Indian Geography Quiz : 1 - Year 5 MCQ

The river Godavari is often referred to as Vridha Ganga because:
There are several reasons why the river Godavari is often referred to as Vridha Ganga:
1. Large size and extent:
- The river Godavari is one of the largest rivers in India, both in terms of length and the area it covers.
- It is the second longest river in India after the river Ganges.
- The Godavari river basin is spread across multiple states, including Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha.
- Its extensive reach and large size make it comparable to the river Ganges, which is the most sacred river in India.
2. Peninsular rivers:
- The river Godavari is one of the major peninsular rivers of India.
- Peninsular rivers are the rivers that flow in the Indian peninsula, which is the southern part of India.
- These rivers are different from the Himalayan rivers like the Ganges and the Yamuna.
- The Godavari river, being one of the prominent peninsular rivers, is often called Vridha Ganga to emphasize its importance and significance.
3. Pilgrimage centers:
- The banks of the river Godavari are dotted with numerous pilgrimage centers and holy towns.
- Nasik, Trimbakeshwar, Bhadrachalam, and Rajahmundry are some of the famous pilgrimage centers situated on the banks of the Godavari.
- These pilgrimage centers attract a large number of devotees and are considered sacred in Hindu mythology.
- The presence of these pilgrimage centers adds to the religious and cultural significance of the Godavari, earning it the title of Vridha Ganga.
In conclusion, the river Godavari is often referred to as Vridha Ganga because of its large size and extent among the peninsular rivers, as well as the presence of several pilgrimage centers along its banks.

Old Mountains:
- The Pennines in Europe, the Appalachians in America, and the Aravallis in India are examples of old mountains.
- These mountains have undergone millions of years of erosion and weathering, resulting in a relatively low and rounded appearance.
- They are characterized by gentle slopes, rounded peaks, and extensive valleys.
- Old mountains have been subject to tectonic forces and uplift in the past, but are now in a state of relative stability.
- They are composed of hard and resistant rocks that have withstood the erosion and weathering processes over time.
- Due to their age, these mountains often have a rich geological history and are home to a diverse range of flora and fauna.
Comparison to Other Mountain Types:
- Young mountains, such as the Himalayas or the Rockies, are still actively being uplifted and are characterized by steep slopes and sharp peaks.
- Fold mountains, like the Alps or the Andes, are formed by the folding of rock layers due to tectonic forces, resulting in long and linear mountain ranges.
- Block mountains, such as the Sierra Nevada or the Harz Mountains, are formed by the uplift of large blocks of rock along faults, resulting in steep and rugged terrain.
Significance and Human Activity:
- Old mountains provide important habitats for a variety of plant and animal species, including endemic and endangered species.
- They often have a cultural and historical significance, with human settlements and activities dating back centuries or even millennia.
- Old mountains are also popular tourist destinations, offering opportunities for hiking, mountaineering, and scenic drives.
- They may have valuable mineral resources, such as coal or iron, which have been historically exploited by humans.
Overall, the Pennines, Appalachians, and Aravallis exemplify the characteristics of old mountains, showcasing the effects of long-term erosion and weathering processes.

The number of major ports in India is 13.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed solution explaining why the correct answer is option C:
1. Introduction:
India has a vast coastline of approximately 7,517 kilometers along the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. It is home to several major ports that play a crucial role in facilitating international trade and commerce.
2. Definition of major ports:
Major ports are ports that are designated as such by the Government of India under the Indian Ports Act, 1908. These ports are equipped with modern infrastructure and facilities to handle a large volume of cargo and passenger traffic.
3. List of major ports in India:
India has a total of 13 major ports, including:
- Kolkata Port Trust
- Paradip Port Trust
- Visakhapatnam Port Trust
- Chennai Port Trust
- V.O. Chidambaranar Port Trust
- Cochin Port Trust
- New Mangalore Port Trust
- Mormugao Port Trust
- Mumbai Port Trust
- Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
- Kandla Port Trust
- Haldia Dock Complex
- Ennore Port Trust
4. Importance of major ports:
These major ports serve as crucial gateways for international trade, handling a significant portion of India's imports and exports. They are equipped with modern facilities such as container terminals, warehouses, and transport infrastructure to facilitate smooth cargo movement.
5. Conclusion:
In conclusion, India has a total of 13 major ports spread across its coastline. These ports play a vital role in promoting trade and economic development in the country.

