KVS TGT Math Mock Test - 3 - KVS PGT/TGT/PRT MCQ

C: on

• The preposition 'on' is used when referring to something that is physically touching and positioned above a surface, in this case, the wall.
• The picture is attached to the wall and is not inside, under or at the wall, making 'on' the most appropriate preposition.

Let us first learn the meanings of the given words:

Contest (verb): engage in dispute about.

Assuage (verb): make (an unpleasant feeling) less intense.

Lull (verb): calm or send to sleep, typically with soothing sounds or movements.

Mitigate (verb): make (something bad) less severe, serious, or painful.

Appease (verb): assuage or satisfy.

The sentence implies that research and resilience have now empowered us to fight against the spread of virus, thus ‘contest’ and ‘lull’ are contextually weak options. ‘Assuaging’ and 'appeasing' are grammatically inapt as we need a verb in its simple form after 'to'. Thus, only ‘mitigate’ fits here grammatically and contextually.

Hence, option D is correct.

The correct order will be:
Then → it struck me (P)→ how eminently (S)→ suitable it was(R) → of course.(Q)

Political party ideology represents the fundamental beliefs, values, and principles that guide the party's policies and decisions.

The Sahara Desert in North Africa is the largest hot desert in the world, covering an area of over 9 million square kilometers (3.6 million square miles).

Havelock Island, located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is known for its remarkable biodiversity and lush tropical rainforests.

Triangle, square and rhombus are shapes. Tangent is not.

Key Points

• George Herbert Mead, an American sociologist, asserted in 1972 that young infants learn social behavior by copying people around them.
• By doing this, the youngster might learn to comprehend the activity of the person he is dealing with.
• One method that kids frequently emulate what adults do is through "play."
• Children’s play gradually develops from simple imitation to difficult games where a child of four or five years old will enact the role of an adult.
• For example, children are often found imitating the classroom situation where one becomes the teacher, the others become students and they enact a classroom teaching session. Most children locally refer to this play as ‘Teacher-Teacher’. Another similar act of play is that of ‘Doctor-Patient’ where children imitate the role of a doctor, nurse, and patient and try to enact a situation where a patient goes to the doctor for treatment.

Thus, it is concluded that Mead and his Theory of the Development of Self is reflected in the given statement.

Additional Information

• Charles Horton Cooley, the American sociologist is best known for his concept of the “looking glass self”. Children develop a concept of their selves with the help of others around them. She/he forms an idea about oneself based on the opinions of others about her/him. 
• Freud and his Psychoanalytic Theory:- The Austrian neurologist and father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud believe socialization demands that individuals must do away with their selfish wants for the benefit of the larger society. He has explained the process of socialization through three distinguishable parts of the personality: “id”, “ego” and “superego”.

Adolescence is a phase of life of a person when he is no more a child and not yet an adult. It is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood that involves a number of changes in body and mind.

Key PointsThe adolescent is no longer a child. He is a new person emerging into an adult. This process of understanding the self and seeking meaning and direction leads to identity formation. Challenges related to Psychosexual Development:

• Conflicts result from the development of a person's identity and social integration.
• Adolescents often find it difficult to control their emotional reactivity and instability, which can lead to behaviours that are at times inappropriately extreme, such as excitement, anger, sadness, depression, and embarrassment.
• The development of personal identity is difficult for adolescents from underprivileged and minority groups.
• They entered into serious relationships, experienced heartbreak, and felt stress as a result of exploring their own sexuality and sexual identity.

Thus, we conclude that the formation of personal identity and integration with society gives rise to conflicts. This statement is related to Psychosocial development challenge in adolescence.

Charles H. Cooley was an American Sociologist he was best known for his concept of the looking-glass self.

Key Points

• Cooley is most famous for his theory of the looking-glass self. 
• According to this concept, the child self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.
• He describes how we each create our own self-image. 
• The looking-glass self is the process by which people evaluate themselves based on how others see them. People first imagine how they appear to others.
• Second, they imagine how others judge them based on their appearance.
• Third, people have an emotional reaction to that imagined reaction such as pride or embarrassment.  It is the process by which people evaluate themselves based on how other see them.

Important Points

• George Herbert Mead developed a theory of social behaviorism to explain how social experience develops an individual’s personality. Mead’s central concept is the self: the part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image. Mead claimed that the self is not there at birth, rather, it is developed with social experience.
• Vygotsky focused on the connection between people and the sociocultural context in which they act and interact in shared experiences. 

