Mock Test: General Awareness - 1 - AFCAT MCQ

Fundamental Duties are enshrined in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution. These duties were added through the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and aim to promote patriotism, civic sense, and a sense of responsibility among citizens.

Economic planning is designed to achieve balanced growth and development by allocating resources effectively and prioritizing sectors that need support and development.

Services sector, including industries like banking, IT, tourism, and healthcare, contributes the most to India's GDP. It accounts for a significant portion of the country's economic output.

The function of a spectrophotometer is (b) measuring light intensity. A spectrophotometer is an instrument used to measure the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a substance at various wavelengths. It is commonly used in chemistry and biology to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or transmitted by the sample.

The exercise of budget preparation in India usually begins around September/October. During this time, the Finance Ministry requests various Ministries and Departments to prepare and submit their estimates of revenue and expenditure for the coming year.

Jawaharlal Nehru Port, located in Mumbai, Maharashtra, is the largest container port in India and handles a significant portion of the country's container cargo.

Sir Syyed Ahmad Khan, a prominent reformer, condemned the system of 'Piri' and 'Muridi'. He sought to reform Muslim society and advocated for monogamy. He played a significant role in education by opening the Anglo-Muslim School at Aligarh in 1875.

The Regulating Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament to regulate the administration of the East India Company and exert control over its territories in India. The Act introduced changes in the Company's structure, including sharing revenues and communications with the government, elevating the position of the Governor of Bengal to Governor-General, and establishing a Supreme Court of Justice in Calcutta. The aim was to better govern the Company's affairs in India.

Wind irrigation is not a recognized type of irrigation method. The correct methods are drip irrigation, canal irrigation, and tank irrigation.

Part VI, Chapter II of the Indian Constitution deals with the state executive. This chapter outlines the structure, powers, and functions of the state executive, including the role of the Governor and the Council of Ministers.

Article 32 of the Indian Constitution confers original jurisdiction upon the Supreme Court to enforce fundamental rights. It empowers the Court to issue writs for the protection of these rights.

The Taj Mahal, located in Agra, India, was built by Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is a beautiful example of Mughal architecture.

Alexander Graham Bell is credited with inventing the telephone. He was an inventor, scientist, and teacher of the deaf. Bell's work on the telephone was influenced by his research on telegraphy and speech. On March 10, 1876, Bell successfully transmitted the first intelligible telephone message to his assistant, Thomas Watson.

The Father of Geometry: Euclid
Euclid, the ancient Greek mathematician, is widely regarded as the father of geometry. He lived around 300 BCE and made significant contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly in the study of geometry. Euclid's work, "Elements," is a foundational treatise on geometry and has been influential for centuries.
Contributions of Euclid:
1. Elements: Euclid's most famous work, "Elements," is a comprehensive compilation of mathematical knowledge. It consists of 13 books, covering various aspects of geometry, number theory, and algebra.
2. Axiomatic System: Euclid's approach to geometry was based on a set of axioms, or self-evident truths, from which all other geometric principles and theorems were derived. This axiomatic system provided a rigorous and logical foundation for the study of geometry.
3. Euclidean Geometry: Euclid's work in geometry is often referred to as Euclidean geometry. It deals with properties of points, lines, angles, and shapes in two and three dimensions.
4. Proofs: Euclid's "Elements" is known for its rigorous proofs. He developed a systematic method of logical reasoning to prove geometric theorems, using deductive reasoning and axioms.
5. Euclidean Algorithm: Euclid also made contributions to number theory, including the development of the Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two numbers.
Legacy:
1. Euclid's work laid the foundation for the study of geometry, and his axiomatic approach became the standard for mathematical proofs.
2. His principles and theorems are still taught and used in geometry courses today.
3. Euclidean geometry served as the basis for architectural and engineering practices for centuries, influencing the construction of buildings, bridges, and other structures.
4. Euclid's works were preserved and studied by scholars throughout history, contributing to the development of mathematics and science.
In conclusion, Euclid's significant contributions to the study of geometry and his work in "Elements" make him widely recognized as the father of geometry. His axiomatic approach, rigorous proofs, and foundational principles continue to influence mathematics and other fields to this day.

