KVS TGT Social Science Mock Test - 2 - KVS PGT/TGT/PRT MCQ

'Jade' is a 'green' precious stone in the same way 'Garnet' is a 'red' precious stone.

Clearly, each word is coded by the numeral which is 1 less than the number of letters in the word.
Since, there are 10 letters in the word GOVERNMENT, so required = 10 – 1 = 9.
Hence, option C is correct.

Learning is a permanent change in the behavior of a person. It is a universal and continuous process that brings a change in the thinking, behavior, and attitude of an individual.

Key PointsInteraction is when people communicate their thoughts, feelings, and attitude with each other and react with one another.

• It is the most important part of classroom activity which makes the teaching and learning process effective and it increases the ability of learners to communicate effectively and efficiently.
• Interaction in a classroom environment generates the ability of the students to ask questions with each other and discuss and give their ideas and thoughts on that question.

Strategies for improving classroom teaching learning interactions:-

• Encourage students to take part in classroom activities.
• Avoid giving punishment to students.
• Reciprocate freely the thoughts of students with idealization.
• Encourage their initiative in activities.
• Give rewards and praise them work their skills.
• Emphasis on making the teaching-learning process effective.

Post adolescence(18-21 years) means adolescents complete their physical development and their height is grown fully.  they become more focused on the future, become emotionally stable, and physically strong.

Thus, it is concluded that the free reciprocation of thoughts with an idealization strategy is related to the development of post-adolescence in improving the classroom teaching learning interactions.

Economic Socialization: 

• Socialism is a populist economic and political system based on public ownership (also known as collective or common ownership) of the means of production. Those means include the machinery, tools, and factories used to produce goods that aim to directly satisfy human needs.
• Economic socialization is described as helping children develop the skills to function effectively in the global economic world.
• In a more condensed definition, economic socialization is; Children's and adolescents' developmental competencies in understanding and participating in the economic process.
• For Rinaldi and Bonanomi (2011), economic socialization can be understood as the process by which individuals acquire and build skills, knowledge, and attitudes relevant to their role in the economy and, therefore, to their relationship with money.

Conclusion: 

As the name suggests, economic socialization is related to the economic thinking or perspective of the people entering in the society as a grown-up. It is basically helping the children or the adolescents develop the skills to function effectively in the global market by their different perspectives and approach. The belief, values, and content shared by a group is part of culture or tradition that is inherited from one generation to another in the society. Even the perception of different people in society forms part of the culture. Hence, the correct explanation of economic socialization is, it is the process through which a new entrant to society with different backgrounds people responds differently and develops differently, and behaves differently in economic thinking and perspective. So, option (3) is correct.

Theories of learning are generally derived from past experience, or formulated to serve the needs of the present and the future. If we want to implement our educational plan or improve the practice of teaching-learning or change the educational system itself, we should acquire the necessary knowledge of various theories of learning. 

Key Points

Significance of Field Theory of Learning:

• It is primarily emphasis to study of the purposiveness of the behavior of children in a specific situation and condition.
• Learning theories not only describe and explain the necessary conditions under which learning takes and modification of behavior takes place.
• The proponents of learning theories like Pavlov, Skinner, Thorndike, they pose some conditions for stimulus for behavior modification.
• A learning theory is a general concept about earning. It means that it simply applies to everyone, to all learning tasks, and to all conditions and situations in which learning takes place.
• It diagnoses particular learning needs, identifies personal learning capabilities on the basis of which formulates learning goals, identifies possible resources (human as well ds material) which could facilitate learning, identify, choose and implement suitable learning strategies, and evaluate learning progress, pace and outcomes. 
• In addition, it explains, predicts, and controls the ways in which various environmental influences affect learning. 

​NOTE:

• Some Learning Theories- 
  • Thorndike's Trial and Error Theory
  • Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Theory 
  • Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory 

Hence it becomes clear that the Field Theory of Learning places primary emphasis upon the purposiveness of behavior.

Insight learning theory is a problem-solving method. The main thinker in gestalt theory is Kohler. He experimented on apes. The no. of apes was 6 but the main was only one, the name of the ape was Sultan.

Key Points  There are some essential points related to the Insight theory.

