VARC Sectional Test- 1 - CAT MCQ

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
In the epoch of rapid technological advancement, society stands at the crossroads of unparalleled progress and unprecedented ethical dilemmas. The digital revolution, spearheaded by the advent of the internet, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology, has reshaped the contours of human existence. This metamorphosis has not only revolutionized communication and industry but has also altered the very fabric of social interaction and individual identity.
The proliferation of information technology has democratized knowledge, bridging geographical divides and fostering global connectivity. However, this interconnectedness has also ushered in an era of information overload, where the sheer volume of data available can overwhelm and mislead, leading to the paradox of being well-informed yet profoundly ignorant.
Artificial intelligence, once a figment of science fiction, now permeates various facets of life, from mundane tasks to complex decision-making processes. Its potential to augment human capabilities is immense, yet it raises profound questions about the nature of work, the future of employment, and the ethics of machine autonomy.
Biotechnology, with its promise of medical breakthroughs, presents a conundrum of its own. The power to edit genes, combat hereditary diseases, and extend human lifespan is within reach, but it also poses significant ethical, social, and philosophical questions. The prospect of 'designer babies', enhanced human abilities, and the definition of what it means to be human are debates that society must navigate with caution.
As technology continues to advance at a breakneck pace, it is imperative to reflect on its implications. The dichotomy of technological advancement lies in its capacity to serve as a tool for immense good or a harbinger of unintended consequences. The challenge for contemporary society is to harness the benefits of technology while mitigating its potential perils, ensuring that the march of progress does not outpace the wisdom to use it judiciously.
Q. The author's tone in the passage can best be described as:

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Language, the quintessential hallmark of human civilization, is an ever-evolving entity. Its evolution is not merely a chronicle of words coming in and out of use but a complex interplay of social, cultural, and technological forces. The journey of language through the ages is marked by periods of rapid evolution and long stretches of relative stability.
The advent of the printing press in the 15th century, for instance, standardized written forms of language and slowed the pace of change. However, the digital age has accelerated language evolution once again. The internet, with its unprecedented reach and interactivity, has democratized language, allowing new words and phrases to spread and evolve at a pace never seen before.
Slang, once confined to specific regions or groups, now achieves global recognition through social media and online communities. The influence of technology is evident in the emergence of terms like "selfie" or "hashtag," which have become ingrained in everyday language. Moreover, the rise of emoji as a form of communication reflects the human propensity for visual expression, harking back to the earliest forms of written language in pictographs.
Yet, language evolution is not without its challenges. The rapid adoption of new terms and the concurrent obsolescence of others can lead to generational divides in communication. Furthermore, the dominance of English on the global stage raises concerns about linguistic diversity and the preservation of minority languages.
As we navigate the 21st century, the evolution of language continues to mirror the complexities of human society. It stands as a testament to our adaptability and creativity, but also poses questions about the future of communication and cultural identity.
Q. What is the primary focus of the passage?

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Language, the quintessential hallmark of human civilization, is an ever-evolving entity. Its evolution is not merely a chronicle of words coming in and out of use but a complex interplay of social, cultural, and technological forces. The journey of language through the ages is marked by periods of rapid evolution and long stretches of relative stability.
The advent of the printing press in the 15th century, for instance, standardized written forms of language and slowed the pace of change. However, the digital age has accelerated language evolution once again. The internet, with its unprecedented reach and interactivity, has democratized language, allowing new words and phrases to spread and evolve at a pace never seen before.
Slang, once confined to specific regions or groups, now achieves global recognition through social media and online communities. The influence of technology is evident in the emergence of terms like "selfie" or "hashtag," which have become ingrained in everyday language. Moreover, the rise of emoji as a form of communication reflects the human propensity for visual expression, harking back to the earliest forms of written language in pictographs.
Yet, language evolution is not without its challenges. The rapid adoption of new terms and the concurrent obsolescence of others can lead to generational divides in communication. Furthermore, the dominance of English on the global stage raises concerns about linguistic diversity and the preservation of minority languages.
As we navigate the 21st century, the evolution of language continues to mirror the complexities of human society. It stands as a testament to our adaptability and creativity, but also poses questions about the future of communication and cultural identity.
Q. According to the passage, how has the digital age affected language evolution?

