
- The act allowed the government to register, surveil, and restrict the movements of these communities.
- The act was later amended in 1911 and 1924.
- The Criminal Tribes Act was repealed in 1947 after India gained independence.

Answer:

Location of Serengeti Park:

• Country: Tanzania

Explanation:

Serengeti Park is located in Tanzania.

Tanzania is a country in East Africa, located on the eastern coast of the continent.

The park is named after the Serengeti region, which is a vast ecosystem that spans across Tanzania and Kenya.

Serengeti Park is known for its diverse wildlife and the annual migration of millions of animals, including wildebeests, zebras, and gazelles.

It is a popular destination for safari tours and wildlife enthusiasts.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D: Tanzania.

Which state do Gujjar Bakarwals belong to:

[2011 (T-2)]

The Gujjar Bakarwals belong to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Explanation:

The Gujjar Bakarwals are a nomadic tribe predominantly found in the Jammu and Kashmir region of India. Here is a detailed explanation of why the answer is option B:

• Gujjar Bakarwals: The Gujjar Bakarwals are a community of nomadic herders who primarily rear livestock, such as sheep, goats, and horses.


• Jammu and Kashmir: Jammu and Kashmir is a union territory located in the northern part of India. It is known for its diverse ethnic and cultural groups, including the Gujjar Bakarwals.


• Presence of Gujjar Bakarwals: The Gujjar Bakarwals have a significant presence in the Jammu and Kashmir region. They migrate seasonally with their livestock, moving from the plains in winter to the higher altitudes in summer.


• Majority population: Jammu and Kashmir have a substantial population of Gujjar Bakarwals, who have been living in the region for generations.

Therefore, based on the given information, the correct answer is option B: Jammu and Kashmir.

Location of Samburu National Park:

• Country: Kenya

The Samburu National Park is located in Kenya.

Answer:
The Raika pastoral community belongs to the state of Rajasthan.
Explanation:
The Raika pastoral community is a community of nomadic herders who are traditionally involved in animal husbandry and cattle rearing. They are primarily found in the state of Rajasthan, which is located in northern India. Here is a detailed explanation:
Raika Pastoral Community:
- The Raika community is known for their expertise in raising and breeding livestock, especially camels, sheep, and goats.
- They have a deep understanding of animal behavior, grazing patterns, and healthcare, which has been passed down through generations.
- The Raika community plays a significant role in preserving and promoting the indigenous breeds of livestock in Rajasthan.
Rajasthan:
- Rajasthan is the largest state in India and is known for its rich cultural heritage and vibrant traditions.
- It is located in the northwestern part of the country and is surrounded by the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab.
- The state is home to various pastoral communities, including the Raika community, who have been practicing animal husbandry for centuries.
Conclusion:
The Raika pastoral community belongs to the state of Rajasthan, which is known for its diverse cultural heritage and the presence of various indigenous communities involved in animal husbandry.

The division in Maasai society in pre-colonial times:
In pre-colonial times, the Maasai society was divided into different groups based on age, responsibilities, and roles. The divisions were as follows:
1. Elders:
- Elders held a significant position in Maasai society and were respected for their wisdom and experience.
- They were responsible for making important decisions and settling disputes within the community.
- Elders also played a crucial role in passing down traditions, customs, and cultural practices to the younger generations.
2. Warriors:
- The warriors formed a vital part of Maasai society and were highly regarded for their bravery and strength.
- They were responsible for protecting the community from external threats, such as raids from neighboring tribes or wild animals.
- Warriors underwent rigorous training and rituals to prepare themselves for battle and were considered the defenders of the Maasai people.
3. Youngsters:
- The youngsters, also known as youth or juniors, were the younger members of the Maasai society.
- They were still in the process of learning and acquiring the necessary skills and knowledge to become warriors and elders.
- The youngsters were expected to assist the elders and warriors in various tasks, such as herding livestock and performing other community duties.
It is important to note that the division in Maasai society was not strictly limited to these three groups. There were also other roles and responsibilities within the community, such as women who played essential roles in daily life, including childcare, household chores, and food preparation.
Overall, the division in Maasai society in pre-colonial times was based on age, with elders being the authority figures, warriors being the protectors, and youngsters being the future generation preparing to take on these roles.