• In this theory, it is told that when any person is in a problem, he will search every option for a solution.
• Theory focus on that between all options for a solution, an idea stuck in mind for the right solution.
• In this theory, a sudden solution is a rule. "Once the solution has appeared, it can be repeated immediately the next time the problem is confronted".
• The insight theory is also known as the gestalt theory.
• The founder of gestalt theory is Max Wertheimer. 
• The word Gestalt means the whole part or structure. 
• Kohler, Koffka, and Max Werthimer are the main psychologist related to gestalt theory.

Hence we can say that this statement, A sudden solution is a rule, "Once the solution has appeared, it can be repeated immediately the next time the problem is confronted" has been given in Insight Learning Theory. 

Additional Information

• They are some important factors affecting the Insight:- Experience, Intelligence, Learning Sirtutation, Initial effort, Repetition, and Generalisation.
• This theory does not focus on Rote Learning.
• This theory is based on experiments with animals.

Constructivism:- It is a philosophy of learning founded on the premise that by reflecting on our experiences, we construct our own understanding of the world we live in. A view of learning is based on the belief that knowledge is not a thing that can simply be given by the teacher at the front of the room to students at their desks.

• Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct knowledge rather than just passively take in information. As people experience the world and reflect upon those experiences, they build their own representations and incorporate new information into their pre-existing knowledge (schemas).
• Wilson defines a constructivist environment as “a place where learners may work together and support each other as they use a variety of tools and information resources in their guided pursuit of learning goals and problem-solving activities”
• The constructivist environment is related to the constructivist approach of education which gives primacy to collaborative learning by involving learners in discussions and projects.

Key Points Constructivist environment:

• emphasizes collaborative learning.
• ensures the active involvement of learners and promotes peer tutoring.
• allows learners to foster their own strategy of learning to perform a task.
• provides ample opportunities to learners to make them work at their own pace.
• views learners as makers of meaning and creators of knowledge through social interaction.
• Teachers elicit students’ ideas and experiences in relation to key topics, then fashion learning situations that assist students in elaborating on or restructuring their current knowledge.
• Learners are purposive, active, and responsible for their own learning. They bring their prior experiences and knowledge to all learning situations.

Hint

•  In the constructivist learning environment, teachers assess learners during the teaching-learning process and give feedback on the learning process rather than the products.

Hence, it is concluded that teachers employ a specific end of the term assessment strategies and give feedback on products rather than processes that would not be consistent with a constructivist environment.​

Language learning is a result of deliberate and conscious effort for a better understanding of foundational skills of language learning. It refers to have a basic knowledge of grammatical rules and their use in communication.

Key Points

Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.

Classic conditioning- Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist has propounded the 'Theory of Classical  Conditioning which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution. 

• This is the simplest form of conditioning, described Pavlov, a Russian Psychologist.
• Conditioning is a term used to describe the process by which a neutral stimulus gains the power to elicit a specific conditioned response.
• This is explained through the experiments done by Pavlov. He associated the presentation of food to the dog with another stimulus as the sound of the bell.
• After giving some trials in which the bell preceded the presentation of food, the dog started salivating at the sound of the bell.
• So a habit was developed by associating food with a bell .same we can use during the classroom when teaching about words.

Important Points  

Educational implication of classical conditioning in language learning

• In the classroom context when words are associated with pictures or meaning in language learning is an example of classic conditioning. Patterns of stimulus-response (also represented as the equation S>R) form the basis of the explanation of language learning that has been given by the school of Behaviourist psychology.
• The principle of classical conditioning is used by teachers in classroom teaching for language learning and subjects like Mathematics.
• The classical conditioning of responses to the meaning of words associated with pictures.
• It can be used to develop a favorable attitude towards language learning and learning of other subjects.
• It develops good habits of language learning and moral learning and eliminates the bad habits in students.

Additional Information

• Operant Conditioning- The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in behavior. Change in behavior means a person's response (individual/child) to the event (stimuli) that occur in the environment.
• Trial and error method- A person makes a number of; trials some responses do not give satisfaction to the individual, but he goes on making further; trials till he gets a satisfactory response.
• The Discovery method of learning is a method of inquiry-based instruction. Jerome Bruner is often credited with originating discovery learning in the 1960s.
  • He argues that “practice in discovery for oneself teaches one to acquire information in a way that makes that information more readily viable in problem-solving”.
  • Discovery learning takes place in a problem-solving situation where the student draws on his/her own experience and prior knowledge.
  • It is a method of instruction through which students interact with their environment by exploring and manipulating objects and performing experiments.

