PS TET Paper 1: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 6 - PS TET MCQ

All exams must be conducted for the backward children. Emphasis must be paid on providing proper education to them so that they can easily face all examinations.

Teachers must be aware of the fact that every child is different from each other. The differences occur from physical characteristics to learning style and ability. The objective of education is to provide the fullest possible development of learners. So, to address the individual differences in students a school should follow a child-centered curriculum and provide multiple learning opportunities to students. The teachers should find out the different strengths and weaknesses of students before adopting an appropriate curriculum.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Follow a child-centered curriculum and provide multiple learning opportunities to students.'

One of the goals of education is to develop independent learning in students. However, at times, students might need a little push from the teacher in order to achieve that independence. Scaffolding is a technique that helps during such a scenario.

Action research in education can be defined as the process of studying a school situation to understand and improve the quality of the educative process. It is an attractive option for teacher researchers, school administrative staff, and other stakeholders in the teaching and learning environment to consider. . It provides practitioners with new knowledge and understanding about how to improve educational practices or resolve significant problems in classrooms and school. 

The Assessment process should not be boring, or it should be on the basis of only one aspect. The teacher should be careful about using a variety of ways to collect information, about the students learning across scholastic and co-scholastic boundaries. Only scholastic areas should not be focused on assessment. It should also include co-scholastic areas.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Using a variety of ways to collect information about the students learning across scholastic and co-scholastic boundaries.'

A disorder is a disturbance in physical or mental health or functions. It may be caused by genetic factors, disease, or trauma.

Playing games along with studies in school is very important for the physical growth and balance of the children. It also develops in them qualities like cooperation and spirit of teamwork to work with each other.

Emotional intelligence is a type of ability to manage and understand a person's emotions. People who possess a high degree of emotional intelligence are aware of what they are feeling. People who possess a low degree of emotional intelligence remain confused about their emotions. Empathising is associated with emotional intelligence. It is the ability to understand the feelings of another person.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Empathising.'

One of the goals of education is to develop independent learning in students. However, at times, students might need a little push from the teacher in order to achieve that independence. Scaffolding is a technique that helps during such a scenario.

Motor development is a physiological process in which motor activities are learned by children and taken into practice leads to permanent behaviour change. It is divided into two skills: gross motor development, that is, development of large muscle and fine motor development, that is, development of short muscle. This is how motor development controls body movements.
Hence, the correct answer is "Development of control over body movements".

IQ is a score obtained by conducting an Intelligence Test. Intelligence involves different mental activities and abilities which include logic, reasoning, planning, and problem-solving. So IQ between 90 to 110 is considered as normal. This proves that this is normal and people having IQ between 90 to 110 can understand everything, able to do planning, reasoning, etc.
Hence, the correct answer is "Normal".

John Dewey, an American philosopher proposed the concept of 'Progressive Education' which emphasizes that learning takes place only through a 'hands-on' approach so the students must interact with their environment to adapt and learn.

For studying a map, the knowledge of distances, places and directions are very important. So, if a teacher has the knowledge of these factors, she can easily make the students understand maps.

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development focuses on linguistic, social and cultural development in his theories but does not focus on biological development. It is because of social interactions or imaginative plays, cognitive development takes place in the children. He believes that socialization starts with the schools and communities that engage children in discovering and exploring new things. Hence, the correct answer is, 'Biological.'

Diversity among learners could be with reference to their learning abilities, socio-economic backgrounds, cultural
variations or even emotional behavioral characteristics. The system of education calls for providing equal opportunity to every child for optimal development. 

• Inclusive education helps the children in schools to develop higher levels of tolerance for people with diversities in general and for those who are disadvantaged.
• There is so much of diversity among a group of children belonging to the same age group.
• Children differ with regard to their home background, motivation and ability to learn, personal attributes contributing to success in academics, attitudes, interests and commitments.
• Inclusive education helps the development of children in different ways. Students with specific challenges make gains in physical, cognitive and social development and motor skills. They do well when the general environment is adjusted to meet their needs.