​Hence, it can be concluded that this statement was given by Charles H. Cooley.

Adolescents must learn how to fit in with society and find their place in it. This socialization process entails an adolescent's integration with society.

Key Points

•  Where adolescence is recognized as a stage in life, it can seem to be a period that establishes and consolidates patterns for living. Many of
  the behavioral patterns, beliefs, values, and attitudes of adult life are learnt and reinforced. The expectations of society present a challenge to adolescents and are helpful in advancing them toward adulthood.
• The accomplishment of these goals contributes to the growth of a confident self-image.
• When confronted with society's expectations, adolescents may engage in antisocial behavior that can range from minor delinquency to serious crimes. Thus, each culture constructs adolescents differently.

Thus,  we conclude that both A and B are true.

The constructivist classroom is related to the constructivist approach of education which gives primacy to collaborative learning by involving learners in discussions and projects. 

• "Jean Piaget", a swiss psychologist, belongs to the cognitivism school of psychology, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory. 

Key Points

In a constructivist classroom based on Piagetian principles, children learn through self-initiated activity as Piaget strongly believes that children are little scientists and they actively construct their understanding of the world.

• According to Piaget, there is no knowledge that is pre-existing in the world such that it can be ‘taught’ to a child. Nor does knowledge comes innately (on its own) to the child. Knowledge develops when a child acts in the world.  
• His theory also helps in understanding how children ‘construct’ knowledge. Thus, it is also known as a theory in ‘Constructivism’.
• Jean Piaget stressed that children actively construct their understanding of the world. The information does not simply enter their minds from the environment.
• As children grow, additional information is acquired and they adapt their thinking to include new ideas, as this improves their understanding of the world. 

Hence, it becomes clear that in a constructivist classroom based on Piagetian principles, children learn through self-initiated activity.

Hint

• Children learn by imitating adults is based on Bandura's principle. 
• Children learn through explanations given by adults is based on Vygotsky's principle.
• Children learn by striving for rewards is based on Skinner's principle.

Jean Piaget’s stage theory describes the cognitive development in children.

• Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive processes and abilities. In Piaget’s view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations

Key Points Concrete Operational Stage:

• 'Concrete Operational Stage' lasts around 7 to 11 years of age which refers to the late childhood stage of child development.

• In this stage, children can classify objects into groups and subgroups and gain the abilities of conservation of number, area and volume.
• Children show attainment of the concept of reversibility, seriation, transitivity as a cognitive capacity.
• Children can conserve numbers (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9). Conservation is the understanding that something stays the same in quantity even when its appearance changes.

Thus, it infers that according to Jean Piaget, for children who are in the concrete operational stage teachers should provide opportunities to classify objects and ideas on increasingly complex levels.

Additional Information Piaget concerned the cognitive development in terms of stages.

• Stage I: Sensory-motor stage: The first stage is the sensory-motor stage which lasts from birth to about two years old. The infant uses his or her senses and motor abilities to understand the world, beginning with reflexes and ending with complex combinations of sensory-motor skills.
• Stage II- Preoperational stage: The pre-operational stage lasts from about two to about seven years old. Now that the child has mental representations and is able to pretend, it is a short step to the use of symbols. Language development is one of the hallmarks of this period. Piaget noted that children are unable to take the point of view of other people, which he termed egocentrism. Egocentrism is when children experience difficulty in experiencing other person’s perspectives
• Stage IV- Formal operational stage: The formal operational stage begins at the approximate age of twelve to and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning.

Case study methods involve an in-depth study, longitudinal examination of a single subject or event and it may be descriptive or explanatory.

• A case study is not different from a survey method, but instead of collecting data about a few factors from a large number of units, the researcher makes a depth and intensive study of a single subject. 
• The case study attempts to explain holistically the dynamics of certain historical periods of a particular social unit.
• According to F.L. Whitney, “Case study is a complete analysis and report of the status of an individual subject with respect as a rule to specific phases of his total personality.”

Key Points  The following steps are used in the conduct of a case study:

• Step 1. Determining the present status of the case or cases 
• Step 2. Identifying the most probable antecedents of the case or cases
• Step 3. Verification of Antecedents/Hypotheses 
• Step 4. Diagnosis and Remedial Measures
• Step 5. Follow-up of the case or cases

Step 1. Determining the present status of the case or cases: The first step is to determine the present status of the case or cases through direct observation.

