KVS PGT Chemistry Mock Test - 10 - KVS PGT/TGT/PRT MCQ

'A doubting Thomas' is a person who only believes in whatever he sees and does not easily trust others. 
Option 4 is thus the correct option.
Example- It is very difficult to deal with a doubting Thomas because they never seem to believe you.

A person who is considered a hot-head is someone who easily becomes angry and violent.
A bonehead is a term used for a stupid person. 
An egghead is someone who is an intellectual.
Pundit is sometimes used for an expert in a particular subject or field who is frequently called upon to give their opinions to the public.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Rule- If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of the verb in the reported speech is not changed at all. 
Thus, as the tense of the sentence is present, it is to remain the same. Option 2 is correct.

मुहावरे का सही युग्म है - 'आँख में चर्बी छाना - घमंड से चूर होना'

• वाक्य प्रयोग - अजय अपना अभावग्रस्त जीवन भूल गया है, अब तो उसकी "आंखों में चर्बी चढ़ गई है"।

Key Points

• मुहावरा एक ऐसा वाक्य होता है जो वाक्य की रचना करने पर अपना एक अलग अर्थ या विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करता है।
• इनका प्रयोग करने से भाषा,आकर्षक, प्रभावपूर्ण तथा रोचक बन जाती है।

Additional Informationकुछ महत्वपूर्ण मुहावरा, अर्थ और उनके वाक्य प्रयोग:-

• आंख दिखाना - बहुत क्रोध करना

वाक्य प्रयोग - राम से मैंने सच बातें कह दी, तो वह मुझे "आँख दिखाने लगा"।

• आग लगाना - झगड़ा कराना

वाक्य प्रयोग - दीपक ने झूठ बोलकर राहुल और दीनेश के बीच "आग लगा दी"।

• आँख बिछाना - प्रेम से स्वागत करना

वाक्य प्रयोग - जब प्रधानमंत्री आए तो स्कूल में सबने "आँखें बिछा दीं"।

आँखों में धूल झोंकना का अर्थ 'धोखा देना'।

Key Points

• आँखों में धूल झोंकना- धोखा देना या झांसा देना
• वाक्य प्रयोग- सरकारी नौकर अपना कार्य न करके सरकार की आँखों में धूल झोंकना रहें हैं।

अन्य विकल्प-

• ढा़ढ़स बंधाना- तसल्ली देना
• वाक्य प्रयोग- मोहन का व्यापार में लगा पैसा डूब गया तो सोहन ने उसे समझाते हुए उसका ढाढ्स बधांया।
• आँख फोड़ना- बड़े ध्यान से पढ़ना
• वाक्य प्रयोग- परीक्षा के समय श्याम बहुत ध्यान से पढ़ता है।
• आदर देना- सम्मान करना।
• वाक्य प्रयोग- हमेशा बड़ो को आदर देना चाहिए।

Additional Information​महत्वपूर्ण मुहावरे-

• आग लगने पर कुँआ खोदना- पहले से कोई उपाय न कर रखना।
• अढ़ाई चावल की खिचड़ी अलग पकाना- सबसे अलग सोच-विचार रखना
• कलम तोड़ना- बहुत सुन्दर लिखना।
• कौड़ी को भी न पूछना- निकम्मा होना।
• काफूर होना- भाग जाना।

The Correct Answer is "Atal Bihari Vajpayee".

Key Points

• Good governance day is celebrated annually on 25th December to mark the birth anniversary of the former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
• The aim is to create awareness of accountability in government among the citizens of India.

Governance:

• It is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented).
• Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international governance, national governance, and local governance.

Eight Characteristics of Good Governance (as identified by the United Nations):

Important Points

Atal Bihari Vajpayee :

• Atal Bihari Vajpayee was born on 25th December 1924 in the erstwhile princely state of Gwalior (now a part of Madhya Pradesh).
• Atal Bihari Vajpayee had served three terms as the Prime Minister of India, first for a term of 13 days in 1996, then for a period of 13 months from 1998 to 1999, followed by a full term from 1999 to 2004.
• He was conferred with the country's highest civilian honor, The Bharat Ratna in 2015 and the second-highest civilian honor, the Padma Vibhushan in 1994.