The meaning of the word Maasai:

The word Maasai has its origins in the Maasai language, which is spoken by the Maasai people of East Africa. It is a word that carries significant cultural and historical significance. The meaning of the word Maasai is:

• A: my people: The word Maasai translates to "my people" in English. This reflects the strong sense of community and belonging that is central to Maasai culture. The Maasai people have a deep connection to their community and consider themselves as one united group.


• B: pasture land: While the Maasai people are traditionally nomadic pastoralists, the word Maasai itself does not directly translate to "pasture land." However, the Maasai people rely heavily on livestock and the availability of grazing land, which is crucial for their way of life.


• C: shifting cultivation: Shifting cultivation refers to a farming practice where different plots of land are cultivated and then left fallow to regenerate. This is not directly related to the meaning of the word Maasai.


• D: wasteland: The word Maasai does not mean "wasteland." The Maasai people have a deep connection to the land and view it as a valuable resource rather than a wasteland.

Therefore, the correct answer is A: my people.

Who are Bhotiyas, Sherpas, and Kinnaris?
Bhotiyas:
- Bhotiyas are pastoral communities that reside in the Himalayan region.
- They are primarily found in the regions of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Nepal.
- Bhotiyas are known for their traditional occupations such as animal husbandry, trade, and mountaineering.
- They are skilled in herding and rearing livestock like sheep, goats, and yaks.
- Bhotiyas have a rich cultural heritage and are known for their traditional dresses, festivals, and folk music.
Sherpas:
- Sherpas are an ethnic group residing in the Himalayas, particularly in the Solu-Khumbu region of Nepal.
- They are famous for their mountaineering skills and are often employed as guides and porters for expeditions in the Himalayas.
- Sherpas have a strong connection to the mountains and are known for their resilience and physical endurance at high altitudes.
- They have their own language called Sherpa, which is related to Tibetan.
- Sherpas have played a crucial role in the exploration and development of mountaineering in the Himalayas.
Kinnaris:
- Kinnaris are mythical creatures in Hindu and Buddhist mythology.
- They are depicted as half-bird and half-human beings with the head, torso, and arms of a human and the wings and tail of a bird.
- Kinnaris are considered celestial musicians and are known for their exceptional musical talents.
- They are often portrayed as symbolizing beauty, grace, and harmony.
- In ancient literature and art, Kinnaris are often depicted playing various musical instruments and are associated with divine beings and celestial realms.

Dhars:
Dhars are high meadows, often found in mountainous regions. They are characterized by their location at high altitudes and are usually covered with grass and vegetation. Dhars are an important part of the ecosystem and play a crucial role in maintaining the biodiversity of the region. They provide grazing grounds for animals and serve as a habitat for various plant species.
Some key points about Dhars include:
- Location: Dhars are typically found in mountainous regions.
- Altitude: They are located at high altitudes, often above the tree line.
- Vegetation: Dhars are covered with grass and other types of vegetation.
- Grazing Grounds: Dhars provide grazing grounds for animals such as sheep and goats.
- Biodiversity: They are important for maintaining the biodiversity of the region, as they support a variety of plant and animal species.
- Water Source: Dhars often have a water source nearby, such as a river or a stream.
In conclusion, Dhars are high meadows located in mountainous regions. They are characterized by their high altitude, grassy vegetation, and their role in supporting biodiversity.

The Gaddi community was an important pastoral community in Himachal Pradesh.



The Gaddi community:
- The Gaddi community is an important pastoral community in the state of Himachal Pradesh.
- They are primarily involved in animal husbandry and rearing of sheep and goats.
- The community is known for their expertise in herding and grazing livestock in the hilly regions of Himachal Pradesh.
- They have a deep understanding of the local terrain, vegetation, and climate, which enables them to efficiently manage their livestock.
- The Gaddi community plays a crucial role in the economy of Himachal Pradesh, as they provide milk, wool, and meat products to the local population.
- They have their own distinct culture, customs, and traditions, which are deeply rooted in their pastoral lifestyle.
- The Gaddi community also celebrates various festivals and rituals associated with their occupation.
- Over the years, the government of Himachal Pradesh has implemented various schemes and initiatives to support and uplift the Gaddi community.
- These initiatives aim to improve their living conditions, provide better healthcare and education facilities, and promote sustainable animal husbandry practices.
- The Gaddi community is an integral part of the cultural fabric of Himachal Pradesh and their contribution to the state's economy and society is highly valued.

