Water Resources - Olympiad Level MCQ, Class 10 SST - Class 10 MCQ

Major Source of Fresh Water in India:
The major source of fresh water in India is groundwater.
Here are the reasons why groundwater is the major source of fresh water in India:
1. Abundance: Groundwater accounts for about 40% of the total water supply in India, making it the largest source of fresh water in the country.
2. Availability: Groundwater is available throughout the year and is not dependent on seasonal rainfall or melting snow, unlike other sources of fresh water such as tanks or waterfalls.
3. Accessibility: Groundwater can be accessed through wells, tube wells, and hand pumps, making it easily accessible to both rural and urban areas.
4. Reliability: Groundwater is a reliable source of fresh water as it is not subject to fluctuations caused by droughts or excessive rainfall.
5. Self-sufficiency: Groundwater allows for self-sufficiency in water supply as it can be extracted and used locally without the need for long-distance transportation.
6. Groundwater recharge: Rainfall and surface water sources replenish groundwater through a process called recharge, ensuring a continuous supply of fresh water.
7. Community dependence: Many communities in India depend on groundwater for their daily water needs, including drinking water, irrigation, and industrial use.
Overall, groundwater is the major source of fresh water in India due to its abundance, availability, accessibility, reliability, self-sufficiency, and the dependence of communities on it for various purposes.

Koyena Dam

The Koyena Dam is built on the Krishna River.

The solution to the question is as follows:

• Koyena Dam: The Koyena Dam is a hydroelectric dam located on the Krishna River in Maharashtra, India. It is one of the largest dams in Maharashtra and serves as a major source of hydroelectric power for the state.


• Krishna River: The Krishna River is one of the longest rivers in India, originating from the Western Ghats in Maharashtra and flowing through the states of Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. It is an important river for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and drinking water supply.


• Kaveri River: The Kaveri River is a major river in South India, flowing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It is known for its significance in agriculture and is often referred to as the "Ganges of the South."


• Ganga River: The Ganga River, also known as the Ganges, is one of the most sacred rivers in India. It originates from the Gangotri Glacier in the state of Uttarakhand and flows through several states, including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal.


• Mahanadi River: The Mahanadi River is a major river in East-Central India, flowing through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha. It is known for its rich agricultural plains and is an important source of irrigation and hydroelectric power.

Therefore, the Koyena Dam is built on the Krishna River.

The state that has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state is Tamil Nadu.

Explanation:

• Kerala: Kerala has not made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all houses.


• Karnataka: Karnataka has not made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all houses.


• Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all houses across the state.


• Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh has not made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all houses.

Therefore, the correct answer is Tamil Nadu (C).

Not the cause of water scarcity:
- Construction of dams and reserves (Option C)
Causes of water scarcity:
- Rapid growth of population (Option A): The increase in population leads to higher demand for water, putting pressure on existing water resources and leading to scarcity.
- Uneven distribution of water resources (Option B): Some regions may have abundant water resources, while others may suffer from a lack of access to clean water due to geographical or climatic factors.
- Increase in demand (Option D): As societies develop and industrialize, the demand for water for various purposes such as agriculture, industry, and domestic use increases, contributing to water scarcity.

The purest form of natural water, known as palar pani, is considered in which state?

Sardar Sarovar Dam is constructed on:
The correct answer is River Narmada.
Explanation:
The Sardar Sarovar Dam is one of the largest dams in India and is located on the River Narmada in the state of Gujarat. Here are some key points about the dam:
- Location: The Sardar Sarovar Dam is situated in the Navagam village of Gujarat, India.
- Construction: The construction of the dam started in 1987 and was completed in 2017. It is a concrete gravity dam.
- Purpose: The dam serves multiple purposes, including irrigation, drinking water supply, and hydroelectric power generation.
- Height and Capacity: The dam has a height of 163 meters and a capacity to store 9.43 billion cubic meters of water.
- Beneficiary States: The dam supplies water to the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan.
- Importance: The Sardar Sarovar Dam has been a significant project for India, as it has helped in providing water for irrigation, drinking purposes, and electricity generation.
Overall, the Sardar Sarovar Dam plays a crucial role in the development and welfare of the region by harnessing the water resources of the River Narmada.

River on which Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is built:

• Answer: C: Krishna

Explanation:
The Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is built on the Krishna River.

• The Krishna River is one of the major rivers in India, originating in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra and flowing through the states of Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.