Hence, we can conclude that associating words with pictures or meanings in language learning is an example of classic conditioning.

Apart from the community in general and the parents of the students, the school seeks collaboration with several agencies. Such joint ventures are mutually beneficial. 

• The school head's responsibility is not over with the formation of networks. The smooth operation of partnerships or collaborations is equally important. It often happens that in spite of the members of a collaboration realizing the benefits accrued, the consortia or partnerships break down.

Key PointsSome of the measures that can be adopted for the smooth functioning of the formation of learning communities: 

• Clarity of goals and the means: The goals formulated should not have any ambiguity. They should be clearly understood by the participants. Clarity should also be there regarding the procedure i.e. means to achieve the goals. 
• Documents: The necessary documents for contracts, papers regarding the agreement, terms and conditions should be prepared and every participant should have copies of the documents. 
• Frequent meetings: Frequent meetings among the participating members keep the collaboration moving. The benefits accrued have to be highlighted during the meetings, the conflicts resolved through discussions and assessment of the achievements and plans for improvement have to be chalked out. 

Hence, it is clear that all of the above measures should be adopted for forming learning communities and ensuring their smooth functioning. 

Democratic education is an education in which teachers and learners work together as equals. Democratic Education is based on respect, tolerance, and love

• In Democratic Education Teachers creatively engaging students in the classroom.
• Teachers go beyond the conventional curriculum to build a more relevant and engaging experience in the classroom.
• The teacher may employ practices like self-directing learning, shared decision-making, individualized project-based work, and student-chosen internships in the community.

Important Points

To impart democratic education in school a teacher should-

• Organize group work: Students working in small groups learn more and demonstrate better knowledge retention than students taught in other instructional formats. A teacher can divide students into a group for the effective learning process. Group work can be incorporated into almost any course, regardless of size, discipline, or level. 
• Encourage free discussion: Motivating students to actively participate in the in-class activity.  A Teacher should Encourage free discussion in the classroom. He should encourage students to participate in the learning process.
• Act as a supervisor: A teacher should be a democratic classroom. He should facilitate learning opportunities. He should provide appropriate support to students.

Hence, we can conclude that to impart democratic education in school, a teacher should not believe in the domination of textbooks.

• The French Revolution led to the end of monarchy in France. A society based on privileges gave way to a new system of governance.
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man during the revolution, announced the coming of a new time.
• The idea that all individuals had rights and could claim equality became part of a new language of politics.
• These notions of equality and freedom emerged as the central ideas of a new age; but in different countries they were reinterpreted and rethought in many different ways.
• The anti-colonial movements in India and China, Africa and South America, produced ideas that were innovative and original, but they spoke in a language that gained currency only from the late eighteenth century.
• The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution.
• These spread from France to the rest of Europe during the nineteenth century, where feudal systems were abolished.
• Colonised peoples reworked the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to create a sovereign nation state.
• Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy are two examples of individuals who responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France. 

The Correct Answer isChitemene.

Key Points 

• In India, swidden agriculture is known by different names such as jhum, dhya, penda, bewar, nevad, podu, khandad and kumri
• kumeri cultivation
  • Slash and burn or shifting cultivation is an age-old farming practice locally known as kumeri.
  • Family members or a group of villagers clear a patch of natural forest of all plants, shrubs, bushes, and trees which are then burnt on the land to provide natural manure.
• In India, this primitive form of cultivation is called 'Bewar' or 'Dahiya' in Madhya Pradesh, 'Podu' or 'Penda' in Andhra Pradesh, 'Pama Dabi' or 'Koman' or Bringa' in Odisha, 'Kumari' in Western Ghats, 'Valre' or 'Waltre' in South-eastern Rajasthan, 'Khil' in the Himalayan belt, 'Kuruwa' in Jharkhand, and 'Jhumming'.