• Collection of descriptive information which enables to determine the present status of the unit selected for the study.
• In addition to a physical examination of the case or cases, a psychological evaluation is required to determine the general ability level, etc.
• For example, to make a case study of a ‘slow learner’, the first thing to do is to determine the present status of the child by assessing his physique and cognitive factors through direct observation and psychological tests.

Thus, it can be inferred that Determining the present status of the case is the first step that should be taken to make a case study of a "slow learner".

Important Points Step 2. Identifying the most probable antecedents of the case or cases: Determining the most probable antecedents of the case or cases is the next important step.

• This information helps in formulating a workable hypothesis or a set of hypotheses.
• Gathering the information and examining the circumstances leading to the current status and also listing the possible causes or problems in the present situation.
• For example, in the case of ‘slow learner’ cited in Step 1, the researcher may formulate a hypothesis that the occurrence of slow learning behavior in the child is due to an unhealthy environment, bad study habits, and poor teaching in the school.

Step 3. Verification of Antecedents/Hypotheses: The case is then checked for the presence or absence of the antecedents supposed to apply to the situation under study.

• Collect specific evidence about each of the hypotheses from the background information gathered. Since the behavior is varying, the investigator is not able to come up with a single solution for the breakdown of the situation.
• This involves a multi-method approach, which includes observation, history of the case, interview, etc.

Step 4. Diagnosis and Remedial Measures: After the verification of the antecedents or hypothesis, the next step is directed towards the diagnosis of the causes and suggesting remedial measures in the light of the causes.

• After the existing situation, some corrective or improvement program should follow to check what effect the change has brought about.

Step 5. Follow-up of the case or cases: The last step of the case study is the follow-up of the case (es) to study the impact of remedial measures.

• If the impact is positive, the diagnosis is taken to be correct.

Additional Information There are four types of case studies which are

• illustrative Case Studies: These are primarily descriptive studies. They typically utilize one or two instances of an event to show what a situation is like.
  • Illustrative case studies serve primarily to make the unfamiliar familiar and to give readers a common language about the topic in question.
• Exploratory (or pilot) Case Studies: This type of case studies performed before implementing a large-scale investigation.
  • Their basic function is to help identify questions and select types of measurement before the main investigation.
  • The primary pitfall of this type of study is that initial findings may seem convincing enough to be released prematurely as conclusions.
• Cumulative Case Studies: These serve to aggregate information from several sites collected at different times.
  • The idea behind these studies is the collection of past studies will allow for greater generalization without additional cost or time being expended on new, possibly repetitive studies.
• Critical Instance Case Studies: These examine one or more sites for either the purpose of examining a situation of unique interest with little to no interest in generalisability, or to call into question or challenge a highly generalized or universal assertion.
  • This method is useful for answering cause and effect questions. 

There is diversity in the classrooms. Every student is different from the others, so it is important for teachers to understand their needs. Teachers must encourage students to participate in classroom discussions or activities.

Key PointsEncourage students by:- 

• Giving time to the students to reflect.
• Organizing educational games/programs in which children feel like speaking:- Teachers can organize various games or programs like debates, discussions, etc for more participation of students where they can express their viewpoints.
• Employ active learning techniques.
• Utilize strategic body language.
• Make a student-run forum.
• Normalize  speech among students.

Community involvement helps to raise a responsible child. It encourages parents/ communities to actively participate in their children’s learning in schools by visiting schools to monitor hygiene and teaching/learning process in the classroom, discuss pupils’ performance with teachers and provide support to their children’s quality learning. Community can be involved through different ways:

• participation in the surveys for out of school children, awareness building campaigns on the issue of child labour, enrolment drives;
• participation in the school mapping exercise, location of the school, availability of schooling infrastructure like building, classrooms, toilet and drinking water facility;
• involvement through the contribution of money, materials, and labour;
• involvement through ‘attendance’ (e.g. at parents’ meetings at school), visiting schools to monitor hygiene and teaching/learning in the classroom, discuss pupil’s performance with teachers;
• involvement through consultation on a particular issue like how to improve the infrastructure or teaching methodology;
• participation in the delivery of a service, teaching when the teacher is absent or teaching a vocational skills/ music to the students;
• monitoring the attendance of children, regularity of teachers;
• monitoring the incentives like free textbooks, uniform reach to the students, monitoring the regularity and quality of mid-day meal.

Hence, both are the ways of community involvement.

Fundamental literacy refers to the skills and strategies involved in reading, speaking, writing, and interpreting thoughts. Numeracy is the ability to reason and apply simple numerical concepts. Basic numeracy skills consist of comprehending fundamental arithmetical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. 