Pastoral Community of Jammu and Kashmir:

• Gujjar Bakarwals: The Gujjar Bakarwals are a pastoral community of Jammu and Kashmir. They are primarily found in the hilly regions of the state.


• Gaddi: The Gaddi community is primarily found in the Kangra and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh, not in Jammu and Kashmir.


• Bhotiyas: The Bhotiyas are a community found in the border regions of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, not in Jammu and Kashmir.


• Dhangars: The Dhangars are a pastoral community found in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and parts of Madhya Pradesh, not in Jammu and Kashmir.

Therefore, the correct answer is Gujjar Bakarwals.

Seasonal Movements Affecting the Dhangars of Maharashtra
The Dhangars are a pastoral community in Maharashtra, and their way of life is closely tied to the seasonal movements of their livestock. The following seasonal movements affect the Dhangars:
1. Alternate Monsoon and Dry Seasons: The Dhangars practice transhumance, a form of pastoralism in which they move their livestock seasonally in response to changing weather conditions. During the monsoon season, when the pastures are lush and water sources are abundant, the Dhangars move their herds to higher elevations in the Western Ghats. This allows their livestock to graze on fresh grass and ensures their survival during the dry season when the lowland pastures become arid.
2. Climatic Disturbance: Climatic disturbances such as heavy rainfall, storms, and cyclones can disrupt the Dhangars' seasonal movements. These disturbances can lead to flooding, landslides, and the destruction of pastures and water sources. In such situations, the Dhangars may be forced to alter their routes or temporarily settle in a different location until the climatic conditions improve.
3. Drought and Flood: Drought and flood events have a significant impact on the Dhangars' livelihoods. Droughts can result in scarcity of water and vegetation, forcing the Dhangars to move their herds in search of suitable grazing grounds. On the other hand, floods can submerge pastures and make them inaccessible, leading to a loss of grazing resources. Both drought and flood events can disrupt the Dhangars' traditional seasonal movements and require them to adapt their strategies for livestock management.
In conclusion, the Dhangars of Maharashtra are affected by the alternate monsoon and dry seasons, climatic disturbances such as heavy rainfall, and drought and flood events. These seasonal movements require the Dhangars to be adaptable and flexible in their pastoral practices to ensure the well-being and survival of their livestock.

Bugyals:

Definition:

• Bugyals are high-altitude meadows or pastures located in the foot areas of mountains.

Characteristics of Bugyals:

• They are found at an altitude above 12,000 feet.


• Bugyals are vast grasslands with a flat or gently sloping terrain.


• They are usually covered with a variety of grasses, flowers, and shrubs.


• Bugyals are known for their scenic beauty and are often considered as ideal camping sites.


• They are rich in biodiversity and support a wide range of flora and fauna.

Importance of Bugyals:

• Bugyals play a crucial role in the livelihoods of local communities as they provide grazing grounds for livestock.


• They are also important for tourism and attract visitors for activities like trekking, camping, and photography.


• Bugyals contribute to the ecological balance by acting as water catchment areas and preventing soil erosion.


• They also have cultural significance and are often associated with local festivals and traditions.

Conclusion:

Bugyals are high-altitude pastures above 12,000 feet in the foot areas of mountains. They are characterized by their scenic beauty, rich biodiversity, and importance in the livelihoods of local communities. Bugyals play a significant role in maintaining the ecological balance and are popular destinations for tourism activities.

Pastoralists and their Adaptation

The correct statement that is not true is:

• A: Pastoralists are a matter of past now

Explanation:

Let's analyze each statement to determine which one is not true:

• A: Pastoralists are a matter of past now



This statement is not true because pastoralists still exist today. Pastoralism is a way of life where people rely on the rearing of livestock for their livelihood. While the number of pastoralists may have decreased over time due to various factors, they continue to exist in different parts of the world.