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Language, the quintessential hallmark of human civilization, is an ever-evolving entity. Its evolution is not merely a chronicle of words coming in and out of use but a complex interplay of social, cultural, and technological forces. The journey of language through the ages is marked by periods of rapid evolution and long stretches of relative stability.
The advent of the printing press in the 15th century, for instance, standardized written forms of language and slowed the pace of change. However, the digital age has accelerated language evolution once again. The internet, with its unprecedented reach and interactivity, has democratized language, allowing new words and phrases to spread and evolve at a pace never seen before.
Slang, once confined to specific regions or groups, now achieves global recognition through social media and online communities. The influence of technology is evident in the emergence of terms like "selfie" or "hashtag," which have become ingrained in everyday language. Moreover, the rise of emoji as a form of communication reflects the human propensity for visual expression, harking back to the earliest forms of written language in pictographs.
Yet, language evolution is not without its challenges. The rapid adoption of new terms and the concurrent obsolescence of others can lead to generational divides in communication. Furthermore, the dominance of English on the global stage raises concerns about linguistic diversity and the preservation of minority languages.
As we navigate the 21st century, the evolution of language continues to mirror the complexities of human society. It stands as a testament to our adaptability and creativity, but also poses questions about the future of communication and cultural identity.
Q. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a consequence of language evolution?

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Language, the quintessential hallmark of human civilization, is an ever-evolving entity. Its evolution is not merely a chronicle of words coming in and out of use but a complex interplay of social, cultural, and technological forces. The journey of language through the ages is marked by periods of rapid evolution and long stretches of relative stability.
The advent of the printing press in the 15th century, for instance, standardized written forms of language and slowed the pace of change. However, the digital age has accelerated language evolution once again. The internet, with its unprecedented reach and interactivity, has democratized language, allowing new words and phrases to spread and evolve at a pace never seen before.
Slang, once confined to specific regions or groups, now achieves global recognition through social media and online communities. The influence of technology is evident in the emergence of terms like "selfie" or "hashtag," which have become ingrained in everyday language. Moreover, the rise of emoji as a form of communication reflects the human propensity for visual expression, harking back to the earliest forms of written language in pictographs.
Yet, language evolution is not without its challenges. The rapid adoption of new terms and the concurrent obsolescence of others can lead to generational divides in communication. Furthermore, the dominance of English on the global stage raises concerns about linguistic diversity and the preservation of minority languages.
As we navigate the 21st century, the evolution of language continues to mirror the complexities of human society. It stands as a testament to our adaptability and creativity, but also poses questions about the future of communication and cultural identity.
Q. The author's tone in the passage can best be described as:

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

The Dilemma of Modernity and Tradition

As the world hurtles towards an increasingly globalized future, the tension between modernity and tradition becomes ever more pronounced. This dichotomy is not just a clash of ideas but a reflection of the deep-seated conflict that societies face as they navigate the choppy waters of change.
Modernity, characterized by rapid technological advancement, urbanization, and cultural assimilation, promises progress and prosperity. It champions the ideals of individualism, innovation, and secularism, often at the expense of communal, religious, and traditional values. The allure of modernity lies in its ability to transform lives, reshape economies, and redefine social norms.
Conversely, tradition anchors societies in their cultural heritage, providing a sense of identity and continuity. It encompasses the rituals, beliefs, and customs that have been passed down through generations, offering stability and a connection to the past. Tradition serves as a bulwark against the relentless tide of change, preserving the unique tapestry of cultural diversity that enriches the human experience.
The interplay between modernity and tradition is fraught with complexity. On one hand, an unyielding adherence to tradition can stifle innovation and perpetuate outdated practices. On the other, an unchecked embrace of modernity can erode cultural identities and homogenize diverse societies. The challenge lies in finding a balance that allows for the coexistence and mutual enrichment of both paradigms.
As societies evolve, the dialogue between modernity and tradition continues to shape the contours of our world. It influences politics, economics, and the arts, and it is at the heart of many contemporary debates. The path forward is not one of choosing between modernity and tradition but of weaving them together in a tapestry that honors the past while embracing the future.
Q. The author's perspective on the relationship between modernity and tradition can best be described as:

