Test: Pancreas, Kidney, Skin, Glands & Pheromones - NEET MCQ

Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas. It increases blood glucose level.

Insulin is secreted by islets of Langerhans of the pancreas and serves to lower the blood glucose level by stimulating the uptake of glucose by cells, specifically muscle cells, liver cells and adipose tissues cells. Liver cells convert glucose into glycogen and store it for future use. Thus, the correct answer is D.

Estrogens are produced primarily by the ovaries. They are released by the follicles on the ovaries and are also secreted by the corpus luteum after the egg has been released from the follicle and from the placenta. The stimulation for secretion of estrogen comes from the Luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary gland. The estrogen is synthesized in the theca interna cells in the ovary.

Androgens are synthesized from cholesterol and are produced primarily in the gonads (testicles and ovaries) and also in the adrenal glands. The testicles produce a much higher quantity than the ovaries. Conversion of testosterone to the more potent DHT occurs the prostate gland, liver, brain and skin.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
FSH initiates follicular growth and the secretion of estrogens by the growth follicles.
LH stimulates the further development of ovarian follicles and their full secretion of estrogens, brings about ovulation, promotes the formation of the corpus luteum and stimulates the production of estrogens, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin by the corpus luteum.

Pancreas are exocrine glands because they secrete products like  pancreatic juice into the gastrointestinal tract through a series of ducts. and they are Endocrine because hormones like insulin and glucagon direct into bloodstream.
Thus, Option D is correct.

Islets of Langerhans are present in pancreas. It contains many types of cells that produces insulin hormone.

The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans produce an opposing hormone, glucagon, which releases glucose from the liver and fatty acids from fat tissue. In turn, glucose and free fatty acids favour insulin release and inhibit glucagon release.

Insulin is a protein composed of two chains, an A chain (with 21 amino acids) and a B chain (with 30 amino acids), which are linked together by sulfur atoms. Insulin is derived from a 74-amino-acid prohormone molecule called proinsulin.

Leydig cells, also known as interstitialcells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH).

The synthesis and secretion of estrogens is stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is, in turn, controlled by the hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). High levels of estrogens suppress the release of GnRH (bar) providing a negative-feedback control of hormone levels.

FSH is primarily involved in stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles, while LH induces ovulation. At ovulation, the ovum or egg is released and the ruptured follicle is transformed into a corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone as its main product.

Alpha cells are found in the Periphery of the islet while beta cells are usually found in the center of the islet. It secretes hormones.

Stimulation of uterine contraction during childbirth is brought about by Oxytocin.

The two main actions of oxytocin in the body are contraction of the womb (uterus) during childbirth and lactation. Oxytocin stimulates the uterine muscles to contract and also increases production of prostaglandins, which increases the contractions further. Oxytocin is also present in men, playing a role in sperm movement and production of.testosterone by the testes.

Progesterone is one of the progesterone steroid hormones. It is secreted by the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine gland that the female body produces after ovulation during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation.

Beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin, a hormone that controls blood sugar levels. Insulin is needed to move glucose into cells. 

• The inner layer, also known as the zona reticularis, the middle layer, also known as the zona fasciculata, and the outer layer, also known as the zona glomerulosa, make up the adrenal cortex.
• In females, the ovum has a covering called the zona pellucida.
• In the tissue of the adrenal gland, the cortex accounts for 85% of the total volume. A little interior portion (medulla) of this gland is also present.
• The adrenal gland is shaped and sized like a fortune cookie. Aldosterone is produced in the zona glomerulosa.
• This hormone has a wide range of effects on your body, including causing the retention of water, increasing the salt content in your intestines, and removing extra potassium from your body by passing urine.

A pregnancy test is used to determine if a woman is pregnant. This is done by analysing a sample of a woman’s urine or blood for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG is a hormone produced by the placenta and is usually only present in a woman’s body when she is pregnant. A pregnancy test is usually performed when a health professional or a woman suspects she is pregnant, or before using clinical services which may interfere with a pregnancy. Pregnancy tests are also used for other, less common reasons, such as diagnosing abnormally progressing pregnancies and gestational trophoblastic disease (molar pregnancy).

option ( c)  Glucose level of cells. 

Explanation :- 

Insulin is secreted by islets of Langerhans of the pancreas and serves to lower the blood glucose level by stimulating the uptake of glucose by cells, specifically muscle cells,liver cells and adipose tissue cells.So, the glucose  level of cells is increased.

• Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone that is rapidly released in times of stress or urgency, such as when a dog is chasing a person.
• The adrenal cortex secretes it. Somatostatin is released to limit the growth of the body so that a person does not have excessive growth.
• Somatotrophin is the growth hormone that is released during the early development phase.
• Prolactin on the other hand promotes the secretion of milk after childbirth to ensure nutrition for the newborn baby.

• Addison’s disease is brought on by a lack of or underproduction of the hormones produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland.
• Due to a change in the metabolism of carbohydrates, it is characterized by weakness and weariness.
• Low blood pressure, low blood sugar, and high blood potassium levels are the hallmarks of an Addisonian crisis, a potentially fatal condition.
• It needs rapid medical attention.
• Autoimmune illnesses that are similar to Addison’s disease are frequently seen in patients.

The adrenal medulla, the inner portion of the adrenal gland that is located underneath the adrenal cortex, secretes catecholamines. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are catecholamines, which are hormones.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin is secreted from posterior pituitary gland. It is released in response to a fall in the water content of blood plasma and lead to an increase in the permeability to water of the distal and collecting tubules of the nephron. Deficiency or hyposecretion of ADH results in diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is characterised by micturating dilute urine several times a day which results in excessive thirst (polydipsia) and dehydration.

• Estrogen is primarily produced in the ovaries.
• The Graafian follicles (mature ovarian follicles) release estrogen, especially during the menstrual cycle.
• After ovulation, the corpus luteum, which forms from the remnants of the Graafian follicle, also secretes estrogen.
• Additionally, the placenta produces estrogen during pregnancy to support fetal development.

The hormones FSH and LH are together called as gonadotropin hormones. They are called the gonadotropins as they stimulate gonadal activity. The anterior pituitary (pars distalis) releases following gonadotrophic hormones:

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): In males, FSH regulates spermatogenesis (formation of sperms) and in females, FSH stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen hormone.

Luteinizing hormone (LH): In males, LH is also called ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone) which stimulates testes to synthesize and secrete androgens (testosterone). It activates Leydig cells of the testes to secrete testosterone. In females, LH stimulates the ovulation of the fully matured Graafian follicles and also maintains the corpus luteum, formed from the remnants of Graafian follicles after ovulation. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen under the action of LH.

Correct Answer: C: Increased cellular glucose uptake

Explanation: Glucagon primarily works to increase blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen), stimulating gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources), and decreasing cellular glucose uptake. It does not directly increase cellular glucose uptake; instead, it raises blood glucose levels by releasing stored glucose into the bloodstream.

Glycosuria and Ketonuria are diagnostic of:

- Diabetes mellitus

Explanation: When glucose is found in the urine (glycosuria) and ketones are also present (ketonuria), it indicates a problem with glucose metabolism, typically seen in diabetes mellitus. In diabetic individuals, the body cannot effectively utilize glucose, leading to its excretion in the urine. The presence of ketones suggests the body is using fats for energy due to insufficient insulin, a common occurrence in diabetes.