Jawaharlal Nehru :

• Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India.

Indira Gandhi :

• Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi was the first and, to date, only female Prime Minister of India.
• Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India.

The correct answer is Centralization.

Key Points

• Indian economy experienced an economic crisis in 1991.
• The foreign currency assets declined to such an extent that it was barely enough to finance two weeks of imports.
• The annual rate of inflation reached 16.7% in August 1991.
• The government expenditure was greater than its revenue due to defence expenditure, subsidies, interest on loans, etc.
  • The positive effects of the socialistic pattern of society were on the verge of decline.
  • On this ground, it was necessary to bring new changes to the economy. Hence, the Government of India adopted a New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1991.
  • It is also known as LPG i.e.
    1. Liberalization
    2. Privatization
    3. Globalization.
• The process of new economic policy which started in 1985 got momentum in 1991.

Additional Information

Liberalization:

• Liberalization refers to 'economic freedom' or 'freedom for economic decision'.
• It means producers, consumers, and owners of factors of production, are free to take the decision to promote their self-interest.
• Indian government accepted policies suggested by the IMF for economic liberalization.
  • Macroeconomic Stabilisation :
    • Inflation control
    • Balance of Payment adjustment
    • Currency devaluation
  • Structural Adjustment Programs :
    • Trade and capital inflow reforms
    • Industrial reforms
    • Tax reforms
    • Fiscal reforms
    • Monetary and financial reforms
    • Privatization

Privatization: 

• Privatization means the transfer of ownership from the public to the private sector.
• It refers to a process that reduces the involvement of the public sector and increases that of the private sector in economic activities.
• Measures :
  • Disinvestment
  • De-reservation policy
  • Establishment of BIFR (Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction)
  • Creation of National Renewal Board (NRB)
  • Navratna Status

Globalization:

• Globalization means integrating the economy of a country with the world economy.
• Measures : 
  • Removal of quantitative restrictions
  • Encouragement to Foreign Capital
  • Convertibility of Rupee
  • Foreign collaboration
  • Long term trade Policy
  • Encouragement to Exports

According to the sequence in the dictionary: 

The correct order of the given words is:

2. Arrange

1. Arrest

3. Arrogant

4. Arrow

Hence, the correct answer is "2, 1, 3, 4".

Additional Information

1. First of all, check the common letter in all.

2. Arrange them according to the alphabet they come first. 

3. When common letters are arranged, then go for the rest.

Linguistic diversity refers to the use of different languages by different groups of people in a society. India has a lot of linguistic and culturally diverse. 

• A culturally and linguistically diverse learner is typically used to identify a learner who differs from the mainstream culture in terms of ethnicity, social class, and or language.
• A multilingual classroom is a classroom with learners having more than one languages including learners from different backgrounds.

Important Points

Multilingual and Linguistic Diverse Classroom:- 

• It should be considered an opportunity to have children student of diverse backgrounds than to consider it a barrier.
• When the teacher respects all the languages and encourages children to communicate in all of them, it promotes inclusivity and none of the children will feel left out due to their language background.
• The teacher recognizes those students as well who speak in their mother tongue.
• It also gives exposure to students with a mono-linguistic background.

Hence, we conclude that the teacher should respect all languages and encourage children to communicate in all of them.

Information and Communication Technology(ICT) is defined as a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.

Key Points

Role of ICT in Learning:

• ICT promotes the learner-centric curriculum approach by supporting the learners' needs and capabilities while promoting creative and critical thinking. 
• It fulfills the gaps between teaching and learning by promoting modern approaches such as multi-sensory learning that engages more than one sense at a time.
• The lessons can be presented to the students in a variety of methods that will best engage them in the material and excite their brains and ultimately enhances their teaching-learning experience.
• Information and communication technologies (ICT), when made accessible and available, enable children with disabilities to fully and effectively engage, on an equal basis, in all facets of society and development.
• It allows students and teachers to access information (books, articles, blogs, etc.). Students can learn about their subjects by watching videos, pictures, and listening to audio content.

Hence, it is clear that the role of ICT as a support and learning school management does not include the traditional approach through the medium of ICT.