• The Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is located in Nalgonda District of Telangana, India.


• It is one of the largest masonry dams in the world and serves the purpose of irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control.


• The dam was constructed between the years 1955 and 1967, and it has a capacity of 590 TMC (thousand million cubic feet).


• The reservoir created by the dam is known as Nagarjuna Sagar Lake, which is also a popular tourist attraction in the region.

Therefore, the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is built on the Krishna River.

To find the percentage of the total volume of the world's water that is estimated to exist as oceans, we can use the following information:
- The total volume of the world's water is estimated to be approximately 1.332 billion cubic kilometers.
- The volume of water in the oceans is estimated to be approximately 1.332 billion cubic kilometers.
Using these numbers, we can calculate the percentage:
1. Calculate the percentage by dividing the volume of water in the oceans by the total volume of the world's water:
- Percentage = (Volume of water in the oceans / Total volume of the world's water) * 100
2. Substitute the values into the formula:
- Percentage = (1.332 billion cubic kilometers / 1.332 billion cubic kilometers) * 100
3. Simplify the calculation:
- Percentage = 1 * 100
4. Calculate the final percentage:
- Percentage = 100%
Therefore, the percentage of the total volume of the world's water estimated to exist as oceans is 100%.

Large scale irrigation has led to:
Changed cropping pattern in many regions:
- Large scale irrigation has allowed farmers to grow crops that require more water, leading to a change in the cropping pattern.
- Farmers can now cultivate water-intensive crops like rice, sugarcane, and cotton in regions where these crops were not traditionally grown.
Increased salinisation of soil:
- Irrigation water often contains salts, and when this water is used for irrigation, it can lead to the accumulation of salts in the soil.
- Over time, the salts can build up to harmful levels, resulting in salinisation of the soil.
- Salinisation can negatively affect crop growth and reduce agricultural productivity.
Average reduction in crop production:
- While large scale irrigation has increased the overall agricultural productivity, it has also led to a reduction in crop production in some cases.
- Improper irrigation practices, such as over-irrigation or inadequate drainage, can result in waterlogging and oxygen deprivation in the root zone, leading to reduced crop yields.
Increasing gap between the rich and the poor farmers:
- Large scale irrigation systems often require substantial investment in infrastructure, such as pumps, canals, and pipelines.
- Small-scale farmers may not have the financial resources to invest in such infrastructure, resulting in an increasing gap between the rich and the poor farmers.
- Wealthier farmers who can afford to invest in irrigation infrastructure have a competitive advantage over poorer farmers, leading to further inequality in agricultural production.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: i, ii, iv.

Reasons for criticism of multipurpose river valley projects:
The reasons for criticism of multipurpose river valley projects are:
A: They create a rockier stream bed
- These projects involve the construction of dams and reservoirs, which can lead to changes in the natural flow of the river.
- The altered flow can result in increased sedimentation, leading to a rockier stream bed.
B: They create poorer habitats for the river's aquatic life
- The construction of dams and reservoirs can disrupt the natural habitat of aquatic species.
- Changes in water flow, temperature, and oxygen levels can negatively impact the survival and reproduction of aquatic life.
C: The reservoirs created in the floodplain submerge vegetation
- Multipurpose river valley projects often involve the creation of reservoirs in floodplain areas.
- The submergence of vegetation due to the reservoirs can lead to the loss of important habitats for plants and animals.
D: They help in generation of hydroelectricity
- This statement is not a reason for criticism of multipurpose river valley projects.
- The generation of hydroelectricity is one of the main benefits of these projects and is often seen as a positive aspect.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: They help in the generation of hydroelectricity.

Explanation:
The rainwater harvesting technique called Tanka is associated with the state of Rajasthan.
Reasoning:
Tanka is a traditional rainwater harvesting technique that is commonly used in the arid regions of Rajasthan. It involves constructing underground tanks or reservoirs to collect and store rainwater during the monsoon season. The harvested rainwater is then used for various purposes such as drinking, cooking, and irrigation throughout the year.
Conclusion:
Therefore, the correct answer is option D: Rajasthan.