BCCI had established C K Nayudu award in memory of him for contribution to the Indian cricket. The award carries a citation, a trophy, and a cash prize of Rs 2 lakh. Lala Amarnath was the 1st recipient of this award.

The last Hindu king who successfully established "Hindu Swaraj" was Chhatrapati Shivaji.
Chhatrapati Shivaji:
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Bhosle, also known as Shivaji Maharaj, was the founder of the Maratha Empire in western India.
- He was born in 1630 and reigned from 1674 until his death in 1680.
- Shivaji Maharaj is considered a legendary figure in Indian history, known for his military prowess, administrative skills, and his efforts to establish Hindu self-rule, or "Hindu Swaraj."
- He fought against the Mughal Empire and other regional powers to establish an independent Maratha kingdom.
- Shivaji Maharaj implemented various administrative reforms, including a decentralized governance system, promoting agriculture, and protecting the rights of his subjects.
- He also established a strong navy and built several forts to safeguard his kingdom.
- Shivaji Maharaj's reign inspired future generations of Indians in their struggle against foreign domination.
- His legacy is widely celebrated in Maharashtra, and he is revered as a national hero.
In conclusion, Chhatrapati Shivaji was the last Hindu king who successfully established "Hindu Swaraj" through his efforts to create an independent Maratha kingdom and fight against foreign powers like the Mughals. His reign and legacy continue to inspire Indians in their pursuit of freedom and self-rule.

What was the Ulgulan movement?

The Ulgulan movement of 1899 also involved the use of weapons and guerrilla warfare to drive out foreigners. Munda encouraged the tribals to refuse following colonial laws and paying rent. He encouraged changes in the social sphere too, challenging religious practices to fight against superstition, and became known as ‘Bhagwan’ (God) and ‘Dharati Aba’ (Father of the earth) by his followers.

But the British were soon able to halt the movement. On March 3, 1900, Munda was arrested by the British police while he was sleeping with his tribal guerilla army at Jamkopai forest in Chakradharpur.

Statement 3 is incorrect.

• A Dark Sky Reserve is public or private land with a distinguished nocturnal environment and starry nights that has been developed responsibly to prevent light pollution.
• Individuals or groups can nominate a site for certification to the International Dark Sky Association (IDSA). There are five designated categories, namely International Dark Sky parks, communities, reserves, sanctuaries and Urban Night Sky Places.
• The certification process is similar to that of a site being awarded the UNESCO World Heritage Site tag or getting recognised as a Biosphere Reserve. Between 2001 and January 2022, there have been 195 sites recognised as International Dark Sky Places globally, the IDSA said.

• Soil microbiomes play a crucial role in maintaining healthy water and environmental stability. Moreover, they underpin global food security that eventually affects the overall sustainability of terrestrial life in multiple ways, the experts said in a study published in the journal Nature Communications on June 3, 2023.
• These microbiomes provide a habitat for microorganisms that benefit the environment by delivering important ecosystem and host functions. But they also work as a reservoir of human pathogens that induce antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and are sources of organic and inorganic pollutants.
• Soil microbiomes impact human and animal immune systems by interacting with them through food chains. They also directly influence the quality of the environment through air and water.
• Soil, for instance, “is a direct source of plant microbiomes, including beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. Grazing herbivores are exposed to soil microbiomes via direct ingestion or the consumption of plant microbiomes, which provides a microbial source for the gut microbiome that can impact overall health and immune-system priming”.

 

• As the superintendence and control over all aspects of the election process is vested in the EC, it exercises direction and control over civil servants deployed for election-related work. This means that bureaucrats engaged in the administrative aspects of elections, including police officers with law and order duties, are also amenable to the EC’s jurisdiction.
• This power enables the EC to monitor both the manner in which civil servants perform their election-related duties, and prevent activities which may be seen as partisan.
• The EC often cites its vast powers under Article 324 to transfer or suspend officials during election time, even though they normally come under the disciplinary purview of the government of India or the State governments. There have been instances of the EC transferring not only Returning Officers, but also Commissioners of Police and Superintendents of Police.