Hence, it can be concluded that Inclusive education helps the children in schools to develop higher levels of tolerance for people with diversities in general and for those who are disadvantaged.

The initial comprehensive attempt to create teaching methods on scientific principles was made by Comenius. John Amos Comenius was a Czech philosopher, pedagogue and theologian who is considered the father of modern education. Comenius introduced a number of educational concepts and innovations, teaching based, in gradual development from simple to more comprehensive concepts.

A learning disability in motor skills is called dyspraxia. It is a developmental disorder that affects the brain and marked by clumsiness in movement. Children with dyspraxia show poor balance, poor posture, fatigue, perception problems poor hand-eye coordination, etc. There is no certain reason for this disability but also new studies suggest that it is due to the undeveloped neuron.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Dyspraxia'.

Inclusive Education: It is concerned with the learning and participation of all students vulnerable to exclusionary pressures not only those with impairments or those who are categorized ‘having special educational needs'. Inclusion is all about embracing all.

Educational institutions are not the only place where learning takes place. Learning takes place in varied and multiple social contexts.

Jean Piaget has proposed four stages in his cognitive development theory. The First stage is the sensorimotor stage which occurs from birth to 2 years, second is the pre-operational stage which occurs from 2 to 7 years of age, the third is the concrete operational stage which occurs from 7 to 11 years of age. This is the stage when a child begins to think logically about objects and events. Last is the formal operational stage which occurs above 12 years of age.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Concrete operational stage.'

"Motivation" refers to the factors that move or activate the behavior of people toward a goal. It plays a significant role in students learning and development.
For example, when we see a student working diligently on every duty assigned to him or her, hence we infer that the individual has a motive to achieve. According to Skinner, "motivation is the superhighway to learning".

The early life of a child from birth to the age of two years is called infancy. Parents play a very vital role in the growth and development of a child during this period.

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development focuses on linguistic, social and cultural development in his theories but does not focus on biological development. It is because of social interactions or imaginative plays, cognitive development takes place in the children. He believes that socialization starts with the schools and communities that engage children in discovering and exploring new things.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Biological.'

Inclusive Education is an approach to educating all children who are at risk for neglect in the education system. It expects that all learners learn together through access to common educational provisions.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation emphasises how learning can be observed, recorded and improved upon. In this scheme, the term 'continuous' is meant to emphasise that evaluation of identified aspects of students' growth and development is a continuous process rather than an event, built into the total teaching-learning process and spread over the entire span of academic session. It means regularity of assessment, frequency of unit testing, diagnosis of learning gaps, use of corrective measures, retesting and feedback of evidence to teachers and students for their self-evaluation.

Active Participation means when children initiate to speak something when they try to participate in group discussions. The teachers force children so that they will try to be good speakers and gain confidence.
Hence, the correct answer is "Active participation".

Active participation is one where the learners actively construct knowledge in the facilitating environment provided by the educators.

Teachers must always ask questions in the class because it keeps the students alert in class. Their previous knowledge is checked and the concepts are also made clear.

Phonological awareness is recognized as a skill that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language parts like onsets, words, syllables. It is the ability to reflect and manipulate the sound structure. It focuses on manipulating individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. For eg- a teacher asks the child to break the word MAT into individual sounds M-A-T.
Hence, the correct answer is, 'Reflect and manipulate the sound structure.'

Questioning refers to the most effective strategy to arise curiosity and inquisitiveness too. Asking questions makes the classroom ambiance more interactive.
In the class, questioning by students should be encouraged as it could enhance their cognitive competencies in the following ways:

• Questions take learning forward by interactions and lead to conceptual clarity.
• Questions inspire learners to look out for information that aligns with their pursuits and might consequently promote lifelong learning.
• Questioning boosts their confidence-up, makes them able to put forth their views, and helps the children to make the best of their educational experiences.​
• Asking questions allows learners to link between various pieces of information which can assist them in structuring essays and debates.

​Hence, it could be concluded that the technique of 'classroom questioning' in the teaching-learning process can be used for arousing curiosity.