History Mock Test- 1 - Class 9 MCQ

Conservatives were against the any type of political or social change because they do not want any change in society and they want to follow ancient rules that's why they are against any change in the society.

The 18th century society was largely segregated into estates and orders  and it was the church and aristocracy who controlled social and economic power. The " estates of" the territory were  the expansive " orders of social hierarchy " adopted in Christian Europe from the medieval period to  early modern Europe.

Germany emerged from World War I with huge debts incurred to finance a costly war for almost five years. The treasury was empty, the currency was losing value, and Germany needed to pay its war debts and the huge reparations bill imposed on it by the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war.

The First World War left a deep imprint on European society and polity.
Soldiers came to be placed above civilians.Politicians and publicists laid great success on the need for men to be aggressive, strong and masculine.The media glorified trench life but actually soldiers lived miserable lives in these trenches, trapped with rats feeding on corpses.They faced poisonous gas and enemy shelling, and witnessed their ranks reduce rapidly.Aggressive war propaganda and national honour occupied centre stage in the public sphere, while popular support grew for conservative dictatorships that had recently come into being.

The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe). The best-known system is the French Ancient Régime (Old Regime), a three-estate system used until the French Revolution (1789–1799).

John Locke refuted the doctrine of the divine and absolute rights of the monarch because he was inspired by the humanistic and enlightened viewpoint that all individuals are equal. No individual is created superior by God. Instead, in his "Two Treatises of Government", he propounded the idea that the government should rule according to law and with the consent of the people.

Protected Forests Classification
Protected forests were classified as such for several reasons, as outlined below:
1. Customary grazing rights:
- In some cases, protected forests were designated to grant customary grazing rights to pastoral communities.
- These communities relied on grazing their livestock in the forest areas for sustenance.
- However, the movements of these pastoralists were severely restricted within the protected forests.
2. Preservation of saplings and young shoots:
- Colonial officials believed that unrestricted grazing in forests led to the destruction of saplings and young shoots of trees.
- Grazing animals would consume these young plants, hindering the natural regeneration of forests.
- To ensure the growth and development of forests, certain areas were classified as protected where grazing was restricted.
3. Combined reasons:
- The classification of protected forests could be a combination of both granting customary grazing rights and preserving saplings and young shoots.
- In such cases, the movements of pastoralists were restricted to specific areas within the forest to prevent excessive grazing.
4. None of the above:
- The option "None of the above" is incorrect in this context, as both reasons (a) and (b) contribute to the classification of forests as protected.
Overall, the classification of forests as protected aimed to strike a balance between the needs of pastoral communities and the conservation of forest ecosystems.

Life of the pastoral groups were sustained by:
- Correct judgement of how long the herds could stay in one area, know where to find water and pasture: Pastoral groups needed to have a good understanding of the resources available in their surroundings in order to sustain their herds. They had to assess the availability of water and pasture and determine how long their herds could stay in one area before moving on.
- Correct calculation of timing, their movements and ensuring they could move through territories: Pastoral groups needed to carefully plan their movements to ensure that they could access different territories for grazing. They had to calculate the timing of their movements to ensure that they could move through different areas while still having access to adequate resources.
- Setting up relationship with farmers on the way, so that the herds could graze: Pastoral groups often established relationships with farmers along their routes. This allowed them to graze their herds on the farmlands, providing additional resources for their animals.
- All the above: The sustainable life of pastoral groups relied on a combination of all the above factors. It required a deep understanding of the environment, careful planning of movements, and the establishment of beneficial relationships with farmers.
In conclusion, the life of pastoral groups was sustained by their ability to make correct judgements about resource availability, plan their movements effectively, and establish relationships with farmers along their routes. This allowed them to ensure the well-being of their herds and maintain a sustainable lifestyle.

Sarnas are Sacred Groves:
Sacred groves, known as Sarnas, are designated areas of land that hold religious and ecological significance in certain cultures. Here is a detailed explanation of why Sarnas are considered sacred groves:
Definition:
- Sarnas are natural or man-made patches of forested land that are protected and preserved for religious or cultural reasons.
- They are considered sacred and are often associated with specific deities or spirits.
- Sarnas can be found in various regions around the world, including India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Europe.
Characteristics of Sarnas:
- Sarnas are typically small areas of land, ranging from a few square meters to several acres.
- They are often located near temples, shrines, or other religious sites.
- Sarnas are characterized by the presence of diverse flora and fauna, including old-growth trees, medicinal plants, and endangered species.
- These groves are maintained through religious rituals, community participation, and traditional practices.
Religious and Cultural Significance:
- Sarnas are considered sacred spaces and are associated with the worship of specific deities or spirits.
- They serve as important sites for religious ceremonies, rituals, and festivals.
- Sarnas are believed to be inhabited by divine beings, and thus, they are treated with reverence and respect.
- These groves are also recognized for their ecological importance and are seen as reservoirs of biodiversity.
Conservation Benefits:
- Sarnas play a crucial role in conserving biodiversity by providing habitats for a wide range of plant and animal species.
- They contribute to the maintenance of ecological balance and the preservation of traditional knowledge related to the environment.
- Sarnas also act as carbon sinks and help mitigate the effects of climate change.
- By protecting and preserving these sacred groves, communities can ensure the sustainability of their cultural and natural heritage.
In conclusion, Sarnas are sacred groves that hold religious and ecological significance. They are protected areas of land associated with specific deities or spirits, and they play a vital role in conserving biodiversity and traditional knowledge.