Additional Information 

• Farming are three types:-
  • Subsistence farming. Subsistence farming is described as family farming because it meets the needs of the farmer's family. 
  • Commercial Farming. In this farming, crops are growing for sale in the market. 
  • Home Farming:- Home farming includes terrace farming and gardening.

The correct answer is Russian Revolution.

Key Points

• Marxism is a philosophy that is named after Karl Marx.
• It basically examines the effect of capitalism on labor, productivity, and economic development.
• It says that the struggle between different social classes defines economic relations in a capitalist economy and will lead to revolutionary communism.

Additional Information

• Russian Revolution Overview:-​
  • 1900 - Nicholas II was the ruler of the Russian Empire.
  • 1904 - Russia got defeated in a war with Japan and atrocities from the ruler led to huge protests and call for reform. (there was widespread discontent among almost all social classes.)
  • 1905 - After Bloody Sunday, Nicholas II allowed a legislature for the people.
  • 1914 - Russia got defeated in WWI and suffered heavy losses.
  • 1917 - Lenin returned and take back control, February revolution begins
  • 1918 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed, Royal family murdered
  • 1922 - Stalin became the General Secretary, Lenin retires from politics, USSR was established.
  • 1929 - Stalin became the sole ruler of the USSR.

The correct answer is Olympe de Gouges.

Key Points

'The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen was written by French playwright and political activist Olympe de Gouges.

• Gouges wrote it to expose the shortcomings of the French revolution and promote gender equality.
• The 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen' exposed many inconsistencies regarding race, gender, religion.
• It was dedicated to Queen Marie Antoinette, the wife of Louis XVI, who was the last king of France.
• Similar to the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen', this one also had 17 articles.
• Gouges also called for an end to the practice of slavery.
• In response to its publication, many suspected Gorges of treason as the document was dedicated to the queen of France. She was sentenced to execution by the guillotine (i.e. beheading).
• The document inspired Mary Wollstonecraft, a British activist. Wollstonecraft published the 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects' in 1792 calling for gender equality. It also inspired Elizabeth Cady Stanton, an American activist who published the 'Declaration of Sentiments', also known as the 'Declaration of Rights and Sentiments' in 1848.

Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.

Key Points

• This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world.
• Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840.
• The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural.

​Hence, the correct answer is Britain.

Additional Information

The technological changes included the following:

• The uses new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel.
• The use of new energy sources, such as coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal combustion engine. The invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy.
• A new organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed the increased division of labor and specialization of function.
• Important developments in transportation and communication, including the steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio.
• The increasing application of science to industry. These technological changes made possible a tremendously increased use of natural resources and the mass production of manufactured goods.

The correct answer is Three.

Key Points 

• India is a peninsula because it is surrounded by water on three sides.
  • The Indian Peninsula is surrounded by water in the Southwest, South, and Southeast.
  • The Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east.
  • In the north, India is attached to the landmass.
  • A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered by water on three sides but connected to the mainland.

Additional Information 

• The length of the coastline in India is 7516.6 km Mainland.
• Indian coastline touches nine states Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, and two union territories Daman and Diu and Puducherry.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• La Nina
  • It is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific, compared to El Niño, which is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
  • It is also known as a ‘cold event’. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
  • Here, the water temperature in the eastern equatorial pacific is cooler than normal. As a result of this, strong high pressure is created over the eastern equatorial Pacific while low pressure is created in the Western Pacific and off Asia.
  • La Nina causes drought in Peru and Ecuador, heavy floods in Australia, high temperatures in Western Pacific, and the Indian Ocean, off the Somalian coast, and good monsoon rains in India. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
  • La Nina causes heavy monsoons in India and Southeast Asia. Hence, Statement 4 is not correct.

Additional Information

• El Nino:
  • El Nino refers warming of sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific.
  • El Nino is associated with high pressure in the western Pacific.
  • El Nino is the opposite of La Nina.
  • Rainfall follows the warm water eastward, with associated flooding in Peru and drought in Indonesia and Australia.
  • El Nino adversely impacts the Indian monsoons and hence, agriculture in India.

The correct answer is to Express the age-sex distribution of a population.

Key Points

• Population pyramids are important graphs for visualizing how populations are composed when looking at groups divided by age and sex.