Answer:
The Narmada Bachao Andolan was launched against the construction of the Sardar Sarovar multipurpose project. Here is a detailed explanation:
Narmada Bachao Andolan:
The Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social movement that started in the early 1980s to protest against the construction of large dams on the Narmada River in India. The movement was led by Medha Patkar and aimed to protect the rights of the local communities and the environment.
Sardar Sarovar Multipurpose Project:
The Sardar Sarovar Multipurpose Project is one of the largest river valley projects in India. It involves the construction of a dam on the Narmada River in Gujarat. The project aims to provide water for irrigation, drinking purposes, and generate hydropower.
Reasons for opposition:
The Narmada Bachao Andolan opposed the Sardar Sarovar project for several reasons, including:
1. Displacement: The project would result in the displacement of thousands of people, including tribal communities and farmers, from their homes and agricultural lands.
2. Environmental impact: The construction of the dam would lead to the submergence of forests and fertile agricultural land, causing irreversible damage to the environment.
3. Inadequate rehabilitation: The NBA argued that the rehabilitation and compensation provided to the affected people were insufficient and did not meet the required standards.
4. Social injustice: The movement highlighted the social injustice caused by the project, as it disproportionately affected marginalized communities and violated their rights.
Impact and outcome:
The Narmada Bachao Andolan gained nationwide attention and support. It brought the issue of large dams and their impact on local communities and the environment into the public discourse. The movement led to debates, legal battles, and policy changes regarding the construction of dams and the rights of affected people.
Despite the opposition, the Sardar Sarovar Multipurpose Project was eventually completed, but with modifications and additional measures for rehabilitation. The project continues to be a subject of debate and controversy, highlighting the ongoing challenges in balancing development and environmental concerns.

Salal Dam is built on the Chenab river.

Explanation:

The Salal Dam is a hydroelectric dam located on the Chenab River in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Here are some key points about the Salal Dam:
- The dam is built across the Chenab River, which is one of the major rivers in northern India.
- It is situated in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, specifically in the Reasi district.
- The construction of the dam started in 1978 and was completed in 1995.
- The primary purpose of the dam is to generate hydroelectric power.
- The installed capacity of the Salal Dam power station is 690 MW, making it one of the significant hydroelectric power projects in the region.
- The dam is operated by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC).
- Apart from power generation, the dam also helps in irrigation and flood control in the Chenab River basin.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A: Chenab.

Answer:

Rooftop rainwater harvesting was practiced in the state of Rajasthan.

Explanation:

Rooftop rainwater harvesting is a technique used to collect and store rainwater from rooftops for future use. It helps in conserving water and can be used for various purposes such as irrigation, household chores, and groundwater recharge.

In the given options, Rajasthan is the correct answer as it is a state known for its innovative water management techniques due to its arid climate and limited water resources. The practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is prevalent in Rajasthan to make the most of the rainfall received in the region.

Other options:

• West Bengal: Although West Bengal experiences a significant amount of rainfall, rooftop rainwater harvesting is not commonly practiced in the state.


• Haryana: Haryana is another state that faces water scarcity, but rooftop rainwater harvesting is not specifically mentioned as a widely practiced technique in the state.


• Punjab: Punjab is known for its agricultural activities and has a well-developed irrigation system. While water conservation techniques are important, rooftop rainwater harvesting is not typically associated with the state.

Therefore, the correct answer is Rajasthan.

Hirakud Dam is built on the Mahanadi River. It is located in the state of Odisha, India.
Key Points:
- The Hirakud Dam is one of the longest major earthen dams in the world and is considered a significant engineering marvel.
- It was constructed between the years 1948 and 1957, with the primary purpose of controlling floods in the Mahanadi River basin and providing irrigation and drinking water supply to the nearby areas.
- The dam is situated near the town of Hirakud in Sambalpur district of Odisha.
- The Mahanadi River, on which the dam is built, is one of the major rivers in India flowing through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha.
- The dam has a total length of about 25.8 kilometers and has created a large reservoir known as the Hirakud Reservoir.
- The reservoir has a storage capacity of about 5,818 million cubic meters and covers an area of around 743 square kilometers.
- Apart from flood control and irrigation, the Hirakud Dam also generates hydroelectric power, with two powerhouses located on either side of the dam.
- The dam and the reservoir have also become a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors with its scenic beauty and water sports activities.
Conclusion:
The Hirakud Dam is built on the Mahanadi River in Odisha, India. It serves multiple purposes, including flood control, irrigation, drinking water supply, hydroelectric power generation, and tourism.

Answer:

Region: Western Himalayas

Reason:

• Guls and Kuls are traditional irrigation systems that were built in the Western Himalayas region.