Peninsular Rivers of India:
- Peninsular rivers in India are the rivers that flow in the Deccan Plateau region of India.
- These rivers originate in the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats and flow towards the Bay of Bengal or Arabian Sea.
- They are known for their shorter length, faster flow, and seasonal nature.
Identification of the Peninsular River:
- The given options are Gandak, Kosi, Krishna, and Sutlej.
- Among these options, the peninsular river of India is Krishna.
Explanation:
- Gandak and Kosi are not peninsular rivers. They both originate in the Himalayas and flow through the northern plains of India.
- Sutlej is also not a peninsular river. It originates in Tibet and flows through the northern region of India.
- Krishna, on the other hand, is a peninsular river. It originates in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra and flows through the states of Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh before joining the Bay of Bengal.
- Hence, the correct answer is option C: Krishna.

The most important raw material for generation of power in India is coal.
Explanation:
Coal is the most important raw material for power generation in India due to the following reasons:
1. Abundance: India has large reserves of coal, making it a readily available and reliable source of energy.
2. Domestic Production: India is one of the world's largest coal producers, ensuring a steady supply for power generation.
3. Cost-effectiveness: Coal is relatively cheaper compared to other fossil fuels, making it a cost-effective option for power generation.
4. Infrastructure: India has a well-developed infrastructure for coal mining, transportation, and storage, making it easier to utilize coal for power generation.
5. Existing Power Plants: India has a significant number of coal-fired power plants, which are already set up and contribute a major portion of the country's electricity generation.
6. Technological Advancements: India has made significant advancements in coal-based power generation technologies, such as supercritical and ultra-supercritical power plants, increasing the efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of coal-based power generation.
Overall, coal remains the most important raw material for power generation in India due to its abundance, cost-effectiveness, and existing infrastructure. However, India is also gradually diversifying its power generation mix by increasing the share of renewable energy sources like solar and wind to reduce its dependency on coal and promote cleaner and sustainable energy options.

To determine the time at Greenwich, London when it is noon IST at Allahabad in India, we need to consider the time difference between the two locations.
Step 1: Determine the time difference between Allahabad and Greenwich.
- Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the standard time at the Prime Meridian, which passes through Greenwich, London.
- India Standard Time (IST) is UTC+5:30, which means it is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT.
Therefore, the time difference between Allahabad and Greenwich is 5 hours and 30 minutes.
Step 2: Calculate the time at Greenwich when it is noon IST at Allahabad.
- If it is noon IST in Allahabad, it means it is 12:00 PM local time.
- Adding the time difference of 5 hours and 30 minutes, we get 12:00 PM + 5:30 = 5:30 PM.
Therefore, the time at Greenwich, London when it is noon IST at Allahabad is 5:30 PM (17:30 hours) GMT.
Answer: B) 1730 hours

Country with the Largest Coastline: Canada
Canada has the longest coastline in the world, stretching over 202,080 kilometers (125,567 miles). Here's a detailed explanation as to why Canada holds this distinction:

• Geographical Location: Canada is the second-largest country in the world by land area and is located in North America. It is surrounded by three major bodies of water: the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north.


• Number of Islands: Canada has a vast number of islands along its coastline, contributing to its overall length. Notable island groups include the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Vancouver Island, and the Haida Gwaii.


• Great Lakes: The Canadian coastline also includes the shores of the Great Lakes, which are shared with the United States. These lakes are the largest freshwater system in the world and significantly add to Canada's coastal length.


• Indented Coastline: Canada's coastline is highly indented, with numerous bays, fjords, and inlets. This intricate coastline further contributes to its overall length.