Key Points 

• It is well knowledge that young infants acquire significant concepts more quickly in their mother tongue or home language.
• The mother tongue or the language used by the neighborhood is typically the same as the home language.
• However, there may occasionally be a home language used by other family members in multilingual households that is distinct from the mother tongue or the local vernacular.
• National Education Policy 2020 proposes that wherever feasible, the home language, mother tongue, local language, or regional language will be used as the medium of teaching until at least Grade 5, but preferably until Grade 8 and beyond.

Hence, At the primary level, National Education Policy 2020 proposes mother tongue/Home language as the medium of instruction across the nation.

Work Education is a type of education that includes manual labor as a means of imparting knowledge and skills to students.

• In India, the concept of work education was introduced in the education system after independence.

Key Points

• The National Policy on Education was first formulated in 1968 and revised in 1986 and 1992. The policy aims to provide quality education to all sections of society and improve the educational system in India.
• National Policy on Education conceived work education as purposive and meaningful manual work that results in goods or services which are useful to society.
• Work education is an integral part of the policy as it is believed that it helps in the overall development of the students.
• The policy states that work education should be introduced at the secondary stage of education and should be made compulsory for all students.
• The aim of work education is not just to impart knowledge and skills but also to develop a sense of responsibility, self-reliance, and self-confidence among students.
• It is believed that work education helps in the holistic development of students and prepares them for the challenges of the real world.

Hence, National Policy on Education conceived work education as purposive and meaningful manual work that results in goods or services which are useful to society.

Additional Information

• The Bhore Committee was a health survey and development committee established by the Government of India in 1943. 
• The Kothari Commission, also known as the Education Commission, was established by the Government of India in 1964 to evaluate the state of education in the country and make recommendations for its improvement. 
• The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 was formulated by NCERT to provide guidelines for school education in India.

The process of classroom transactions is usually based on certain curricular areas. These curricular areas, specifically the subjects have some content areas. Each unit/content has certain learning objectives to be achieved. That means after studying the concepts included in the topic/subject, the student shall perform or demonstrate in the expected manner as stated in the objectives. Hence, learning objectives are also called ‘Expected Learning Outcomes’. The teacher needs to assess the achievement of these expected learning outcomes.

Key Points

• Learning is a purposeful activity. Therefore, any subject included in the school curriculum has specified learning objectives. It is expected that after studying each subject, a student shall demonstrate the competencies/behaviours specified.
• In this context, assessment becomes an integral part of instruction, as it determines whether or not the goals of education are being met.
• Assessment affects decisions about grades, placement, advancement, instructional needs, and curriculum.
• To make the task of assessment easy and more accurate, the expected learning outcomes need to be ‘specific’, ‘measurable’, ‘achievable’, ‘realistic’ and ‘timebound’ (SMART).

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that all of the above is true.

The programmes of early childhood care and education should be holistic in nature rather than providing nutrition, health and education services as piece-meal services. There are a number of these programmes being run in our country as well as in other developing countries. It is important to learn not only from one's own experience but also from that of others.

Key Points

• Recognising the holistic nature of child development, viz., nutrition, health and social, mental, physical, moral and emotional development, Early childhood Education will receive high priority.
• An ECCE programme must be holistic in nature. Further, to increase its practical viability and success, logical, implementable combinations can be tried. For instance, child care can be attached as a service to existing income-generating programmes for women.
• In most of the ECCE programmes in our country, the education component is either very low or is formal and focusses on the 3 R's (reading, writing and arithmetic). More effort is required to emphasise to families and early childhood workers, the value of play and the use of informal methods of education for young children.
• Early childhood education must essentially be through the play-way method and activity-based approach. Gradually the same should be integrated into primary schools as well, at least for the first couple of years, for better quality education and improved retention rates.

Hence, we can conclude that Early childhood Care &Education is a programme that is focused on the holistic development of the child.

Maturation refers to the changes that follow an orderly sequence and are largely dictated by the genetic blueprint which produces commonalities in our growth and development.

Key Points

In the above-mentioned phenomenon, the bold word 'maturationally' can be attributed to the importance of maturation as:

• Maturation refers to the potential traits (for different activities like sitting, crawling, creeping, walking, etc.) that present at birth in the individual and are controlled by heredity. This unfolds itself at the appropriate time.
• For example, most children can sit without support by 7 months of age, stand with support by 8 months and walk by one year. Once the underlying physical structure is sufficiently developed, proficiency in these behaviors requires an adequate environment and little practice.
• The special efforts to accelerate these behaviors do not help if the infant is maturationally not ready. 