• B: Pastoralists have tried to adapt to new times



This statement is true. Pastoralists have indeed made efforts to adapt to changing times and circumstances. They have incorporated modern technologies and practices into their traditional lifestyle to improve their livelihoods.




• C: They have changed the paths of their annual movement



This statement is true. Pastoralists have altered their traditional routes and patterns of movement in response to changing environmental and socio-economic conditions. They may have adjusted their migration paths to access better grazing areas or to avoid conflicts with settled communities.




• D: They have demanded a right in the management of forests and water resources



This statement is true. Pastoralists, like other communities, have advocated for their rights to manage and access natural resources such as forests and water. They recognize the importance of these resources for their livestock and their own well-being.

Therefore, the correct answer is that Statement A: Pastoralists are a matter of past now is not true.

Position of the Maasai chiefs over time:
A: They had regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land.
- As time passed, some Maasai chiefs were able to establish a stable source of income.
- This allowed them to afford various resources such as animals, goods, and even land.
- The regular income provided them with financial security and stability.
B: In times of war and famine, they lost nearly everything.
- However, despite their regular income, the Maasai chiefs faced challenges during times of war and famine.
- These difficult periods often resulted in them losing a significant portion, if not all, of their possessions.
- The chiefs had to cope with the devastating effects of conflict and food shortages, which often led to the loss of their acquired resources.
C: They did not have resources to tide over bad times.
- Unfortunately, the Maasai chiefs did not have sufficient resources to overcome these challenging times.
- The lack of resources made it difficult for them to sustain their livelihoods during periods of adversity.
- They had to rely on external support or find alternative means to meet their basic needs.
D: Some eked out a living as charcoal burners, others did odd jobs.
- To make ends meet during times of hardship, some Maasai chiefs resorted to alternative means of income.
- Some became charcoal burners, engaging in the production of charcoal as a way to earn a living.
- Others took on odd jobs, performing various tasks that could provide them with a source of income.
In conclusion, while the Maasai chiefs initially had regular income to afford resources like animals, goods, and land, they faced significant challenges during times of war and famine, often losing their possessions. They lacked sufficient resources to tide over bad times and had to resort to alternative means of income such as charcoal burning and odd jobs to support themselves.

Authority of elders and warriors adversely affected by British efforts to administer the affairs of the Maasai:

Introduction: The British administration had a significant impact on the authority of elders and warriors in the Maasai tribe. Several factors contributed to the adverse effects on their authority.

1. Appointment of Chiefs:
- The British appointed chiefs from different sub-groups of the Maasai tribe.
- These appointed chiefs were given authority and responsibility over the affairs of the tribe.
- This undermined the traditional authority structure of the Maasai, where power was traditionally held by the elders and warriors.
2. Imposition of Restrictions:
- The British imposed various restrictions on raiding and warfare, which were integral parts of Maasai culture.
- Raiding and warfare were important sources of prestige and power for warriors.
- The restrictions limited their ability to exercise their traditional roles and authority within the tribe.
3. Weakening of Elders:
- The appointment of chiefs and restrictions on raiding and warfare resulted in the diminishing role and influence of the elders.
- Elders traditionally held significant authority and decision-making power within the tribe.
- The British administration undermined their authority by implementing a new administrative structure and restricting traditional practices.
4. Loss of Autonomy:
- The Maasai lost their autonomy and control over their own affairs due to British intervention.
- The appointment of chiefs and imposition of restrictions meant that the Maasai had to adhere to British policies and regulations.
- This further eroded the authority of both elders and warriors, as they were no longer able to make decisions independently.
Conclusion: The British efforts to administer the affairs of the Maasai tribe had a detrimental effect on the authority of both elders and warriors. The appointment of chiefs, imposition of restrictions, weakening of elders, and loss of autonomy all contributed to the undermining of their traditional roles and authority within the tribe.