• Maritime Boundaries: Canada has extensive maritime boundaries with neighboring countries, including the United States, Denmark (Greenland), and France (Saint Pierre and Miquelon). These boundaries add to the total coastline length.

In conclusion, Canada has the largest coastline in the world due to its vast geographical area, numerous islands, the presence of the Great Lakes, its indented coastline, and extensive maritime boundaries.

The Principal Copper Deposits of India
A. Hazaribag and Singbhum of Bihar
- Hazaribag and Singbhum regions in Bihar are known for their significant copper deposits.
- These areas have been actively mined for copper for many years.
- The copper deposits in Singbhum are particularly famous and have been a major source of copper production in India.
B. Khetri and Daribo areas of Rajasthan
- Khetri and Daribo regions in Rajasthan are also known for their substantial copper deposits.
- These areas have a long history of copper mining and are important centers of copper production in India.
- Khetri Copper Complex, located in the Khetri region, is one of the largest copper mines in India.
C. Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh
- Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh is not a significant location for copper deposits.
- While Andhra Pradesh has other mineral resources, copper is not one of them.
D. Siwaliks in Uttar Pradesh and in Karnataka
- The Siwalik range in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka does not have significant copper deposits.
- These areas are known for other minerals and geological features but not for copper.
Therefore, the principal copper deposits of India lie in Hazaribag and Singbhum of Bihar (option A). These regions, along with Khetri and Daribo areas of Rajasthan, are the major sources of copper production in India.

Alluvial soils are mostly confined to river basins and coastal plains of India.
Explanation:
- Alluvial soils are formed by the deposition of sediments carried by rivers and streams.
- They are rich in minerals and nutrients, making them highly fertile for agriculture.
- Alluvial soils are found in river basins and coastal plains where rivers deposit their sediments over time.
- These areas have a high water table, which contributes to the formation of alluvial soils.
- The river basins and coastal plains of India, such as the Gangetic plain, Brahmaputra valley, and coastal regions of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, have extensive deposits of alluvial soils.
- These soils support a wide range of agricultural activities and are particularly suitable for the cultivation of crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: Alluvial soils.

The two states of India, most richly endowed with iron ore, are Bihar and Orissa.
Reasoning:
- Iron ore is a valuable natural resource used in various industries, such as steel production and manufacturing.
- India is one of the largest producers and exporters of iron ore in the world.
- The distribution of iron ore reserves in India is not uniform, with certain states being more richly endowed with this mineral.
- In order to determine the two states most richly endowed with iron ore, we need to consider the geographical distribution and production of iron ore in different states of India.
Analysis:
- Madhya Pradesh is not considered one of the states most richly endowed with iron ore. While it does have some iron ore reserves, the quantity and quality are not as significant as in other states.
- West Bengal is also not considered one of the states most richly endowed with iron ore. It has some iron ore reserves, but the quantity and quality are relatively low compared to other states.
- Bihar and Orissa (now known as Odisha) are two states in eastern India that are known for their rich iron ore reserves. These states have large deposits of high-grade iron ore, making them the top producers of iron ore in the country.
- Bihar, especially the Singhbhum region, has extensive iron ore deposits. Orissa is also known for its vast iron ore reserves, particularly in the districts of Keonjhar and Sundargarh.
- While other states like Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal also have some iron ore reserves, they are not as significant or abundant as those in Bihar and Orissa.
Conclusion:
Based on the analysis, the two states of India most richly endowed with iron ore are Bihar and Orissa. These states have large deposits of high-grade iron ore, making them major contributors to India's iron ore production.