• Guls are small diversion channels that are used to divert water from streams or rivers towards agricultural fields.


• Kuls are small canals or channels that are used to carry water from the Guls to the fields.


• These systems were developed by the local communities to overcome the challenges of water scarcity in the mountainous region.


• The construction of Guls and Kuls requires a deep understanding of the local topography and water sources.


• These systems have been in use for centuries and have played a crucial role in sustaining agriculture in the Western Himalayas.

Conclusion:

Guls and Kuls were built in the Western Himalayas region for irrigation purposes.

Source of Freshwater:
- Freshwater is essential for human life and various activities. It is primarily obtained from the following sources:



Precipitation:
- Precipitation, which includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail, is an important source of freshwater.
- When moisture in the atmosphere condenses, it forms clouds and eventually falls as precipitation.
- This precipitation replenishes freshwater sources such as lakes, rivers, and groundwater.



Surface Runoff:
- Surface runoff refers to the water that flows over the land surface and into streams, rivers, and other bodies of water.
- It is an important source of freshwater as it contributes to the overall water cycle.
- Surface runoff helps in replenishing freshwater sources and maintaining water levels in rivers and lakes.



Groundwater:
- Groundwater is the water that is stored beneath the Earth's surface in aquifers.
- It is a significant source of freshwater and plays a crucial role in sustaining ecosystems and meeting human water demands.
- Groundwater is accessed through wells and can be used for various purposes such as drinking, irrigation, and industrial use.



All the Above:
- Considering the options provided, it is evident that all of the above sources (precipitation, surface runoff, and groundwater) contribute to the availability of freshwater.
- Each source has its own significance and collectively ensures a sustainable supply of freshwater for various purposes.



Therefore, the correct answer is option D: All the above.

Answer:
The estimated percentage of the total volume of the world's water that exists as freshwater is 2.5%. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Total volume of the world's water:
- The total volume of the world's water is estimated to be approximately 1.386 billion cubic kilometers (km³).
2. Freshwater as a percentage:
- Freshwater refers to water that has low levels of dissolved salts and is suitable for consumption and use by humans and other organisms.
- Out of the total volume of the world's water, only a small percentage is freshwater.
- The estimated percentage of freshwater is about 2.5% of the total volume.
3. Breakdown of freshwater:
- Out of the 2.5% freshwater, the majority is locked in ice caps and glaciers, making it inaccessible for immediate use.
- Only a small fraction of the freshwater is found in accessible forms such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
4. Importance of freshwater:
- Despite the small percentage, freshwater is crucial for sustaining life on Earth.
- It is essential for drinking, agriculture, sanitation, and various industrial processes.
5. Need for conservation:
- The limited availability of freshwater highlights the importance of conservation efforts.
- It is crucial to manage and protect freshwater resources to ensure their sustainable use for future generations.
In conclusion, approximately 2.5% of the total volume of the world's water is estimated to exist as freshwater. This limited availability emphasizes the need for responsible water usage and conservation.

Contribution of Hydroelectricity in the Total Generation of Electricity:
The contribution of hydroelectricity in the total generation of electricity can be calculated based on the available data for the year 2010 (T-1).
Step 1:
- Identify the total generation of electricity in the given year.
Step 2:
- Determine the amount of electricity generated from hydroelectric sources.
Step 3:
- Calculate the percentage contribution of hydroelectricity by dividing the amount of electricity generated from hydroelectric sources by the total generation of electricity and multiplying by 100.
Given that the correct answer is option D (22%), let's break down the steps to understand the calculation:
Step 1:
- No specific data is provided regarding the total generation of electricity in the year 2010 (T-1). Therefore, we cannot determine the exact value for this variable.
Step 2:
- No specific data is provided regarding the amount of electricity generated from hydroelectric sources in the year 2010 (T-1). Therefore, we cannot determine the exact value for this variable.
Step 3:
- Since we do not have the values for the total generation of electricity and the amount of electricity generated from hydroelectric sources, we cannot calculate the percentage contribution of hydroelectricity.
Therefore, we cannot provide a detailed solution or calculation for the contribution of hydroelectricity in the total generation of electricity in the year 2010 (T-1) based on the information provided.

Mettur Dam

The Mettur Dam is constructed on the River Kaveri.

Explanation

• The Mettur Dam is located in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.


• It is one of the largest dams in India and is built on the River Kaveri.