Pre-Colonial African Society Divisions:
- In the pre-colonial period, the African society was divided into different social groups based on various factors. The most common divisions were:


A: Elders and Warriors:
- One of the main divisions in pre-colonial African society was between the elders and warriors.
- Elders were respected members of the community who were seen as wise and experienced.
- They held positions of authority and were responsible for making important decisions and maintaining social order.
- Warriors, on the other hand, were the protectors of the community. They were skilled fighters and defended the community from external threats.
- While elders focused on governance and maintaining social harmony, warriors ensured the safety and security of the society.
B: Priests and Warriors:
- Another division in pre-colonial African society was between priests and warriors.
- Priests held religious and spiritual authority within the community.
- They performed rituals, ceremonies, and offered guidance on matters related to spirituality and religious practices.
- Warriors, as mentioned earlier, were responsible for protecting the community and engaging in warfare when necessary.
- Both priests and warriors played crucial roles in the social and cultural fabric of the society.
C: Agriculturists and Industrialists:
- The division between agriculturists and industrialists was more prevalent in some African societies.
- Agriculturists were those who primarily engaged in farming and agricultural activities.
- They cultivated crops, raised livestock, and provided food for the community.
- Industrialists, on the other hand, were involved in various crafts and trades.
- They produced goods such as textiles, pottery, metalwork, and other specialized products.
- This division reflected the diverse economic activities and specialization within different African societies.
D: None of the Above:
- Option D, "none of the above," is incorrect as the African society in the pre-colonial period was indeed divided into various social groups.
- The divisions were based on factors such as age, occupation, social status, and responsibilities within the community.
In conclusion, the African society in the pre-colonial period was characterized by divisions such as elders and warriors, priests and warriors, and agriculturists and industrialists. These divisions played significant roles in the social, political, religious, and economic aspects of African communities.

Severe Drought in Maasai Reserve

Background:

The Maasai Reserve is a region in Africa known for its pastoral communities and livestock farming. However, severe droughts can have devastating effects on the cattle population, leading to significant losses.

Answer:

The severe drought that killed over half the cattle in the Maasai Reserve took place in 1933 and 1934.

Explanation:

Here are the key points to support the answer:

• In 1933 and 1934, the Maasai Reserve experienced a severe drought.


• This drought had a devastating impact on the cattle population, causing the death of over half the cattle.


• Due to the lack of water and forage, the cattle were unable to survive, leading to significant losses for the Maasai community.

Therefore, option B: 1933 and 1934 is the correct answer.

The nomadic cattle herders of Kaokoland belonged to:
- Answer: Namibia
Explanation:
- Kaokoland is a region located in northwestern Namibia.
- The nomadic cattle herders in Kaokoland are predominantly from the Himba ethnic group.
- The Himba people are known for their traditional way of life, which includes cattle herding and semi-nomadic pastoralism.
- They have a strong connection to their livestock and rely on them for sustenance and as a sign of wealth and status.
- The Himba people have a distinct culture and are known for their unique dress, hairstyle, and traditional practices.
- They live in small settlements called kraals and move their cattle to different grazing areas depending on the availability of resources.
- The Himba people have managed to preserve their traditional way of life despite modern influences and continue to practice their cultural traditions in Kaokoland, Namibia.

Statement A: Large areas of grazing land were turned into game reserves.

Statement B: Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves.

Statement C: Serengeti National Park was created over 14,760 km of Maasai grazing land.

To determine which statement is true, we need to evaluate each statement individually:

Statement A: Large areas of grazing land were turned into game reserves.

• This statement implies that grazing land was converted into game reserves.


• There is no information given regarding the conversion of grazing land into game reserves.


• Without any evidence, we cannot conclude that this statement is true.

Statement B: Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves.

• This statement suggests that pastoralists were prohibited from entering the reserves.


• There is no information given regarding the access of pastoralists to the reserves.


• Without any evidence, we cannot conclude that this statement is true.

Statement C: Serengeti National Park was created over 14,760 km of Maasai grazing land.

• This statement states that Serengeti National Park was established on Maasai grazing land.


• There is no information given specifically about the size of the land or its origin.


• Without any evidence, we cannot conclude that this statement is true.

Based on the evaluation of each statement, none of them can be confirmed as true.

Therefore, the correct answer is: None of the above statements can be determined as true.