The most fertile region of India is the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
Explanation:
The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the Gangetic Plain, is a vast fertile region in northern India. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers. Here is a detailed explanation of why the Indo-Gangetic Plain is considered the most fertile region in India:
1. Geographical Location:
- The Indo-Gangetic Plain stretches across the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal.
- It covers an area of about 700,000 square kilometers, making it one of the largest fertile regions in the world.
2. Alluvial Soil:
- The plain is primarily made up of alluvial soil, which is deposited by the rivers over thousands of years.
- Alluvial soil is highly fertile and rich in minerals, making it ideal for agricultural activities.
3. Water Availability:
- The Indo-Gangetic Plain is well-irrigated due to the presence of numerous rivers and their tributaries.
- The rivers provide a constant source of water for irrigation, ensuring a reliable water supply for agricultural activities.
4. Climate:
- The plain experiences a monsoon climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons.
- The monsoon rains, coupled with the fertile soil, create favorable conditions for agriculture and crop cultivation.
5. Agricultural Productivity:
- The Indo-Gangetic Plain is known as the "breadbasket of India" due to its high agricultural productivity.
- It produces a wide range of crops, including rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and various fruits and vegetables.
6. Population Density:
- The fertile land and favorable agricultural conditions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain have attracted a significant population.
- The region has a high population density, with a large agricultural workforce contributing to its agricultural productivity.
In conclusion, the Indo-Gangetic Plain is considered the most fertile region of India due to its alluvial soil, abundant water supply, favorable climate, high agricultural productivity, and dense population.

Answer:
The correct answer is A: Bihar, Orissa, and West Bengal.
Explanation:
India is one of the largest coal producers in the world. To identify which group accounts for over 90% of India's annual coal production, we need to analyze the coal-producing states in India.
The states of Bihar, Orissa, and West Bengal are known for their significant coal reserves and contribute heavily to India's coal production. Here is a detailed breakdown:
1. Bihar:
- Bihar is one of the major coal-producing states in India.
- It has coal reserves in the Jharia, Bokaro, and Karanpura coalfields.
- Jharia coalfield is the largest coalfield in India and is located in Jharia, Dhanbad district.
2. Orissa (now known as Odisha):
- Orissa is another prominent coal-producing state in India.
- It has significant coal reserves in Talcher, Ib Valley, and Jharsuguda coalfields.
- Talcher coalfield is the largest coalfield in Orissa and is located in Angul district.
3. West Bengal:
- West Bengal also contributes significantly to India's coal production.
- It has coal reserves in the Raniganj, Asansol, and Bankura coalfields.
- Raniganj coalfield is the most important coalfield in West Bengal and is located in Bardhaman district.
Based on the above information, it is evident that the group comprising Bihar, Orissa, and West Bengal accounts for over 90% of India's annual coal production.

Plantation Crops:
Plantation crops are crops that are grown on large-scale agricultural estates called plantations. These crops are typically cultivated for commercial purposes and are usually associated with tropical or subtropical regions. One characteristic of plantation crops is that they require a significant amount of labor and resources for their cultivation and processing.
Identifying the plantation crop:
To determine which of the given crops is regarded as a plantation crop, we can analyze the characteristics and requirements of each crop:
A: Coconut:
- Coconuts are grown in tropical regions.
- They require a significant amount of labor for harvesting and processing.
- They are cultivated on large-scale plantations.
- Coconuts are used for various commercial purposes, such as coconut oil and coconut water.
B: Cotton:
- Cotton is grown in various regions, including tropical, subtropical, and temperate.
- While cotton cultivation can be mechanized, it can also require manual labor for certain tasks.
- Cotton can be grown on both small-scale farms and large-scale plantations.
- Cotton is primarily grown for its fibers, which are used in the textile industry.
C: Sugarcane:
- Sugarcane is predominantly grown in tropical and subtropical regions.
- Cultivating and processing sugarcane requires intensive labor.
- Sugarcane can be grown on both small-scale farms and large-scale plantations.
- Sugarcane is primarily cultivated for its sugar content.
D: Rice:
- Rice is grown in various regions, including tropical, subtropical, and temperate.
- Rice cultivation can be labor-intensive, especially in traditional farming methods.
- Rice can be grown on both small-scale farms and large-scale plantations.
- Rice is a staple food crop in many countries.
Conclusion:
Based on the characteristics and requirements of the given crops, the crop that is regarded as a plantation crop is Coconut (Option A). Coconuts are typically grown on large-scale plantations, require significant labor for cultivation and processing, and have various commercial uses.