• The dam was constructed in the year 1934 and is primarily used for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.


• The reservoir created by the dam is known as Stanley Reservoir and it spans across an area of about 60,000 acres.


• The dam provides water for irrigation to the surrounding districts and also supplies drinking water to the city of Chennai.


• Additionally, the dam's power station has a capacity of generating 240 MW of electricity.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A: River Kaveri.

Answer:
The river that does not have any multipurpose river project is the Yamuna.
Explanation:
- Satluj-Beas:
- The Satluj-Beas river has the Bhakra Nangal Project, which is a multipurpose river project.
- It is located in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.
- The project has provisions for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control.
- Mahanadi:
- The Mahanadi river has the Hirakud Dam project, which is a multipurpose river project.
- It is located in the state of Odisha.
- The project has provisions for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control.
- Narmada:
- The Narmada river has the Sardar Sarovar Dam project, which is a multipurpose river project.
- It is located in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.
- The project has provisions for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and drinking water supply.
- Yamuna:
- The Yamuna river does not have any multipurpose river project.
- It flows through the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh.
- However, there are other projects on the Yamuna, such as the Tajewala Barrage in Haryana for irrigation and the Okhla Barrage in Delhi for drinking water supply.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: Yamuna.

Answer:

Tehri Dam is being constructed on the Bhagirathi River.

Explanation:

The Tehri Dam is a multi-purpose rock and earth-fill embankment dam located on the Bhagirathi River in the state of Uttarakhand, India. Here are some key points about the Tehri Dam:

• Location: The dam is situated in the town of Tehri in the Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.


• River: The dam is being constructed on the Bhagirathi River, which is one of the main tributaries of the Ganges River.


• Purpose: The Tehri Dam serves multiple purposes, including hydroelectric power generation, irrigation, and flood control.


• Height: The dam is one of the highest in the world, with a height of 260.5 meters (855 feet).


• Reservoir: The dam forms the Tehri Reservoir, which has a storage capacity of 2.6 billion cubic meters (2.1 million acre-feet).


• Project: The construction of the Tehri Dam is part of the Tehri Hydro Development Corporation's Tehri Hydroelectric Complex, which also includes other projects such as the Koteshwar Dam and the Tehri Pumped Storage Plant.

Therefore, the correct answer is A: Bhagirathi.

How much of the earth surface is covered with water?
The answer to this question is C: About 3/4.
Explanation:
The earth's surface is made up of land and water. To determine the percentage of the earth's surface covered with water, we need to consider the ratio of the total water area to the total surface area of the earth.
- Total Surface Area: The total surface area of the earth is approximately 510 million square kilometers.
- Total Water Area: The total water area includes all the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water on the earth's surface.
To calculate the percentage, we can use the formula:
Percentage = (Total Water Area / Total Surface Area) x 100
Let's calculate:
Percentage = (Total Water Area / Total Surface Area) x 100
Percentage = (361 million sq km / 510 million sq km) x 100
Percentage ≈ 70.78%
Therefore, approximately 70.78% of the earth's surface is covered with water. This is close to 3/4 or about 3/4 (option C in the given choices).

Water Harvesting Methods in Rajasthan:
The correct answer is C: Guls.
Water harvesting in Rajasthan is a crucial practice to combat water scarcity in the arid region. Several methods are employed to capture and store rainwater. The methods used in Rajasthan are:
A: Johads
- Johads are small earthen dams built across streams or rivers to capture rainwater.
- They help in recharging groundwater and provide water for irrigation and domestic use.
B: Khadins
- Khadins are long, narrow earthen embankments constructed across the slope.
- They collect rainwater and allow it to percolate into the ground, recharging the groundwater table.
C: Guls
- Guls are not a method of water harvesting used in Rajasthan.
- This is the incorrect option.
D: Tankas
- Tankas are underground storage tanks made of stone or concrete.
- They store rainwater for household purposes and livestock.
In conclusion, Guls are not a method of water harvesting used in Rajasthan. The correct methods are Johads, Khadins, and Tankas.

Adverse Effects of Dams:

Interstate water disputes: Dams can lead to disputes between states over the allocation and distribution of water resources.

Excessive sedimentation of Reservoir: Dams can cause the accumulation of sediment in reservoirs, which can reduce their storage capacity and affect their functionality.

Displacement of population: Construction of dams often requires the relocation of communities living in the areas to be flooded, leading to social and economic disruptions.

