Test: HP TGT Social Studies Mock - 7 - Software Development MCQ

The Indian Home Rule movement was a movement in British India along the lines of the Irish Home Rule movement and other home rule movements. Between 1916-1918, the movement lasted around two years and the educated English-speaking upper-class Indians are believed to have set the stage for the independence movement under the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

The Conrad discontinuity corresponds to the sub-horizontal boundary in continental crust at which the seismic wave velocity increases in a discontinuous way. This boundary is observed in various continental regions at a depth of 15 to 20 km, however it is not found in oceanic regions.

The border at which the density of SIAL and SIMA changes is known as Conrad discontinuity. SIAL indicates the composition of Silica and Aluminium whereas SIMA indicates the composition of Silica and Magnesium.

A chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give off heat is called combustion.

• Combustion of most fuels releases carbon dioxide into the environment. Thus, causing air pollution.
• Increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is believed to cause global warming.
  • Global warming is the rise in the temperature of the atmosphere of the earth.
  • This results, among other things, in the melting of polar glaciers, which leads to a rise in the sea level, causing floods in the coastal areas.
  • Low lying coastal areas may even be permanently submerged underwater
• The burning of coal and diesel releases sulphur dioxide gas.
• It is an extremely suffocating and corrosive gas.
• Moreover, petrol engines give off gaseous oxides of nitrogen.

So, we can say that the combustion of coal, petrol and diesel etc is the basic source of Air Pollution.

Indian society is pluralistic in nature. Pluralism refers to the existence within a nation or society of groups distinctive in ethnic origin, cultural patterns, language, religion, etc. The Indian culture followed the concept of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (The world is one family) resulting in a great cultural heritage.

The major component of bio-gas and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is Methane. Bio-CNG contains about 92-98 % of methane and only 2-8 % carbon dioxide. The high methane content and calorific value combined with the low quantity of moisture, hydrogen sulphide, and impurities make Bio-CNG an ideal fuel for automobiles and power generation.

Compressed natural gas is a fuel that can be used in place of gasoline, diesel fuel, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). CNG is made by compressing natural gas, which is mainly composed of methane (CH4). Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a popular eco-friendly automobile fuel as it causes less pollution than petroleum and diesel.  

So, since CNG is a clean-burning fuel, combusting it leaves little or no residue compared to gasoline or diesel. Thus, the damage to the pipes and tubes of the vehicle's engine is greatly reduced. There is also a less particulate matter that can contaminate the motor oil.

Though there are different types of sewing machines mainly, three types are considered for sewing, as given below:

1. Mechanical sewing machines
2. Electronic sewing machines
3. Computerized sewing machines

These machines are less expensive and are the simplest type of sewing machine in terms of build. They are the hand-operated sewing machine and treadle sewing machine.

Pt. Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi:

• Pt. Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi (4 February 1922 – 24 January 2011) was a legendary Indian vocalist from Karnataka in the Hindustani classical tradition.
• He is known for the khayal form of singing, as well as for his popular renditions of devotional music (bhajans and abhangs).
• His ‘bhajans’, which were usually sung in Kannada, Hindi and Marathi languages, are widely recognized and appreciated not just by ardent music lovers but also by devotees all over the country.
• This versatile singer has also recorded Kannada Dasa Krithis in Dasavani, the likes which are usually sung by Carnatic musicians.
• His most memorable performance that is recalled by his fans even today is the song ‘Mile Sur Mera Tumhara’.

So, he was a brilliant exponent in the field of Hindustani classical music.

Kalhana furnishes the details of the history of the Kashmir during twelfth century A.D. Historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings"), which is rightfully regarded as the best and most authentic work of its kind.

It covers the entire period of history from the earliest times until the date of its composition in the Kashmir region. Eight books are divided into Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 chapters. The book I attempt to weave fictional storeys of Kashmir kings into epic legends.