Which country leads in the production of aluminium and its products in the world?

The country that leads in the production of aluminium and its products in the world is the United States of America (USA).

Reasoning:

Here are some reasons why the USA is the leading country in aluminium production:

• Abundant resources: The USA has significant reserves of bauxite, the primary ore used for aluminium production. These reserves provide a steady supply of raw materials for aluminium production.


• Advanced technology: The USA possesses advanced technology and infrastructure for aluminium production, including efficient smelting processes and modern manufacturing facilities.


• Market demand: The USA has a large domestic market for aluminium and its products. The country's strong industrial sector and construction industry contribute to the high demand for aluminium products.


• Investment in research and development: The USA has made significant investments in research and development to improve the efficiency and sustainability of aluminium production. This continuous innovation keeps the country at the forefront of the industry.


• Global exports: The USA is a major exporter of aluminium and its products. It supplies aluminium to various industries worldwide, further solidifying its position as a leading producer.

While other countries, such as Australia, France, and India, also have aluminium production capabilities, the USA currently holds the top position in terms of production volume and technological advancement.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: USA.

The natural region which holds the Indian subcontinent is the monsoon region.
The Indian subcontinent is a vast landmass that is geographically distinct from the surrounding regions. Its unique climatic conditions are primarily influenced by the monsoon system, which plays a crucial role in shaping the natural region. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Monsoon Climate:
- The monsoon region experiences a distinct monsoon climate characterized by seasonal changes in wind patterns and precipitation.
- The Indian subcontinent is influenced by two major monsoon systems: the Southwest Monsoon and the Northeast Monsoon.
- The Southwest Monsoon, which occurs from June to September, brings heavy rainfall to most parts of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
- The Northeast Monsoon, which occurs from October to December, brings rainfall to the eastern coastal regions of India.
2. Rainfall Distribution:
- The monsoon region is known for its high annual rainfall, which is vital for agriculture and supports the dense population in the Indian subcontinent.
- The monsoon rains are responsible for filling rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, which are essential sources of water for irrigation and domestic use.
3. Vegetation:
- The monsoon region is characterized by diverse vegetation types, ranging from tropical rainforests to grasslands.
- The monsoon rains support the growth of lush vegetation, such as dense forests in the Western Ghats and the northeastern states of India.
4. Agricultural Importance:
- The monsoon region's climate and rainfall patterns are crucial for agriculture, which is the primary occupation of a significant portion of the population.
- The monsoon rains provide water for irrigation, enabling farmers to cultivate crops such as rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton.
5. Impact on Economy:
- The monsoon region's agricultural productivity has a significant impact on the economy of the Indian subcontinent.
- A good monsoon season leads to higher crop yields, increased agricultural output, and improved rural livelihoods.
In conclusion, the Indian subcontinent is primarily characterized by the monsoon region, which influences its climate, rainfall patterns, vegetation, agriculture, and economy. The monsoon plays a crucial role in shaping the natural region and sustaining the livelihoods of millions of people in the Indian subcontinent.

Answer:
Introduction:
Cotton is one of the most important cash crops in India, and its cultivation requires specific climatic conditions. Different regions in India have different climatic conditions, and therefore, the ideal region for cotton cultivation may vary. However, the Deccan plateau is considered the most ideal region for cotton cultivation in India.
Reasons why the Deccan plateau is the most ideal region for cotton cultivation:

The Deccan plateau has a semi-arid climate with hot summers and moderate winters, which is suitable for cotton cultivation.

The region receives a moderate amount of rainfall, which is sufficient for cotton plants.

The black soil found in the Deccan plateau is highly fertile and well-drained, providing a suitable environment for cotton plants to grow.

The Deccan plateau has a long growing season, which is necessary for the successful growth of cotton plants.

The region has a history of cotton cultivation, and farmers in the Deccan plateau have developed expertise in cotton farming techniques.

Other regions and their suitability for cotton cultivation:

The Brahmaputra valley: The Brahmaputra valley has a humid climate and heavy rainfall, which may not be suitable for cotton cultivation.