The result of overgrazing pastures due to restrictions on pastoral movements can be summarized as follows:
The quality of pastures declined:
- Overgrazing leads to the depletion of grass and other vegetation in pastures, resulting in a decline in their quality.
- Continuous grazing without adequate rest periods prevents the natural regeneration of the pasture, leading to a decrease in nutrient content and overall health.
Deterioration of animal stock:
- Limited access to fresh pastures and the decline in pasture quality can lead to inadequate nutrition for livestock.
- Animals may not receive the necessary nutrients for growth and reproduction, resulting in a decline in the quality and productivity of the animal stock.
Underfed cattle died in large numbers during scarcity and famine:
- In times of scarcity or famine, when pastures are already overgrazed and of poor quality, the limited availability of food can lead to underfeeding of the cattle.
- Undernourished cattle are more susceptible to diseases, parasites, and other health issues, which can lead to increased mortality rates.
All of the above:
- The combined effects of overgrazing pastures due to movement restrictions can result in a decline in pasture quality, deterioration of animal stock, and increased mortality rates during scarcity and famine.
In conclusion, the restrictions on pastoral movements and subsequent overgrazing of pastures have negative consequences for both the quality of pastures and the health and productivity of animal stock, leading to increased mortality rates during times of scarcity and famine.

The Maasaliand was cut into half with an International boundary by British in:
Answer: B: 1885
Detailed
The Maasaliand region, located in East Africa, was divided into two halves by the British through an international boundary. Here is a detailed explanation of the timeline and events surrounding this division:
1. Background: The Maasaliand region, inhabited by the Maasai people, was originally a part of the British East Africa Protectorate. The British colonizers established their presence in the region during the late 19th century.
2. British Administration: The British colonial administration aimed to establish control over the Maasai people and their lands. They sought to implement policies such as land alienation, forced labor, and taxation.
3. Division of Maasaliand: In 1885, the British decided to divide the Maasaliand region into two halves by creating an international boundary. This division was part of the wider process of colonial territorial demarcation in Africa during the Scramble for Africa.
4. Reasons for Division: The British divided the Maasaliand for several reasons, including:
- Strategic and administrative purposes: The division allowed the British to establish control and administer the region more efficiently.
- Exploitation of resources: The British aimed to exploit the natural resources present in the Maasaliand, such as land and minerals.
- Power and control: Dividing the region provided the British with a means to exercise their authority and influence over the Maasai people.
5. Impact on Maasai People: The division of the Maasaliand had significant consequences for the Maasai people:
- Loss of ancestral lands: The division resulted in the loss of traditional Maasai lands, which had a profound impact on their way of life and cultural practices.
- Displacement and conflicts: The creation of an international boundary disrupted Maasai communities and led to conflicts with neighboring tribes and settlers.
- Cultural and social changes: The division of the Maasaliand brought about changes in Maasai social structures, economic activities, and cultural practices.
In conclusion, the Maasaliand region was cut into half with an international boundary by the British in 1885. This division had far-reaching consequences for the Maasai people and their way of life.

The Criminal Tribes Act was a controversial legislation passed in India during British colonial rule. It classified certain communities as "Criminal Tribes" and imposed strict regulations and surveillance on them.
The correct answer to the question is B: 1871.
Here is a detailed explanation of the Criminal Tribes Act and its historical context:
Background:
- During the 19th century, the British colonial administration in India faced challenges in maintaining law and order.
- They believed that certain communities, often nomadic or semi-nomadic in nature, were prone to criminal activities.
- The British authorities sought to control and monitor these communities through legislation.
The Criminal Tribes Act:
- The Criminal Tribes Act was first enacted in 1871.
- It initially applied to a few specific communities, such as the Bediya and the Banjara tribes.
- The Act labeled these communities as "Criminal Tribes" and subjected them to strict surveillance and restrictions.
- The Act required members of these communities to report to the authorities regularly and obtain a license to engage in certain occupations.
- Violators of the Act were subjected to harsh punishments, including imprisonment and forced labor.
Expansion and Amendments:
- Over the years, the scope of the Criminal Tribes Act expanded, and more communities were included under its purview.
- In 1911, the Act was made applicable to over 160 communities across different regions of India.
- The Act was further amended in 1924, giving the authorities even more power to control and regulate the designated "Criminal Tribes."
Controversies and Abolition:
- The Criminal Tribes Act was highly controversial and faced criticism from various quarters.
- Many argued that the Act stigmatized entire communities based on their caste or occupation, leading to their marginalization and discrimination.
- The Act also perpetuated stereotypes and prejudices against these communities.
- Over time, there were movements and protests against the Act, advocating for its abolition.
- Finally, in 1949, after India gained independence, the Criminal Tribes Act was repealed, and the communities previously classified as "Criminal Tribes" were denotified.
In conclusion, the Criminal Tribes Act was passed in 1871 during British colonial rule in India. It classified certain communities as "Criminal Tribes" and imposed strict regulations and surveillance on them. The Act was highly controversial and faced criticism for its stigmatization and marginalization of these communities. It was finally repealed in 1949 after India gained independence.