• The population pyramid is a graphical representation of the age and sex composition of a specific population.
• Age structure represents the number of people of different age groups and is an important indicator of population composition.
• Demographers express the share of the dependent age groups using a metric called the 'age dependency ratio'. This measures the ratio between 'dependents' (the sum of young and old) to the working-age population that is aged between 15 to 64 years old.
• The large size of the population in the age group of 15- 59 indicates a large working population.
• A greater proportion of the population above 60 years represents an ‘ageing population’ or ‘the elderly population’ which requires more expenditure on health care facilities.
• A high proportion of the young population would mean that the region has a high birth rate and the population is youthful. This population is known as children and young adolescents who are under 15 years old.

The correct answer is Tropical Deciduous Forests.

Key Points

• Tropical Deciduous Forests:
  • They are the most widespread in India.
  • They are also called monsoon forests.
  • They spread over regions which receive rainfall between 70-200 cm.
  • Based on the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist and dry deciduous.

Additional Information

• Tropical Evergreen Forests are found in warm and humid areas with annual precipitation of over 200 cm and a mean annual temperature above 22°C.
• Mountain forests can be defined as forests
  • On land with an elevation of 2500 m above sea level or higher, irrespective of the slope, or
  • On land with an elevation of 300–2500 m and a slope with sharp changes in elevation within a short distance.
• Mangrove forests are productive wetlands that occur in coastal intertidal zones.

A three-tier structure of the Indian administration for rural development is called Panchayati Raj. The aim of the Panchayati Raj is to develop local self-governments in districts, zones and villages.

Important Points

Institutions of Panchayati Raj:

• Gram Sabha is the primary body of the Panchayati Raj system. 
  • This permanent body is the body of the electorate.
  • This means that all other institutions – Gram Panchayat, Zilla Parishad, etc. (which we will be talking about later) – are elected by the Gram Sabha. Moreover, the Gram Sabha acts as a forum where people can discuss matters of governance and development.
  • Therefore, Gram Sabha is the primary and fundamental component of the local self-government system.
• Gram Panchayat is the lowest level in the panchayat pyramid system.
  • ​The main work of the Gram Panchayat is to take care of social issues, construct and maintain schools, roads and drainage facilities, etc., and to levy and collect local taxes.
  • ​The Gram Panchayat is accountable to the general body of voters in the village, i.e. the Gram Sabha, as well as to the two levels of authority above it in the hierarchy.
• Nyaya Panchayat is a part of the Panchayat system which is formed to settle disputes among the villagers.
  • Its various functions are: It strives to solve petty criminal and civil cases, wherein the parties in dispute explain their sides to the members of the Panchayat.

From the above, we can say that Gram Cooperative Society is not a Panchayati Raj Institution.

• The President of India has the same powers and functions as Queen of Britain.
• They occupy the De jure position in the government. They are the Nominal Head of the state and all decisions and actions are taken in their name.
• This is because India has borrowed the Parliamentary government feature from Britain.
• Rule of Law, Legislative procedure and Single citizenship are also some borrowed features from Britain.

The correct answer is the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers

Key Points

• Real executive power vests in a Council of Minister with the Prime Minister as the head.
• Article 74(1) of the Constitution provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.
• The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, the House of the People.
• Thus, it is clear that the real executive power under the Constitution of India rests with the Prime Minister and his council.

Additional Information

• In the states, the Governor, as the representative of the President, is the head of the Executive, but real executive power rests with the Chief Minister who heads the Council of Ministers.
• The Council of Ministers of a state is collectively responsible to the elected legislative assembly of the state.
• The Constitution governs the sharing of legislative power between Parliament and the State Legislatures and provides for the vesting of residual powers in Parliament.
• The power to amend the Constitution also vests in Parliament.
• The Union Executive consists of the President, the Vice-President and Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President.

The correct answer is Vidhan Parishad.

• ​​​The Parliament of India includes President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha not Vidhan Parishad.
• The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India.

Key Points

1. It is a bicameral legislature composed of the President of India and two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People).
2. The President of India, the head of state, is a component of Parliament. Under Article 60 and Article 111.
3. Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house has 543 members. 543 members are directly elected by citizens of India on the basis of a universal adult franchise representing Parliamentary constituencies across the country.
4. Rajya Sabha (Council of States) or the upper house is a permanent body not subject to dissolution. One-third of the members retire every second year and are replaced by newly elected members. 