The Indo-Gangetic valley: The Indo-Gangetic valley has a subtropical climate with hot summers and cold winters, which may not be ideal for cotton cultivation.

The Rann of Kutch: The Rann of Kutch is a desert region with extreme temperatures and low rainfall, making it unsuitable for cotton cultivation.

Conclusion:
While different regions in India may have some potential for cotton cultivation, the Deccan plateau stands out as the most ideal region due to its favorable climate, fertile soil, and long growing season. Farmers in the Deccan plateau have also developed expertise in cotton farming, further enhancing its suitability for cotton cultivation.

Explanation:
The correct answer is D: Mahanadi. The Mahanadi River is an important river in eastern India, but it does not originate from the Western Ghats.
Here is a detailed explanation of each option:
A: Cauvery:
- The Cauvery River originates from the Brahmagiri Hills in the Western Ghats in Karnataka.
- It flows through the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Puducherry before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
B: Godavari:
- The Godavari River is the second-longest river in India, and it originates from the Western Ghats in the state of Maharashtra.
- It flows through the states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
C: Krishna:
- The Krishna River also originates from the Western Ghats, specifically from the Mahabaleshwar region in Maharashtra.
- It flows through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
D: Mahanadi:
- The Mahanadi River is a major river in eastern India.
- It originates from the hills of Chhattisgarh and flows through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
- It does not have its origin in the Western Ghats.
In conclusion, among the given options, the Mahanadi River does not originate from the Western Ghats.

The most prone area to earthquakes in India is the Ganga-Brahmaputra valley.
Reasons:
- Geological factors: The Ganga-Brahmaputra valley is located in a tectonically active region, where the Indian plate collides with the Eurasian plate. This collision leads to a high level of seismic activity, resulting in frequent earthquakes.
- Presence of major fault lines: The region is intersected by several major fault lines, such as the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), which are responsible for significant earthquakes.
- Subduction zone: The region also includes the subduction zone where the Indian plate subducts beneath the Eurasian plate, causing intense pressure buildup and resulting in powerful earthquakes.
- Soft soil composition: The Ganga-Brahmaputra valley consists of soft sediments, which amplify the seismic waves during an earthquake, leading to greater damage and destruction.
- Historical seismicity: The valley has a long history of destructive earthquakes, including the devastating 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake, which highlight the high seismicity of the region.
Other options:
- Deccan plateau: The Deccan plateau is relatively less prone to earthquakes as it is situated in the central part of the Indian subcontinent, away from the active plate boundaries.
- Plains of northern India: Although the plains of northern India experience some seismic activity, it is not as significant as the Ganga-Brahmaputra valley due to the absence of major fault lines and subduction zones in this region.
- Western ghats: The Western Ghats are a mountain range and do not experience frequent earthquakes. However, they are prone to landslides and other geological hazards.
Overall, the Ganga-Brahmaputra valley is the most prone area to earthquakes in India due to its location in a tectonically active region, presence of major fault lines, subduction zone, soft soil composition, and historical seismicity.

The proportion of forest to the total national geographical area of India as envisaged by the National Forest Policy is 33.3% (Option B).
Here is a detailed explanation:
1. National Forest Policy:
- The National Forest Policy is a policy framework established by the Government of India to guide the management and conservation of forests in the country.
- It aims to ensure environmental stability and maintain the ecological balance, which is vital for sustainable development.
2. Proportion of Forest Area:
- According to the National Forest Policy, the proportion of forest to the total national geographical area of India is 33.3%.
- This means that approximately one-third of the total area of India should be covered by forests.
3. Importance of Forests:
- Forests play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance by providing habitats to various species, conserving biodiversity, and regulating the climate.
- They also contribute to the socio-economic development of the nation by providing timber, non-timber forest products, and ecosystem services.
4. Forest Conservation:
- The National Forest Policy emphasizes the need for conservation and sustainable management of forests.
- It promotes afforestation, reforestation, and regeneration of degraded forests to increase the forest cover and maintain the desired proportion.
5. Achieving the Target:
- The Indian government has been taking various measures to increase and maintain the forest cover in the country.
- Initiatives like the National Afforestation Programme (NAP) and Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) have been implemented to achieve the target of 33.3% forest cover.
Therefore, the proportion of forest to the total national geographical area of India, as envisaged by the National Forest Policy, is 33.3% (Option B).