The drafting committee of the constitution:

The Drafting Committee had seven members:

1. Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar
2. N. Gopalaswami
3. B.R. Ambedkar
4. K.M Munshi
5. Mohammad Saadulla
6. B.L. Mitter
7. D.P. Khaitan.

• At its first meeting on 30th August 1947, the Drafting Committee elected B.R Ambedkar as its Chairman.
• Towards the end of October 1947, the Drafting Committee began to scrutinize the Draft Constitution prepared by the B.N Rau, the Constitutional Advisor.
• It made various changes and submitted the Draft Constitution to the President of the Constituent Assembly on 21 February 1948.
• The Drafting Committee and its members were very influential in Indian constitution-making during the Committee stages and the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly.
• The majority of the debates in the Constituent Assembly revolved around the Draft Constitution(s) prepared by the Drafting Committee.
• Out of 166 sittings of the Constituent Assembly, 114 were spent debating the Draft Constitution(s).

The tomb of Itimad- ud -Daulah is located along the banks of the Yamuna at Agra, Uttar Pradesh.

• It was built by the Mughal queen Nur Jahan, wife of Emperor Jehangir.
• The tomb of Itimad- ud -Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the Taj Mahal.
• It is known for the first use of the pietra dura.
  

A manifesto is a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government. A manifesto usually accepts a previously published opinion or public consensus or promotes a new idea with prescriptive notions for carrying out changes the author believes should be made. It often is political, social or artistic in nature, sometimes revolutionary, but may present an individual's life stance. Manifestos relating to religious belief are generally referred to as creeds or, a confession of faith.

The classroom environment can facilitate students learning and remove gender bias and stereotype. In fact, a gender-friendly environment can easily be created by a teacher in any context. It just requires sensitivity and positive intent. A gender friendly classroom environment and its overall management can build harmonious relations between boys and girls at different stages of education.

Majuli is a large river island situated in the middle of the Brahmaputra River in Assam.

• Majuli is depicted as the largest river island in the world.
• This island has been formed over a period of time due to the change of direction and area of the Brahmaputra river and its tributaries especially the Lohit river.
• Majuli can also be called the 'cultural capital of Assam'.
• Majuli is located in the northern part of the Jorhat district and is separated from the mainland by the Brahmaputra river.

Brahmaputra River flows through Tibet, India and Bangladesh.

• The Brahmaputra rises in the north of the Himalayas near Lake Mansarovar in the Purang district of Tibet, where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo.
• Flowing in Tibet, this river enters the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.
• Flowing in the valley of Assam, it is called the Brahmaputra, and then it is called Jamuna as soon as it enters Bangladesh.​

Ozone Hole:

• It refers to a region in the stratosphere where the concentration of ozone becomes extremely low in certain months.
• Ozone (chemically, a molecule of three oxygen atoms) is found mainly in the upper atmosphere, an area called the stratosphere, between 10 and 50 km from the earth’s surface.
• Ozone absorbs the harmful UltraViolet (UV) radiations from the sun eliminating a big threat to life forms on earth.
• UV rays can cause skin cancer and other diseases and deformities in plants and animals.
• The ozone holes most commonly refer to the depletion over Antarctica, forming each year in September, October, and November, due to a set of special meteorological and chemical conditions that arise at the South Pole, and can reach sizes of around 20 to 25 million sq km.
• Hence, we can say that Ozone holes are more pronounced at the​ poles. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• Chlorofluorocarbons, Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, Carbon tetrachloride, Methyl chloroform, Methyl chloroform, Halons, Methyl bromide.
• Another pollutant we have added to the upper atmosphere that affects ozone is nitrogen oxides from airplane exhaust. So, above and beyond, the seasonal variations in ozone are more pronounced at the poles.

MS Dhoni has won the ICC Spirit of Cricket Award of the Decade 2020. He won the award for his gesture to call England Ian Bell back on the crease after he was ruled out by the umpire in unusual circumstances. MS Dhoni's gesture also got him awarded the Spirit of the Cricket award in 2011.