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

The Dilemma of Modernity and Tradition

As the world hurtles towards an increasingly globalized future, the tension between modernity and tradition becomes ever more pronounced. This dichotomy is not just a clash of ideas but a reflection of the deep-seated conflict that societies face as they navigate the choppy waters of change.
Modernity, characterized by rapid technological advancement, urbanization, and cultural assimilation, promises progress and prosperity. It champions the ideals of individualism, innovation, and secularism, often at the expense of communal, religious, and traditional values. The allure of modernity lies in its ability to transform lives, reshape economies, and redefine social norms.
Conversely, tradition anchors societies in their cultural heritage, providing a sense of identity and continuity. It encompasses the rituals, beliefs, and customs that have been passed down through generations, offering stability and a connection to the past. Tradition serves as a bulwark against the relentless tide of change, preserving the unique tapestry of cultural diversity that enriches the human experience.
The interplay between modernity and tradition is fraught with complexity. On one hand, an unyielding adherence to tradition can stifle innovation and perpetuate outdated practices. On the other, an unchecked embrace of modernity can erode cultural identities and homogenize diverse societies. The challenge lies in finding a balance that allows for the coexistence and mutual enrichment of both paradigms.
As societies evolve, the dialogue between modernity and tradition continues to shape the contours of our world. It influences politics, economics, and the arts, and it is at the heart of many contemporary debates. The path forward is not one of choosing between modernity and tradition but of weaving them together in a tapestry that honors the past while embracing the future.
Q. What is the central conflict discussed in the passage?

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

The Dilemma of Modernity and Tradition

As the world hurtles towards an increasingly globalized future, the tension between modernity and tradition becomes ever more pronounced. This dichotomy is not just a clash of ideas but a reflection of the deep-seated conflict that societies face as they navigate the choppy waters of change.
Modernity, characterized by rapid technological advancement, urbanization, and cultural assimilation, promises progress and prosperity. It champions the ideals of individualism, innovation, and secularism, often at the expense of communal, religious, and traditional values. The allure of modernity lies in its ability to transform lives, reshape economies, and redefine social norms.
Conversely, tradition anchors societies in their cultural heritage, providing a sense of identity and continuity. It encompasses the rituals, beliefs, and customs that have been passed down through generations, offering stability and a connection to the past. Tradition serves as a bulwark against the relentless tide of change, preserving the unique tapestry of cultural diversity that enriches the human experience.
The interplay between modernity and tradition is fraught with complexity. On one hand, an unyielding adherence to tradition can stifle innovation and perpetuate outdated practices. On the other, an unchecked embrace of modernity can erode cultural identities and homogenize diverse societies. The challenge lies in finding a balance that allows for the coexistence and mutual enrichment of both paradigms.
As societies evolve, the dialogue between modernity and tradition continues to shape the contours of our world. It influences politics, economics, and the arts, and it is at the heart of many contemporary debates. The path forward is not one of choosing between modernity and tradition but of weaving them together in a tapestry that honors the past while embracing the future.
Q. According to the passage, what does modernity promise?

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

The Dilemma of Modernity and Tradition

As the world hurtles towards an increasingly globalized future, the tension between modernity and tradition becomes ever more pronounced. This dichotomy is not just a clash of ideas but a reflection of the deep-seated conflict that societies face as they navigate the choppy waters of change.
Modernity, characterized by rapid technological advancement, urbanization, and cultural assimilation, promises progress and prosperity. It champions the ideals of individualism, innovation, and secularism, often at the expense of communal, religious, and traditional values. The allure of modernity lies in its ability to transform lives, reshape economies, and redefine social norms.
Conversely, tradition anchors societies in their cultural heritage, providing a sense of identity and continuity. It encompasses the rituals, beliefs, and customs that have been passed down through generations, offering stability and a connection to the past. Tradition serves as a bulwark against the relentless tide of change, preserving the unique tapestry of cultural diversity that enriches the human experience.
The interplay between modernity and tradition is fraught with complexity. On one hand, an unyielding adherence to tradition can stifle innovation and perpetuate outdated practices. On the other, an unchecked embrace of modernity can erode cultural identities and homogenize diverse societies. The challenge lies in finding a balance that allows for the coexistence and mutual enrichment of both paradigms.
As societies evolve, the dialogue between modernity and tradition continues to shape the contours of our world. It influences politics, economics, and the arts, and it is at the heart of many contemporary debates. The path forward is not one of choosing between modernity and tradition but of weaving them together in a tapestry that honors the past while embracing the future.
Q. Which of the following is NOT presented as a role of tradition in the passage?