• Foundational Literacy and Numeracy are one of the major themes of the NEP 2020.

Key Points

•  The Economic Advisory Council to the Prime minister (EAC-PM) released a report on the state of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy in India on 16th December 2021.
• The report has been prepared by the Institute for Competitiveness.
• It highlights the importance of early education years in the overall development of a child.
• It further highlights the role of the National Education Policy, 2020.
• As per NEP 2020, “the highest priority of the education system will be to achieve universal foundational literacy and numeracy in primary school by 2025".
• The rest of this Policy will become relevant for our students only if this most basic learning requirement (i.e., reading, writing, and arithmetic at the foundational level) is first achieved.

Thus, it is concluded that in December 2021, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime minister (EAC-PM) released a report on the state of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy in India.

Preparing a good timetable is really a complicated piece of work because a number of factors and conditions that change from school to school i determine it. Its construction, therefore, requires thorough concentration and perseverance of mind. While constructing a good timetable, important principles should always be kept in view.

Key PointsPrinciples of Timetable Construction: The element of fatigue:

• Fatigue, in reality, is the state of inability to continue work after a prolonged activity of certain parts of the body. Fatigue weakens attention and perception and diminishes the power of insight and initiation. Hence the work rate is also diminished.
• In school, some subjects are more fatiguing than others. They involve heavy mental strain and effort. Such subjects should be taught during the early hours when the brain is fresh.
• It has been noted psychologically that the second and third periods on a school day are the best when the work curve reaches its highest point. Similarly, the second and the third days of the week are the best when momentum is the highest.
• Monday is only the warming up day and Saturday is perhaps the worst. So subjects like English, regional languages, and Mathematics should be taught during the best periods of the day.
• Similarly, subjects like arts, crafts, writing, science practicals and manual work, etc., that require less energy should be pursued in the last periods.
• Lastly, the duration of periods must change according to age, physical condition, and season. In summer, periods should be of shorter duration as compared to winter.
• Similarly, in the case of primary classes, periods should not be very long. Small children get fatigued very soon and, so they need frequent changes in activities and occupations.  

Hence, it is clear that according to the 'element of fatigue' principle of timetable construction, subjects like arts, crafts, writing, science practicals, and manual work, etc., should be pursued in the last period.

It is the identity equation

In the fraction equation

Let the angle be = x the supplement = 180^o – x

According to the question,

x = 2(180^o – x)

3x = 360^o

x = 120^o

The correct option is Option A.

All equilateral triangles have the same angles by the congruence rule (SSS)

So, TTS <—> PQR

Factors of a² + ab + bc + ca

• Step 1: Factor out common terms

Given expression: a² + ab + bc + ca

= a(a + b) + c(b + a)

= a(a + b) + c(a + b)

• Step 2: Factor by grouping

= (a + c)(a + b)

Therefore, the factors of a² + ab + bc + ca are (a + c)(a + b).

In a parallelogram ABCD, ∠D = 115° (Given)

Since, ∠A and ∠D are adjacent angles of parallelogram. 

We know, Adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary. 

∠A + ∠D = 180° 

∠A = 180° – 115°  = 65° 

Measure of ∠A is 65°.

L.C.M. of 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 120 
Pair of 2, 3 and 5 is not completed.
To make it a perfect square, the number should be multiplied by 2, 3, 5.

Required number = 120 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 3600.

Upstream = (x-y) km/hr

Downstream =(x+y)km/hr

20(x+y)=2

X+Y=10.....(1)

4(x-y)=2

x-y=2....(2)

Solve both equations

x+y=10

x-y=2

2x=12

X=6

Substitute x=6in i

6+y=10

Y=4

Speed of rowing in still water is 6km/hr.

the speed of still water is 4km/hr

So option B is correct answer. 

Mode is the most occurred value. In the data we have three 5 and three 8 , so if mode is only 8 then the value of x must be 8 ,so that only 8 is the most occurring value.

Let three spheres are S₁, S₂ & S₃
having radii r₁ = 3cm, r₂ = 4cm & r₃ = 5cm respectively.
Let the radius of new Big sphere S is R.
A/Q,
Volume of new Sphere  S = Sum of volumes three Spheres S₁, S₂ & S₃

Distance increased every day is the common difference for the AP which is 0.5
Initial distance is 5 km , so a=5
To find the distance at 10th day, so n=10
l=a+(n-1)d
 =5+(10-1)0.5
 =5+4.5=9.5km