Northern India was divided into Sixteen Mahajanpadas and Republics before rising of Maurya's Empire. The Mahajanapadas were the 16 kingdoms or oligarchic republics that flourished in northern ancient India from the 6th to 4th century BC during the second phase of urbanisation.

The 6th – 4th century BCE is often seen as an important turning point in early Indian history; during this period, the first major cities of India arose after the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. It was also the time of the emergence of the Sramana movements (including Buddhism and Jainism) that questioned the religious orthodoxy of the Vedic period. Archaeologically, this period was described as referring in part to the community of the Northern Black Polished Ware.

A member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha represents the voice of the Indian people in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament in India. Members of the Lok Sabha legislature are elected by direct elections based on adult suffrage for a period of 5 years. With two houses, the Parliament of India is bicameral; consisting of the Rajya Sabha (upper house i.e. Council of States) and Lok Sabha (lower house i.e. House of the People). In the Lok Sabha, the highest allowed strength of members of parliament is 552.

This comprises a limit of 530 representatives from constituencies and states and a maximum of 20 members representing the regions of the Union (both directly elected). Out of these, 2 seats were reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community between 1952 and 2020. The Lok Sabha's current chosen strength is 543. The faction, or alliance of parties, with a majority in the Lok Sabha, selects India's Prime Minister. The state of Uttar Pradesh is currently represented by the strength of 80 members in the Lok Sabha.

Water Cycle:

• ​Water is a cyclic resource. It can be used and re-used.
• Water also undergoes a cycle from the ocean to land and land to the ocean.
• The hydrological cycle describes the movement of water on, in, and above the earth.
• The water cycle has been working for billions of years and all the life on earth depends on it.
• Next to air, water is the most important element required for the existence of life on earth.
• The hydrological cycle is the circulation of water within the earth’s hydrosphere in different forms i.e. the liquid, solid, and gaseous phases.
• It also refers to the continuous exchange of water between the oceans, atmosphere, land surface and subsurface, and the organisms.

Physical fitness:

• Physical fitness is good bodily health.
• It is the result of regular exercise, proper diet and nutrition, and proper rest for physical recovery.
• The term physical fitness is used in two ways: general fitness (a state of health and well-being) and specific fitness (a task-oriented definition based on the ability to perform specific aspects of sports or occupations).
• Physical fitness is the capacity of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and muscles to function at optimal efficiency.
• Earlier, fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the day’s activities without undue fatigue.
• Automation, increased leisure time, and changes in lifestyles following the Industrial Revolution meant that this criterion was no longer sufficient.
• Physical fitness is now defined as the body’s ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, resist diseases, and to meet emergency situations.
• Fitness can also be divided into five categories: aerobic fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Ironing is the process of smoothening out wrinkles created with the use or during washing.

Ironing and Hot pressing:

• Most households have an iron and a temporary or permanent place for work.
• Ironing is the process of smoothening out wrinkles created with the use or during washing.
• Pressing helps to put creases such as in sleeves, trouser legs, and pleated skirts.
• Irons have smooth metal surfaces which can be heated.
• Most electric irons have an inbuilt thermostat, which can adjust the temperature to suit the fabric.
• The iron may also have a system of producing steam while in use.
• The weight of the iron varies from 1.5–3.5 kgs.
• At the household level, lightweight irons are preferred.
• Heavier articles like curtains, bed covers, etc. may require heavier irons. 
• Though in most cases the heating is with electricity, in India one can still see some charcoal irons.
• Charcoal iron is like a metal box with a lid, in which live coal pieces are put to heat the iron.

Mirabai was a 16th-century Hindu mystic poet and devotee of Krishna. She is a celebrated Bhakti saint, particularly in the North Indian Hindu tradition. Sant Tukaram Maharaj is best known for his devotional poetry called Abhanga. Chaitanya Prabhu opened the doors of divine love to all by chanting and singing the glories of Krishna in the form of Kirtans. Chaitanya believed that by singing Kirtan alone one can realize God because it transports the mind from the material world to the divine world. Kabir Das was popularly known for his Dohas.