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

The Ethical Implications of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering, once a speculative notion confined to the realms of science fiction, has now become a tangible reality with profound implications. The ability to manipulate the genetic code of living organisms has opened a Pandora's box of ethical dilemmas that challenge our most fundamental beliefs about life, identity, and nature.
At the forefront of this scientific frontier is the revolutionary technology known as CRISPR-Cas9, which allows for precise editing of DNA. Its applications range from the noble pursuit of eradicating genetic diseases to the contentious arena of enhancing human capabilities beyond their natural limits. The potential to cure hereditary conditions and improve the quality of life is counterbalanced by the specter of 'designer babies' and the commodification of genetic traits.
The ethical quandaries extend beyond human genetics. Genetic engineering in agriculture has led to the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that promise higher yields and resistance to pests. However, the long-term ecological consequences of such modifications remain uncertain, and the monopolization of genetically altered seeds by corporations raises concerns about food sovereignty and the rights of farmers.
Moreover, the manipulation of animal genetics for human benefit, such as the production of transgenic animals for pharmaceutical purposes, poses questions about animal welfare and the integrity of species. The blurring of lines between natural and artificial life forms has profound philosophical implications, challenging our understanding of what it means to be 'natural' in the age of genetic engineering.
As we grapple with the capabilities afforded by genetic engineering, it is imperative to engage in a global dialogue that considers the ethical, social, and environmental ramifications. The decisions we make today will shape the future of our species and the planet, necessitating a careful balance between scientific innovation and ethical responsibility.
Q. What is the primary concern addressed in the passage?

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

The Ethical Implications of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering, once a speculative notion confined to the realms of science fiction, has now become a tangible reality with profound implications. The ability to manipulate the genetic code of living organisms has opened a Pandora's box of ethical dilemmas that challenge our most fundamental beliefs about life, identity, and nature.
At the forefront of this scientific frontier is the revolutionary technology known as CRISPR-Cas9, which allows for precise editing of DNA. Its applications range from the noble pursuit of eradicating genetic diseases to the contentious arena of enhancing human capabilities beyond their natural limits. The potential to cure hereditary conditions and improve the quality of life is counterbalanced by the specter of 'designer babies' and the commodification of genetic traits.
The ethical quandaries extend beyond human genetics. Genetic engineering in agriculture has led to the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that promise higher yields and resistance to pests. However, the long-term ecological consequences of such modifications remain uncertain, and the monopolization of genetically altered seeds by corporations raises concerns about food sovereignty and the rights of farmers.
Moreover, the manipulation of animal genetics for human benefit, such as the production of transgenic animals for pharmaceutical purposes, poses questions about animal welfare and the integrity of species. The blurring of lines between natural and artificial life forms has profound philosophical implications, challenging our understanding of what it means to be 'natural' in the age of genetic engineering.
As we grapple with the capabilities afforded by genetic engineering, it is imperative to engage in a global dialogue that considers the ethical, social, and environmental ramifications. The decisions we make today will shape the future of our species and the planet, necessitating a careful balance between scientific innovation and ethical responsibility.
Q. According to the passage, what does CRISPR-Cas9 technology allow for?

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

The Ethical Implications of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering, once a speculative notion confined to the realms of science fiction, has now become a tangible reality with profound implications. The ability to manipulate the genetic code of living organisms has opened a Pandora's box of ethical dilemmas that challenge our most fundamental beliefs about life, identity, and nature.
At the forefront of this scientific frontier is the revolutionary technology known as CRISPR-Cas9, which allows for precise editing of DNA. Its applications range from the noble pursuit of eradicating genetic diseases to the contentious arena of enhancing human capabilities beyond their natural limits. The potential to cure hereditary conditions and improve the quality of life is counterbalanced by the specter of 'designer babies' and the commodification of genetic traits.
The ethical quandaries extend beyond human genetics. Genetic engineering in agriculture has led to the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that promise higher yields and resistance to pests. However, the long-term ecological consequences of such modifications remain uncertain, and the monopolization of genetically altered seeds by corporations raises concerns about food sovereignty and the rights of farmers.
Moreover, the manipulation of animal genetics for human benefit, such as the production of transgenic animals for pharmaceutical purposes, poses questions about animal welfare and the integrity of species. The blurring of lines between natural and artificial life forms has profound philosophical implications, challenging our understanding of what it means to be 'natural' in the age of genetic engineering.
As we grapple with the capabilities afforded by genetic engineering, it is imperative to engage in a global dialogue that considers the ethical, social, and environmental ramifications. The decisions we make today will shape the future of our species and the planet, necessitating a careful balance between scientific innovation and ethical responsibility.
Q. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a concern related to genetic engineering in agriculture?