Answer:
Introduction:
In this question, we need to identify the dam that has generations of power as its main purpose rather than irrigation. Among the options provided (Gandhi Sagar, Hirakud, Periyar, and Tungabhadra), the correct answer is A: Gandhi Sagar.
Detailed Explanation:
To determine the correct answer, we need to understand the main purpose of each dam. Here's a detailed explanation of each option:
1. Gandhi Sagar:
- Located on the Chambal River in Madhya Pradesh, India.
- The main purpose is to generate hydroelectric power.
- It has a power generation capacity of 115 MW.
- While irrigation is also a secondary purpose, the primary focus is on power generation.
2. Hirakud:
- Located on the Mahanadi River in Odisha, India.
- The main purpose is multi-faceted, including flood control, irrigation, and power generation.
- It is one of the longest dams in the world and has a significant irrigation network.
3. Periyar:
- Located on the Periyar River in Kerala, India.
- The main purpose is to provide water for irrigation and drinking purposes.
- It also generates a small amount of hydroelectric power.
4. Tungabhadra:
- Located on the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, India.
- The main purpose is to provide water for irrigation and power generation.
- It is a joint project between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Conclusion:
Among the given options, Gandhi Sagar dam is the one that primarily focuses on power generation rather than irrigation.

Group of rivers originating in Tibet:
- The correct answer is C: Brahmaputra, Indus, and Sutlej.
Explanation:
- The rivers Brahmaputra, Indus, and Sutlej have their source of origin in Tibet.
- Tibet is a region located in the Himalayas and is known as the "Roof of the World" due to its high elevation.
- The Brahmaputra River originates from the Angsi Glacier in western Tibet and flows through India and Bangladesh.
- The Indus River also originates from the Tibetan Plateau and flows through Pakistan.
- The Sutlej River, another major river in the region, originates from the Rakshastal Lake in Tibet and flows through India and Pakistan.
Other options:
- Option A: The Ganges River does not have its source in Tibet. It originates in the Gangotri Glacier in India.
- Option B: The Yamuna River does not have its source in Tibet. It originates in the Yamunotri Glacier in India.
- Option D: The Chenab and Ravi rivers do not have their source in Tibet. They both originate in India.

The Watershed between India and Myanmar:
The watershed between India and Myanmar is formed by the Naga hills.
Explanation:
The Naga hills play a significant role in delineating the watershed between India and Myanmar. Here's a detailed explanation:
- Location: The Naga hills are located in Northeast India and Northwest Myanmar, running roughly parallel to the India-Myanmar border.
- Geographical Features: The Naga hills are a part of the larger Patkai range, which is an extension of the Eastern Himalayas. These hills are characterized by their rugged terrain, deep valleys, and dense forests.
- Drainage Pattern: The Naga hills act as a natural divide between the major river systems of India and Myanmar. The rivers originating from the eastern slopes of the Naga hills flow into Myanmar, while those originating from the western slopes flow into India. This creates a clear watershed boundary between the two countries.
- Importance: The Naga hills not only serve as a geographical boundary but also have significant cultural and ethnic importance. The hills are home to various Naga tribes, which are spread across both India and Myanmar.
- Political Significance: The India-Myanmar border along the Naga hills is an important geopolitical boundary. It has witnessed historical and ongoing border disputes and is of strategic importance to both countries.
In conclusion, the watershed between India and Myanmar is formed by the Naga hills, which act as a natural divide between the major river systems and have cultural, ethnic, and political significance for both nations.