Gautama Buddha propagated his divine knowledge of Buddhism to the world from the Mahabodhi Temple Complex monument.

• This Temple is located at Bodhgaya, Bihar.
• It is famous as Buddha propagated his divine knowledge of Buddhism from this Temple.
• For this, it is known as the 'Great Enlightenment Temple'.
• It was declared UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002.​

Svaramandal:

• This instrument is made of wooden plates.
• Western Rajasthan's Mangniyar artisans use this instrument.
• This instrument is also known as Mattakokila Veena.
• Bhil tribe use this instrument on the occasion of Dipawali.
• Ektara is mostly used by Nath sects saints and monks.
• Sarangi has 27 strings in it, it is made of Sangwan, Rohida, and Kair's wood.
• Jantar has 5 or 6 strings in it, Bhopas consider it an instrument of deities.

Raja Birbal was the only Hindu to adopt Din-i-Ilahi, the religion founded by Akbar. Birbal was one of the first officers to join Akbar's court, possibly as early as 1556, when he was twenty-eight years old.

Birbal or Raja Birbal, was a Saraswat Hindu Bhatt Brahmin advisor and main commander (Mukhya Senapati) of army in the court of the Mughal emperor, Akbar.

Ektara:

• ​It is a stringed instrument.
• It is also known as Adi musical instrument.
• Narad Ji is famous for playing this instrument.
• This instrument is common in Baul music Bengal.
• Nath sects saints and monks use it mostly.
• This instrument is commonly used in kirtan chanting.

The Ahar culture is an archaeological Chalcolithic culture on the banks of the Ahar River in the southeastern state of Rajasthan in India, lasting from c. 3000 to 1500 BCE, modern and adjacent to the Civilization of the Indus Valley. The Ahar-Banas individuals were exploiting the copper ores of the Aravalli Range to make axes and other artefacts along the Banas and Berach Rivers, as well as the Ahar River.

In the river valleys of Banas and its tributaries, the main distribution appears to be concentrated. From Jawad, Mandsaur, Kayatha and Dangwada in Madhya Pradesh state, a number of sites with Ahar culture level are also found.

The state leading in manganese production is Odisha. Odisha has the largest manganese reserves (44%) in the country, followed by Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, etc.

India ranks third in the production of manganese ore in the world, next only to Russia and South Africa. It is a hard brittle silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron.

Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steel.

Panchsheel was an agreement that was signed between India and China on 29th April 1954. This agreement states the Five Principles that were agreed upon by both the countries to maintain peace between the two countries over trade with Tibet.

The five principles of the agreement are:

1. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty
2. Mutual non-aggression
3. Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs
4. Equality and co-operation for mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence

An equinox is commonly regarded as the instant of time when the plane of Earth's equator passes through the geometric centre of the Sun's disk.

An equinox occurs twice in a year one is in March which is known as Spring Equinox and another is in September that is known as Autumn Equinox.

A solstice is an event occurring when the Sun appears to reach its most northerly or southerly excursion relative to the celestial equator on the celestial sphere. 

The solstice occurs twice in a year one is in the month of June that is known as Summer Solstice and another is in the winter that is known as Winter Solstice.

LIst-I with List-II:

The thin layer of gas surrounding the earth is called the atmosphere.

• It can protect all life on the earth, keep the temperature within a relatively small range, and block harmful sunlight.
• The atmosphere is the thin layer of gases separating earth from outer space.
• The lower atmosphere is a mixture of molecules of three important gases - Oxygen (02)' Nitrogen (N2 )and Carbon dioxide (C02 ) - along with water vapor and trace amounts of several other gases that have no immediate biological importance.
• The gases in the atmosphere are normally stable but under some circumstances, they react chemically to form new compounds.
• The atmosphere is a major source of carbon and oxygen for all organisms and a source of nitrogen for a few organisms.

Thus, we can conclude that the Atmosphere is the thin layer of gases around the earth.