Directions: The passage below is followed by some questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

The Ethical Implications of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering, once a speculative notion confined to the realms of science fiction, has now become a tangible reality with profound implications. The ability to manipulate the genetic code of living organisms has opened a Pandora's box of ethical dilemmas that challenge our most fundamental beliefs about life, identity, and nature.
At the forefront of this scientific frontier is the revolutionary technology known as CRISPR-Cas9, which allows for precise editing of DNA. Its applications range from the noble pursuit of eradicating genetic diseases to the contentious arena of enhancing human capabilities beyond their natural limits. The potential to cure hereditary conditions and improve the quality of life is counterbalanced by the specter of 'designer babies' and the commodification of genetic traits.
The ethical quandaries extend beyond human genetics. Genetic engineering in agriculture has led to the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that promise higher yields and resistance to pests. However, the long-term ecological consequences of such modifications remain uncertain, and the monopolization of genetically altered seeds by corporations raises concerns about food sovereignty and the rights of farmers.
Moreover, the manipulation of animal genetics for human benefit, such as the production of transgenic animals for pharmaceutical purposes, poses questions about animal welfare and the integrity of species. The blurring of lines between natural and artificial life forms has profound philosophical implications, challenging our understanding of what it means to be 'natural' in the age of genetic engineering.
As we grapple with the capabilities afforded by genetic engineering, it is imperative to engage in a global dialogue that considers the ethical, social, and environmental ramifications. The decisions we make today will shape the future of our species and the planet, necessitating a careful balance between scientific innovation and ethical responsibility.
Q. The author's stance on the topic of genetic engineering can best be described as:

Carefully read the statements in the questions below and arrange them in a logical order.
1. Copper is a crucial component in the manufacturing of electric vehicles, including batteries, motors, and wiring.
2. The mining and processing of copper come with significant environmental challenges, including land degradation and water pollution.
3. With the increasing adoption of electric vehicles, the demand for copper is expected to increase substantially in the coming years.
4. Therefore, there is a need for sustainable mining practices and innovative recycling technologies to meet the rising demand for copper without causing further harm to the environment. 
5. According to research, electric vehicles require up to four times more copper than conventional cars.    

Carefully read the statements in the questions below and arrange them in a logical order.
1.  In order to address the concerns about job loss and economic inequality, there is a need for policies that support retraining and reskilling of workers for new roles in the emerging digital economy.
2. However, there are also potential benefits to the adoption of automation and artificial intelligence, including increased productivity, lower costs, and improved safety.
3. The rise of automation and artificial intelligence is leading to the displacement of human workers, resulting in concerns about job loss and economic inequality.
4. Ultimately, the successful integration of automation and artificial intelligence into the economy will require a combination of technological innovation and social policies that promote equitable access and distribution of the benefits of these technologies.
5. Additionally, there is a need for policies that address the unequal distribution of wealth and income, such as progressive taxation and social welfare programs.

Carefully read the statements in the questions below and arrange them in a logical order.
1. Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize various industries by providing secure, transparent, and decentralized systems.
2. However, the adoption of blockchain technology in the healthcare industry has been slow due to various challenges, including regulatory issues and concerns about data privacy and security.
3. Blockchain technology can also be used in the finance industry to create secure and efficient payment systems, as well as to reduce the risk of fraud and money laundering.
4. Another industry that can benefit from blockchain technology is the supply chain industry, where it can be used to provide end-to-end transparency and traceability of products.
5. One of the industries that can benefit greatly from blockchain technology is the healthcare industry, where it can be used to securely store and share patient data.    