(i)In scientific forestry, natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. 

(ii)In their place, one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This is called a plantation. 

(iii)Forest officials surveyed the forests, estimated the area under different types of trees, and made working plans for forest management.

(iv)They planned how much of the plantation area to cut every year. 

(v)The area cut was then to be replanted so that it was ready to be cut again in some years.

It depends whose utility one wants to take into consideration:

• If it is to do with the British government, then the reserved forests were of utility
• If it is to do with the farmers, then the village forests were of utility.

It is practised in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America. It has many local names like ladding in South-East Asia, Milpa in Central America, Chitemene or tavy in Africa, Chena in Sri Lanka. In India dhya, penda, bewar, nevad, jhum, podu, khandad and kumri are some of the local terms for swidden agriculture.

The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up in Dehradun in 1906 on the suggestion of the german forest expert Dietrich Brandis who later became the Inspector General of Forests in India.

Livre (plural livres) (historical) A unit of currency formerly used in France, divided into 20 sols or sous. (historical) An ancient French unit of weight, equal to about 1 avoirdupois pound.

1) The France population rose rapidly from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. This led to the rapid increase in demand of food grains.
2) Production could not keep pace with the rise in demands so the price of bread which was the staple diet of majority raised rapidly.

Subsistence crisis means an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered.

When the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, they made the legend an integral part of their official history of the 1920s, portraying the Weimar Republic as the work of the "November criminals" who stabbed the nation in the back to seize power while betraying it.

The Bolsheviks were a revolutionary party, committed to the ideas of Karl Marx. They believed that the working classes would, at some point, liberate themselves from the economic and political control of the ruling classes. Once they had achieved this, a genuine socialist society based on equality, could be established.

(i) Russia became the first country to establish a communist state. Soon after it, communist parties were formed in many countries.

(ii) The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial peoples to follow their experiment.

(iii) Many non-Russians from outside the USSR participated in the Conference of the Peoples of the East (1920) and the Bolshevik-founded Comitern, an international union of pro-Bolshevik socialist parties. Some received education in the USSR's Communist University of the Workers of the East.

(iv)Socialism became popular by the time of the outbreak of the Second World War. By the end of the twentieth century, the international reputation of the USSR as a socialist country had declined though it was recognised that socialist ideals still enjoyed respect among its people. But in each country the ideas of socialism were rethought in a number of ways.

The Reason for Seasonal Rhythms of the Movement of Gollas, Kurumas, and Kurubas:
The reason for the seasonal rhythms of the movement of Gollas, Kurumas, and Kurubas is the Monsoon and dry season.
Explanation:
These communities, namely Gollas, Kurumas, and Kurubas, have traditionally been pastoral nomads, relying on animal husbandry for their livelihood. Their movement patterns are influenced by the availability of grazing land and water sources, which vary with the changing seasons. Here is a detailed explanation of the reasons behind their seasonal rhythms:
1. Monsoon Season:
During the monsoon season, which is characterized by heavy rainfall, there is abundant vegetation growth and water sources become plentiful. This is an ideal time for the Gollas, Kurumas, and Kurubas to move their livestock to higher elevations, where the grass is lush and nutritious. The movement during this season ensures that their animals have access to good grazing land and sufficient water.
2. Dry Season:
As the monsoon season comes to an end, the dry season sets in. During this period, the availability of grazing land and water sources decreases significantly. The Gollas, Kurumas, and Kurubas then move their livestock to lower elevations or regions with better access to water, where they can find suitable grazing land. This movement helps them ensure that their animals have enough food and water to survive during the dry spell.
3. Adaptation to Climate:
The seasonal rhythms of movement have evolved as an adaptation to the climate and environmental conditions of the region. By following these seasonal patterns, the Gollas, Kurumas, and Kurubas optimize the well-being and productivity of their livestock. It allows them to take advantage of the available resources in different regions throughout the year, ensuring the survival and sustenance of their herds.
In conclusion, the seasonal rhythms of the movement of Gollas, Kurumas, and Kurubas are primarily influenced by the monsoon and dry seasons. By moving their livestock to areas with suitable grazing land and water sources, they adapt to the changing environmental conditions and ensure the well-being of their animals.