Hardest hit areas by drought and food shortage in Africa:
- Vicinity of Amboseli National Park: This area in Africa is known for its harsh climate conditions, including frequent droughts and food shortages. The region's arid and semi-arid landscapes make it particularly susceptible to water scarcity and agricultural challenges.
- Vicinity of Samburu National Park: Similar to Amboseli National Park, the vicinity of Samburu National Park also faces significant drought and food shortage issues. The arid conditions and limited water sources contribute to the difficulties faced by the local communities in growing crops and sustaining their livelihoods.
- Vicinity of Serengeti National Park: The Serengeti region experiences periodic droughts and food shortages, affecting both wildlife and local communities. The fluctuations in rainfall patterns and limited access to water resources pose significant challenges to agriculture and food production in this area.
- All of the above: All three areas mentioned above, Amboseli National Park, Samburu National Park, and Serengeti National Park, are hardest hit by drought and food shortage in Africa. The combination of arid climates, limited water sources, and unpredictable rainfall patterns make these regions particularly vulnerable to food insecurity.
It is important to note that these are just a few examples of the areas in Africa facing drought and food shortage challenges. The continent as a whole is affected by various factors, such as climate change, population growth, and limited access to resources, which contribute to the overall food insecurity situation.

The Division in Massai Society:
- The Massai society of Africa was divided into two main groups.
- These groups were based on the roles and responsibilities assigned to different individuals within the society.
Elders and Warriors:
- One group in Massai society was composed of elders and warriors.
- The elders were responsible for making important decisions and providing guidance to the community.
- The warriors were the protectors of the community and were trained in combat and warfare.
Cultivators and Merchants:
- The other group in Massai society consisted of cultivators and merchants.
- The cultivators were responsible for agricultural activities such as farming and animal husbandry.
- The merchants were involved in trade and commerce, facilitating the exchange of goods and services within and outside the community.
Roles and Responsibilities:
- The elders and warriors played a crucial role in maintaining law and order within the community.
- They also protected the community from external threats and conflicts.
- The cultivators were responsible for ensuring a stable food supply and the overall sustenance of the community.
- The merchants facilitated economic activities and contributed to the prosperity of the community through trade.
Social Hierarchy:
- The division of Massai society into these two groups created a social hierarchy.
- The elders and warriors held a higher status and were respected for their wisdom and bravery.
- The cultivators and merchants, although important, held a lower status compared to the elders and warriors.
Importance of Division:
- This division within Massai society helped to maintain a balance of power and ensured that different aspects of the community's needs were met.
- Each group had specific roles and responsibilities, contributing to the overall functioning and well-being of the society.
In conclusion, the Massai society of Africa was divided into two groups: elders and warriors, and cultivators and merchants. This division helped to maintain social order, ensure economic stability, and provide protection to the community.

States of Garhwal, Kumaon, Sahil, and Shili:
The states where Garhwal, Kumaon, Sahil, and Shili are located are:
Answer: B - U.P and Merchants
Explanation:
- Garhwal and Kumaon are regions in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.
- Sahil and Shili are not specific regions or states in India.
- "U.P" refers to Uttar Pradesh, a state in northern India.
- "Merchants" is not a state in India, so it is unclear what it refers to.
- Therefore, the only relevant option is B - U.P and Merchants, with Uttar Pradesh being the state where Garhwal and Kumaon are located.
To summarize:
- Garhwal and Kumaon are regions in Uttarakhand, a state in India.
- Sahil and Shili are not specific regions or states.
- The correct answer is B - U.P and Merchants, with Uttar Pradesh being the state where Garhwal and Kumaon are located.