Mistake Points

1. The State Legislative Council or Vidhan Parishad is the upper house in those states of India that have a bicameral state legislature; the lower house is the State Legislative Assembly. Its establishment is defined in Article 168 of the Constitution of India.

Hence, Parliament does not include Vidhan Parishad.

The correct answer is Everyone is entitled to equal rights and equal exercise of the rights.

A democratic government must uphold equality, which means that everyone has the same constitutional rights, regardless of caste, gender, or religion. The right to equality is one of the fundamental rights(Article 14) protected by the constitution.

Key Points

• When the personnel of the public sector reflects the society it serves, diversity and inclusion may support democracy, trust, and creativity. Limiting groupthink and fostering a culture where new ideas can emerge can be achieved through fostering diverse perspectives and experiences among the government employees.
• People in democracies make requests, but owing to diversity, each group will present a different set of needs. Thus, political factions based on language, religion, or other factors are formed. Democracy also permits politics based on a variety of interests. 
• Citizens' freedoms and liberties are safeguarded by fundamental rights, which also stop authoritarian and totalitarian authority from taking root in the nation. They are crucial for the overall development of people and the nation.
• "The State shall not deny to any individual within the territory of India, equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws." The citizens are protected under Article 15 against any type of discrimination by the State on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, or any combination of those factors.

The correct answer is Primary sector

Key Points

• Natural process of production: This refers to the extraction or harvesting of resources that occur naturally, without significant human intervention.
• Industrial sector (Option 1): This sector focuses on transforming raw materials into finished products through manufacturing processes.
• Tertiary sector (Option 2): This sector deals with providing services instead of producing goods.
• Secondary sector (Option 3): This sector, similar to the industrial sector, involves transforming raw materials but may include construction activities as well.
• Primary sector (Option 4): This sector encompasses activities that directly utilize natural resources. Examples include agriculture, mining, forestry, and fishing.
• Since the question refers to production through natural processes, the primary sector best fits the description. This sector relies on the growth and regeneration capabilities of nature for production.

• A particular currency can be made acceptable only if the government recognizes as a ‘Legal Tender’ as per the RBI Act of 1934 and the Coinage Act,2011 of India.
• In India, the banknotes are an unlimited legal tender.
• The coins are only a limited legal tender in India which means that the acceptor can refuse to accept coins after a particular limit as per his or her convenience.

The correct answer is Repo Rate.

Key Points

• Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of India in case of India) lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds.
• Repo rate is used by monetary authorities to control inflation.
• Current Repo Rate: 4% (July 2022)
• It is a rate on short-term, collateral-backed borrowing.

Additional Information

• Reverse Repo rate is the rate at which the Reserve Bank of India borrows funds from the commercial banks in the country.
• The bank rate is the rate of interest that is charged by a central bank while lending loans to a commercial bank.
• In the event of a fund deficiency, a bank can borrow money from the central bank of a country. 
• Cash reserve ratio or CRR is a part of the RBI's monetary policy, which helps eliminate liquidity risk and regulate the money supply in the economy.

The correct answer is 1 April, 1935.Key Points

• Reserve Bank of India was established on 1 April, 1935.
• The Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of the country.
• The Reserve Bank of India was set up on the basis of the recommendations of the Hilton Young Commission.
• The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934  provides the statutory basis for the functioning of the Bank, which commenced operations on April 1, 1935.
• The Bank was constituted to - Regulate the issue of banknotes, Maintain reserves with a view to securing monetary stability and operate the credit and currency system of the country to its advantage.

• The Consumer Protection Act was passed in 1986 in India.
• Consumer Protection Act 1986 is popularly known as COPRA.
• This Act enabled the consumers to have the right to represent in consumer courts.
• Under the act, three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at district, state and national levels were set up.
• It was enacted to protect the interests of consumers in India.
• The Act is regarded as the 'Magna Carta in the field of consumer protection for checking unfair trade practices, 'defects in goods' and 'deficiencies in services'.

Thus, the consumer protection system in India is three-tier.