Enabling Act allowed the Reich to issue laws without the consent of the parliament of Germany.

This act gave the power to establish control over the economy, army, and media.

It banned all political parties and trade unions except for the Nazi Party.

Nazism came into power in Germany after taking advantage of the Enabling Act.

Hitler was interested in the youth of the country. He believed a strong Nazi society could be established by teaching Nazi ideology.

The Gujjars and Bakarwals is a unique ethnic group which migrates in the Western Himalayas. They are the sheep and goat rearing transhumant’s who oscillate with their rewards (flock) between high and low altitudes in the mountains, lands and valleys of the Jammu & Kashmir State. The habitat of these people is in the hilly terrain of the North-Western Himalayas. The Gujjar-Bakarwals claim a common ancestry from the ancient Gujjar tribe of India. Some of the scholars are of the opinion that they are the foreign stock representing the pastoral nomads of Central Asia. Some of them are of the opinion that the Gujjars are the descendants of the Kushan and the Yuchi tribes of Eastern Tatars (Russia). Some scholars hold the view that they are of Indian origin.

Nomadic Pastoralists
Nomadic pastoralists are people who move from one place to another with their herds to earn a living. They have a unique lifestyle and rely on their herds for food, clothing, and other necessities. Here are some key points about nomadic pastoralists:
1. Definition: Nomadic pastoralists are a group of people who practice a form of animal husbandry known as pastoralism. They travel with their herds to find grazing land for their animals.
2. Lifestyle: Nomadic pastoralists lead a mobile lifestyle, constantly moving from one place to another in search of fresh pastures for their livestock. They set up temporary settlements, known as camps, and stay there for a certain period before moving on.
3. Herding Livestock: The primary occupation of nomadic pastoralists is herding livestock, such as sheep, goats, cattle, or camels. They depend on their herds for milk, meat, and other products.
4. Economic Importance: Nomadic pastoralism is an important economic activity in many regions around the world. It provides a source of income for these communities through the sale of livestock and livestock products.
5. Cultural Significance: Nomadic pastoralism has deep cultural roots in many societies. It influences their traditions, social structure, and way of life. These communities have developed unique knowledge and skills related to animal husbandry and mobility.
6. Examples: Nomadic pastoralists can be found in various parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. In India, some examples of nomadic pastoralist communities are Gonds, Dhurwas, and Bhatros.
7. Challenges: Nomadic pastoralists face numerous challenges, such as access to water and grazing land, conflicts with settled communities, and the impact of climate change. These factors can affect their livelihoods and traditional way of life.
In summary, nomadic pastoralists are people who move from one place to another with their herds to earn a living. They have a unique lifestyle and rely on their livestock for sustenance and economic well-being. Their practices have cultural significance and are found in various regions of the world, including India.

When the procession of workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter Palace it was attacked by the police and the Cossacks. Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded. The incident, known as Bloody Sunday, started a series of events that became known as the 1905 Revolution.

To support the new political trends there was massive expansion creating more infrastructures and rising cities.

Types of trees in the reserved forest:

• Khezri: One type of tree found in the reserved forest.


• Keekar: Another type of tree present in the reserved forest.


• Sundari: A third type of tree found in the reserved forest.


• Deodar and Sal: The reserved forest also has trees of the Deodar and Sal species.

Explanation:
The reserved forest consists of several types of trees, including Khezri, Keekar, Sundari, Deodar, and Sal. These trees contribute to the biodiversity and ecological balance of the forest. Each tree species has its own unique characteristics and benefits for the ecosystem. It is important to preserve and protect these trees to maintain the health and sustainability of the reserved forest.

Explanation:

• Forest area cleared: Between 1700 and 1995, a total of 13.9 million sq. km of forest area was cleared for industrial uses, cultivation, pastures, and fuelwood.


• Impact of industrialization: The period of industrialization led to widespread deforestation for various purposes, resulting in the loss of valuable forest cover.


• Environmental consequences: The clearing of forests had significant environmental consequences, including habitat loss, soil erosion, and biodiversity depletion.


• Global concern: The rapid rate of deforestation during this period raised global concern about the need for sustainable land use practices and conservation efforts.

• It is the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the
• Crown in exchange for military service and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labour, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Nazis wanted only a society of ‘pure and healthy Nordic Aryans’. They alone were considered ‘desirable’. Only they were seen as worthy of prospering and multiplying against all others who were classed as ‘undesirable’. This meant that even those Germans who were seen as impure or abnormal had no right to exist.