UGC NET Paper 2 Political Science Full Test - 4 - UGC NET MCQ

Marx's critical theories about society, economics and politics – collectively understood as Marxism – hold that human societies develop through class struggle.

Authoritarian and Totalitarian regimes were classified into four-rule type by Almond and Powell:
1) Radical Totalitarian Rule-System such as former USSR, China etc.
2) Conservative Totalitarian Rule-Systems e.g. Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
3) Stabilization Conservative Authoritarian System like Spain
4) Modernizing Authoritarian like Brazil
Thus, option A is correct.

Sorel is not associated with liberalism.

21 November 1918: the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918 was passed, allowing women to be elected into Parliament. 1928: Women received the vote on the same terms as men (over the age of 21) as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1928.

Correct ascending order:'

• The Treaty of Westphalia
• Treaties of Utrecht
• Treaty of Paris
• The Charter of the UN

Hegel was inspired by Socrates, Aristotle, Rousseau, and Kant. He borrowed his dialectical method from Socrates. For Hegel, State is the highest manifestation of Reason because it emerges as a synthesis of family (thesis) and civil society (anti-thesis). He rejected Kant’s notion of perpetual peace. Hegel had no doctrine of just war.
Thus, option C is correct.

Assertion (A): Position – classification is the foundation of modern personnel administration.
Reason (R): Position – classification allows rationalization in Civil Services.
Both the statement are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Hamza Alavi in her Celebrated Article ‘the state in post-colonial societies: Pakistan and Bangladesh(1972)’ interpreted post-colonial from Marxist vantage point in which role of military-bureaucratic oligarchy interpreted in terms of new alignments of three propertied exploiting classes i.e. indigenous bourgeoisie, metropolitan neo-colonialist bourgeoisie, and landed classes under metropolitan patronage.

Mohammad Iqbal was a great poet of Urdu. His early thoughts were marked by his liberal attitude towards politics and he had a very little space for religious bias. He wrote ‘Tarana-e-Hind’ (song of India) in which he advocates religious unity. But his later thoughts marked a departure from his liberal standing of politics when he promoted the idea of a separate politics for Indian Muslims.
Thus, the Correct answer is Option D.

1. Specific
2. Universalistic
3. Instrumental

The Advantages of Political Parties

• Political parties encourage public participation.
• Political parties create checks and balances.
•  Political parties distribute information throughout society.
• Political parties water down special interest investments.
• Political parties help decisions be made quicker.
• Political parties create connections.

Ernest Barker has criticized Mill of inconsistencies in the doctrine of liberty. For Mill, the idea of liberty is absence of constraints or external interference. It means he views liberty in negative sense. Whereas, Barker is a positive liberal who does not have satisfaction with the concept of negative liberty. Mill is accused of giving the theory of liberty, which is relevant for abstract individual, individual of his imagination rather than the real individual.
Thus, option B is correct.

John Locke in his book ‘Second Treatise of Civil Government’ wrote about civil power as “I take to be a RIGHT of making laws with penalties of death, and consequently all less penalties, for the regulating and preserving of property, and of employing the force of the community, in the execution of such laws, and in the defence of the common-wealth from foreign injury; and all this only for the public good’’.
Thus, the Correct answer is C.

Liberalism, the belief in freedom and human rights, is historically associated with thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu. It is a political movement which spans the better part of the last four centuries, though the use of the word "liberalism" to refer to a specific political doctrine did not occur until the 19th century.Hallowell's ideas about liberalism Individual's independence in social fields should be checked.

Democracy is a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting. In a direct democracy, the citizens as a whole form a governing body and vote directly on each issue in a good democratic system the members should be well disciplined.

G.C.Field said that a 'political party is a voluntary association of people for the purpose of attaining political power':

Democratization is the process of becoming a democracy. Democratic centralism is the Leninist organizational system in which policy is declared centrally and is binding to all members. Democracy consolidation is different from democratic transition. Democratic consolidation is a process which results in the maturity of the democracy. Conceptually, a country’s democracy is consolidated when there is no longer a chance that it will revert to authoritarianism. It includes the maturity of both democratic institutions and the society. The consolidation process entails a broader and complex process of institutionalization of the new democratic rules for political life.
Thus, option B is correct.

Mahatma Gandhi wanted the centre of power to move from cities to non-violent structure of society. The Theory of Oceanic Circles describes his vision of social organization. He believed that for a nonviolent society to achieve a lasting peace, it must be organized in decentralized way. Life will not be a pyramid with the apex sustained by the bottom. But it will be an oceanic circle whose centre will be the individual always ready to perish for the village, the latter ready to perish for the circle of villages, till at last the whole becomes a life composed of individuals.
Thus, option A is correct.

Shuddi Movement was started by Arya Samaj to bring back the people to Hinduism who had converted to Islam and Christianity. Swami Dayanand Saraswati played a significant role in this movement. The contribution of V.D Savarkar to Shuddi Movement is that of a philosopher, worker, leader, and leader of leaders. He was not against voluntary acceptance of any religion but was against unethical methods of conversion.
Thus, option C is correct.

Political parties give the type of education which is basically Political

Antonio Gramsci a renowned Italian philosopher was also a founding member of the Italian Communist Party. During his prison life he wrote on several topics which were published later as ‘Prison Notebooks’. His notion of hegemony is considered to be the most significant and original contribution. Gramsci talks about two categories of intellectuals- traditional intellectuals and organic intellectuals.
For Gramsci, philosophy of praxis is an interaction of theory and practice. In ‘Prison Notebooks’, he wrote that his philosophy of praxis is a reformed and developed form of Hegelianism. He treated Marxism as the philosophy of praxis.
Thus, option D is correct.

Correct ascending order.

• Mexico City – UN Conference
• Copenhagen – UN Conference
• Nairobi
• Beijing

As one of the founding organisations of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, and as an important influence upon the Labour Party which grew from it, the Fabian Society has had a powerful influence on British politics. Other members of the Fabian Society have included political leaders from countries formerly part of the British Empire, such as Jawaharlal Nehru, who adopted Fabian principles as part of their own political ideologies. The Fabian Society founded the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1895.

From the 17th century until the 19th century, liberals (from Adam Smith to John Stuart Mill) conceptualised liberty as the absence of interference from government and from other individuals, claiming that all people should have the freedom to develop their own unique abilities and capacities without being sabotaged by others

French women's Right to Vote was the first major victory of the 20th century towards men-women equality ! French women voted for the first time for the municipal elections of April 29, 1945. They voted for the second time for the presidential of October 21, 1945.

Niccolo Machiavelli erected a wall of separation between politics and ethics. He believed that politics is governed by its own standards and can not be bound by ethical standards. He made a clear distinction between ethics for the Prince and for the common people. He wanted ruler to focus on the preservation of state without being bound by moral obligations.
Thus, the Correct answer is Option B.

The Fabian Socialists believed that the state is an agency which can promote welfare of the people.

Marx, in 1865, noted three kinds of colonies:
1) Plantation colonies as in the West Indies
2) The Well-populated countries like Mexico and India
3) The colonies proper like Australia
Towards the end of nineteenth century Engels added to the list the colonies ‘Subsidiary to the stock markets’ as in Africa.
Thus, option C is correct.

The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow

There is nothing like spiritual equality of individual