The Originating of the Himalayan Mountain Complex
The Himalayan mountain complex is one of the most significant geographical features of the Indian Subcontinent. It stretches across several countries and is the source of many major rivers in the region. The originating of the Himalayan mountain complex consists of distinct drainage systems, and the question asks us to determine how many there are.
Answer: B. Three
Explanation:
The Himalayan mountain complex gives rise to three distinct drainage systems in the Indian Subcontinent. Let's explore each of these systems in detail:
1. Indus River System:
- The Indus River originates near the Mansarovar Lake in Tibet.
- It flows through the western part of the Himalayas.
- Major tributaries of the Indus River include the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers.
- The Indus River finally drains into the Arabian Sea.
2. Ganges-Brahmaputra River System:
- The Ganges River, also known as the Ganga, has its source in the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand, India.
- The Brahmaputra River originates in the Manasarovar Lake in Tibet.
- Both rivers flow through the eastern part of the Himalayas.
- The Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers merge in Bangladesh and form the largest delta in the world.
- The combined river system finally empties into the Bay of Bengal.
3. Brahmani River System:
- The Brahmani River originates in the eastern slopes of the Eastern Ghats in Odisha, India.
- It flows through the Chota Nagpur Plateau and joins the Bay of Bengal.
- Although not as prominent as the Indus and Ganges-Brahmaputra systems, the Brahmani River system is considered one of the distinct drainage systems originating from the Himalayan mountain complex.
In conclusion, the Himalayan mountain complex gives rise to three distinct drainage systems in the Indian Subcontinent: the Indus River system, the Ganges-Brahmaputra River system, and the Brahmani River system.

The outer Himalayas lie between:


A: The Lesser Himalayas and the Indo Gangetic plain


The outer Himalayas are located between two specific geographical features:
1. The Lesser Himalayas: These are a lower range of mountains located towards the south of the outer Himalayas. They are also known as the Shivalik Range.
2. The Indo Gangetic plain: This is a fertile plain located to the south of the outer Himalayas. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of the rivers originating from the Himalayas.
Explanation:
The outer Himalayas are the southernmost range of the Himalayan Mountains. They are also known as the Shivalik Range and are characterized by their relatively lower altitude compared to the other Himalayan ranges. The outer Himalayas act as a transition zone between the higher and more rugged Greater Himalayas and the flat Indo Gangetic plain.
The Lesser Himalayas lie to the north of the outer Himalayas and are a higher range of mountains. They are characterized by their steep slopes and deep valleys.
The Indo Gangetic plain lies to the south of the outer Himalayas and is a flat and fertile plain. It is formed by the alluvial deposits of the rivers originating from the Himalayas.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: The Lesser Himalayas and the Indo Gangetic plain.

Answer:
Introduction:
The Bay of Bengal is a large body of water located in the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. It is bounded by India and Sri Lanka to the west, Bangladesh and Myanmar to the north, and Thailand and Malaysia to the east. Several major rivers in India drain into the Bay of Bengal, contributing to its freshwater input and making it an important region for agriculture, fishing, and navigation.
Drainage Systems:
The following drainage systems fall into the Bay of Bengal:
1. Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Godavari:
- The Ganga (also known as the Ganges) is one of the longest rivers in India and flows through the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal before entering the Bay of Bengal.
- The Brahmaputra is another major river that originates in Tibet and flows through the northeastern states of India before merging with the Ganga and ultimately draining into the Bay of Bengal.
- The Godavari is the second-longest river in India and flows through the states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
2. Mahanadi, Krishna, and Cauvery:
- The Mahanadi is a major river in the eastern part of India and flows through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha before draining into the Bay of Bengal.
- The Krishna is another important river that originates in the Western Ghats and flows through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh before entering the Bay of Bengal.
- The Cauvery (also spelled as Kaveri) is a significant river in the southern part of India and flows through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
Conclusion:
Both sets of drainage systems, namely Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Godavari, as well as Mahanadi, Krishna, and Cauvery, fall into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers play a crucial role in the socio-economic development of the regions they pass through, providing water for irrigation, hydropower generation, and supporting diverse ecosystems.