Flood control: Dams are actually built to control and regulate the flow of water, reducing the risk of flooding downstream.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: Flood control. Flood control is a positive aspect of dams and not an adverse effect.

Roof tap rainwater harvesting system in Rajasthan is known as :

• A: Guls


• B: Kuls


• C: Tankas


• D: Baobs

Answer: C. Tankas

Explanation:

• Rajasthan is a dry and arid region with limited water resources.


• The roof tap rainwater harvesting system is widely practiced in Rajasthan to overcome water scarcity.


• This system involves collecting rainwater from rooftops and storing it in underground tanks called "Tankas".


• Tankas are traditional rainwater storage structures made of stone or concrete.


• They are designed to collect rainwater during the monsoon season and store it for later use during the dry months.


• These tanks have a small opening on the top for rainwater to enter and a larger opening at the bottom for water extraction.


• The collected rainwater is used for various purposes such as drinking, cooking, and irrigation.


• Tankas have been an integral part of the water management system in Rajasthan for centuries, helping communities to survive in the arid climate.

Therefore, the roof tap rainwater harvesting system in Rajasthan is known as "Tankas".

The Proclamation of Dams as the Temple of Modern India

The proclamation of dams as the temple of modern India was made by Jawaharlal Nehru.

Explanation:

• Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India and a key figure in the Indian independence movement.


• He played a crucial role in shaping the modern India and its development policies.


• Nehru firmly believed in the importance of dams for the progress and development of the country.


• He recognized dams as vital infrastructure projects that could provide water for irrigation, generate hydroelectric power, and control floods.


• Nehru believed that through the construction of dams, India could achieve self-sufficiency in food production and provide electricity to its people.


• He often referred to dams as the "temples of modern India" to emphasize their significance in the nation's development.


• Under Nehru's leadership, several major dam projects were initiated, including the Bhakra Nangal Dam, the Hirakud Dam, and the Damodar Valley Project.

Therefore, it was Jawaharlal Nehru who proclaimed dams as the temple of modern India.

Explanation:
The prevalent states for bamboo drip irrigation are as follows:
Rajasthan:
- Bamboo drip irrigation is not prevalent in Rajasthan.
Meghalaya:
- Bamboo drip irrigation is prevalent in Meghalaya.
Karnataka:
- Bamboo drip irrigation is not prevalent in Karnataka.
Madhya Pradesh:
- Bamboo drip irrigation is not prevalent in Madhya Pradesh.
Therefore, the correct answer is Meghalaya.

Answer:
The bamboo-drip irrigation system is prevalent in the state of Meghalaya.
Explanation:
The bamboo-drip irrigation system is a traditional method of irrigation that is widely practiced in Meghalaya. This system involves the use of bamboo pipes to deliver water slowly and directly to the roots of plants. The bamboo pipes are placed in the ground and water is poured into them, allowing it to gradually seep out and irrigate the plants. This method is particularly effective in hilly areas where the terrain is not suitable for other types of irrigation systems.
Key Points:
- The bamboo-drip irrigation system is prevalent in Meghalaya.
- This system involves the use of bamboo pipes to deliver water slowly and directly to the roots of plants.
- It is a traditional method of irrigation practiced in hilly areas.
- The bamboo-drip irrigation system is effective in areas where other types of irrigation systems may not be suitable.

Tankas:
Tankas are underground tanks used for storing rainwater harvested from rooftops for drinking purposes. They are commonly found in areas with limited water resources, such as arid and semi-arid regions.
Features of Tankas:
- Tankas are typically made of concrete or other durable materials to ensure water storage and prevent contamination.
- They are designed to collect rainwater from rooftops through gutters and pipes, which is then filtered and stored in the tanka.
- Tankas can have a capacity ranging from a few hundred liters to several thousand liters, depending on the household's water needs.
- The stored rainwater is primarily used for drinking, cooking, and other essential domestic purposes.
Advantages of Tankas:
- Tankas provide a reliable and sustainable source of water in areas where groundwater or surface water is scarce.
- They help reduce dependence on expensive and environmentally damaging alternatives like water tankers or deep borewells.
- Tankas promote water conservation by utilizing rainwater, which would otherwise go to waste.
- They are cost-effective and require minimal maintenance once installed.
Conclusion:
Tankas are an important water storage solution, especially in regions facing water scarcity. They play a crucial role in providing a sustainable source of clean drinking water for households.