Thus, it is concluded that in the above-mentioned phenomenon, the bold word 'maturationally' can be attributed to the importance of maturation.

Hint

• Growth refers to an increase in the size of body parts or of the organism as a whole. It can be measured or quantified, for example, growth in height, weight, etc.
• Development is a process by which an individual grows and changes throughout the life cycle. The term development applies to the changes that have a direction and hold a definite relationship with what precedes it, and in turn, will determine what will come after.
• Evolution refers to species-specific changes. Natural selection is an evolutionary process that favors individuals or species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce. The evolutionary changes are passed from one generation to the next within a species. 

The behavioristic approach focuses on the mechanics of learning.

• Behaviorist approach is the study of cognitive development that is concerned with the basic mechanics of learning. Learning - changes in behavior because of experiences (excluding changes due to fatigue, injury, or drug effects), is at the center of this approach.
• The central tenet of behaviorism is that an organism learns behavioral adaptation, whose learning is governed by the principles of association (forming connections between ideas and events).
• Behaviorism stands apart from other approaches by its emphasis on the relationship between observable behavior (responses) and environmental events (stimuli).

Behaviorism or the behaviorist approach lays stress on the role of environmental stimuli in determining the way we act. Behaviorism is also referred to as behavioristic psychology.

“Curriculum is the sum total of student activities which the school sponsors for the purpose of achieving its objectives”. It facilitates the planning of instruction by teachers. 

Key Points 
A curriculum includes the following elements -

• Learning outcomes /Goal of education - It includes the purpose for which the course is designed. For example - At a particular instructional level the learner, on the successful completion of the course, will be able to display and use purposefully all the four language skills commensurate with that level.
• Subject matter - It includes all the activities that an educational institution can organize include not only the classroom activities but also the social, cultural, and playground activities conducted under the direction of an educational institution.
• Planned Learning Experiences- These include all the experiences of learning that a student receives during the course of action to unfold the abilities of the individual.

Hence we conclude that Good marks are not an element of the curriculum.

Preparation of Hydrogen from H₂O with Ca (Calcium)

• Hydrogen can be prepared from water (H₂O) through a chemical reaction with calcium (Ca).
• In this reaction, calcium acts as a reducing agent. This is because calcium has the ability to donate electrons during the reaction, which reduces the other reactant, in this case, water.
• The overall chemical reaction that occurs is: Ca + 2H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + H₂
• In this reaction, calcium (Ca) reacts with water (H₂O) to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) and hydrogen gas (H₂).
• The hydrogen gas that is produced can be collected and used for various purposes.
• Thus, out of the given options, it is calcium that can act as a reducing agent to prepare hydrogen from water.

Why Other Options are Incorrect

• Ag (Silver) and Au (Gold) are noble metals and do not readily participate in chemical reactions. They cannot act as reducing agents to produce hydrogen from water.
• Al (Aluminium) can act as a reducing agent, but it does not react with water under normal conditions to produce hydrogen.

Conclusion

• Therefore, the correct answer is option B: 'Ca, which acts as reducing agent'.

Cu²⁺  + 4NH₃ → [Cu (NH₃)₄]²⁺ (blue)

4 aromatic isomers are possible.

 contains two unpaired electrons and is paramagnetic in nature. On the other hand, ,  and  contains all paired electrons and are diamagnetic in nature. 

The non metallic character decreases down the group.And we know the oxides of non-metal r acidic in genral.Hence acidic character of oxides decreases down d group. Down the group the size of the element increases, electronegativity decreases ,metallic character increases and hence the acidic character decrease.

Electron gain enthalpy values of noble gases are positive because they have stable electronic configuration and thus have no tendency to take additionalelectron.

Cs is electropositive element hence, it forms Cs+ ion. Hence, no covalent bonding.

Cs⁺ has stable inert gas configuration thus, Cs³⁺ is not formed.

water pollution causes the death of fishes because of decrease in amount of dissolved oxygen.