Carefully read the statements in the questions below and arrange them in a logical order.
1. The adoption of renewable energy sources can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality, which can have significant environmental and health benefits.
2. The use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower is increasing globally, driven by concerns about climate change and the need for sustainable energy solutions.
3. Additionally, the integration of renewable energy sources into the electrical grid requires the modernization of the grid infrastructure to accommodate distributed generation and two-way power flows.
4. However, the adoption of renewable energy sources also poses challenges, including the intermittency of wind and solar power, which can affect the stability of the electrical grid.
5. To address these challenges, there is a need for the development of energy storage technologies, such as batteries and pumped hydro storage, which can store excess energy and release it during times of peak demand.

Direction: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:
Stacking is a familiar concept from the history of technology. When speculators laid the first railroad tracks across the United States in the early 19th century, they selected paths based on probable demand, the supply of capital, labour availability, and the contours of the landscape. If you are short on labour but long on land, it is cheaper to go around the mountain than to dig a tunnel through it. When the next set of network builders strung telegraph cables, it made sense to run them along the railroad tracks: the equipment could be easily transported, and railroads were major users of telegraph signals to coordinate traffic. John Gast’s classic painting American Progress (1872), of American appropriation of Native American lands through settlement, shows the connection clearly. Guess what path the major internet cables follow? There are clear reasons for stacking technological systems: shared expertise, economies of scale, distribution of consumers, etc. It is not, however, a widely appreciated phenomenon in intellectual history. Sometimes, the stacking of fringe theories is pretty straightforward. Believing that Earth is flat and that the Apollo 11 Moon landing in 1969 was faked on a soundstage are conceptually distinct beliefs. Nothing about the latter impels you to believe the former. However, believing that Earth is flat essentially requires that you think that NASA’s achievements are part of an elaborate conspiracy: there is no ability to travel to the Moon, nor are the photographs of a globular Earth from space authentic. These fringe theories stack through logical interconnection. Fringe doctrines can also share a political sensibility. The mid- to late-19th-century enthusiasm for spiritualism – communication with ethereal spirits by groups of individuals seated around a séance table in a dimly lit room – tracked with socialism, women’s suffrage and vegetarianism. All were heterodox theories concerned with liberating the oppressed.
Q. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?

Which of the following is the ODD ONE OUT? [TITA]
1. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle taught that living a virtuous life was the key to happiness.
2. The Indian philosophy of Buddhism teaches that the path to happiness lies in the elimination of desire and the achievement of enlightenment.
3. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant believed that morality is based on reason and that we should always act in a way that treats others as ends in themselves.
4. The 17th-century French philosopher Rene Descartes is known for his famous statement "I think, therefore I am", which established the concept of mind-body dualism.
5. The Chinese philosopher Confucius emphasized the importance of social harmony and moral behavior in achieving happiness.

Which of the following is the ODD ONE OUT? [TITA]
1. The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and artistic achievements that occurred in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century.
2. The Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century.
3. The Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, transformed the way goods were produced and led to significant changes in social and economic organization.
4. Romanticism was an artistic and literary movement that originated in Europe in the late 18th century, emphasizing individualism, emotion, and the natural world.
5. Modernism is a cultural and artistic movement that emerged in the early 20th century, characterized by experimentation, abstraction, and a rejection of traditional values.

Direction: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:
What role can and should designers play in all this? Design has been a driving forces behind our prodigious waste streams in the past century. As the handmaidens of commerce, designers have been complicit in the throwaway economy: manufacturing planned obsolescence, promoting convenience culture, entombing products in layers of seductive packaging. In short, they’ve been doing what designers do best – creating desire. Paradoxically, even when designers achieve a sense of permanence, it is illusory; the iPhone seemingly achieved the Platonic ideal of the smartphone, only to be replaced year after year because of software innovations and the need to stimulate new sales. However, the culture of design is changing, and the outlook of young designers today is very different from that of their predecessors. Many have very little interest in producing more stuff, and are much more invested in understanding the extractive processes behind products and their afterlives. Shorn of blissful ignorance and only too alert to the mounting crisis around us, designers are reinventing themselves as material researchers, waste-stream investigators and students of global economic flows.
Q. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?