KVS TGT Social Science Mock Test - 8 - KVS PGT/TGT/PRT MCQ

The correct order will be:
The grocer → who was in the habit of weighing less (Q)→ did not listen to the protests of customer (P)→ whom he had cheated (R)→ with great audacity. (S)

कविपुंगव' का समास विग्रह है-कवि में पुंगव।Key Points

• "पुंगव" शब्द का अर्थ होता है श्रेष्ठ।
• कविपुंगव में अधिकरण तत्पुरुष समास है।
• अधिकरण तत्पुरुष में पहला पद प्रधान होता है।
• वनवास – वन में वास।
• इस समास में वास प्रधान है और ‘में’ और ‘पर’ संबंध कारक चिह्न का लोप है।

Additional Informationसमास

• समास का शाब्दिक अर्थ छोटा रूप होता है | ​
• दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों से मिलकर बने नए व छोटे शब्द को समास कहते है |

विकल्प घी के दिए जलाना सही है।

Key Points

• घी के दिए जलाना
  • अर्थ: खुशियाँ मनाना
  • वाक्य प्रयोग: भगवान श्रीराम के अयोध्या लौटने पर प्रजा ने घी के दिए जलाए थे।

Additional Information

• घाव पर नमक छिड़कन
  • अर्थ: दुखी को और दुखी करना
  • वाक्य प्रयोग : वह अनुत्तीर्ण होने के कारण पहले दुखी है, तुम जली – कटी सुनाकर उसके घाव पर नमक छिड़क रहे हो।
• घोड़े बेचकर सोना
  • अर्थ : निश्चित होना
  • वाक्य प्रयोग: दिन-भर थकने के बाद मजदूर रात को घोड़े बेचकर सोते हैं।
• चाँद पर थूकना
  • अर्थ:निर्दोष पर दोष लगाना
  • वाक्य प्रयोग: अरे, उस संत-महात्मा पर व्यभिचार का आरोप लगाना चाँद पर थूकना है ।

Important Points

• अन्य उदाहरण
• झोली भरना
  • अर्थ – भरपूर प्राप्त होना
• टाँग अड़ाना
  • अर्थ – अड़चन डालना
• टका सा जबाब देना
  • अर्थ – साफ़ इनकार करना
• टस से मस न होना
  • अर्थ – कुछ भी प्रभाव न पड़ना
• टोपी उछालना
  • अर्थ – निरादर करना

Intensity of cropping refers to growing a number of crops on a field in one agricultural year. It reflects the efficiency of land use and is calculated based on the total area cultivated in relation to the actual land size.

Khushwant Singh, the prominent Indian author, journalist, and humorist, refused to accept the 'Padma Bhushan' award in 1974 as a protest against the government's actions in the aftermath of the Emergency in India.

The correct answer is Option D: Canberra. Canberra is the capital of Australia. Be cautious not to confuse it with other cities like Lahore, Mumbai, or Karachi, which are capitals of different countries.

Putrescibility is the process of decomposition of organic matter in water by microorganisms using oxygen. Understanding terms related to water pollution and remediation processes is essential for effective environmental science knowledge.

Hence, option D is correct.

The numeric value of the letters (considering A to be 1 and Z to be 26) is added and simplified to obtain a single digit.

For RAM, the numeric value of R, A and M is 18, 1 and 13 respectively. Their sum is 32, Now 32 is further simplified to obtain a single digit by adding 3 and 2, which gives us 5 as the final value.
Similarly for GUI, the numeric value of G,U and I is 7, 21 and 9 respectively. Their sum is 37, which is simplified as 3 + 7 = 10 => 1 + 0 = 1.
Similar process will be done to obtain the code for SAP, the numeric value of S, A and P is 19, 1 and 16 respectively. Their sum is 36, which is simplified as 3 + 6 = 9.
So, the code for SAP is 9.
Hence option (B) is correct.

The typical elements of process image are:

• User data


• System data


• User program


• System stack

Explanation:

• User data: This includes the data that is specific to the user and is used by the user program.


• System data: This includes the data that is used by the operating system to manage the process, such as process control block (PCB), process state, priority, etc.


• User program: This is the actual program code that is executed by the processor.


• System stack: This is the stack used by the system for managing function calls and local variables.

Therefore, the typical elements of a process image include user data, system data, user program, and system stack.

Explanation:


Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting. Multicasting is a network communication method where a single data packet is sent to multiple destinations simultaneously. It is commonly used for streaming media, video conferencing, and online gaming.
Class D addresses have a range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The first four bits of the address are always set to 1110, indicating that it is a Class D address. The remaining 28 bits can be used to specify different multicast groups.
Some key points about Class D addresses include:
- They are reserved for multicasting purposes.
- They cannot be assigned to individual devices or hosts.
- They are used to deliver data packets to multiple hosts in a network.
- They are not routable over the internet and are typically used within local networks or private networks.
- Multicast routing protocols, such as Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), are used to manage multicast traffic and ensure it reaches the intended recipients.
In summary, Class D addresses are specifically reserved for multicasting and are used to deliver data packets to multiple hosts simultaneously.

Difference between the Internet and an Intranet:
1. Accessibility and Scope:
- Internet: Public network accessible to anyone with an internet connection.
- Intranet: Private network accessible only to authorized users within an organization.
2. Ownership and Control:
- Internet: Owned and controlled by various organizations and service providers.
- Intranet: Owned and controlled by a specific organization.
3. Privacy and Security:
- Internet: Generally considered less secure as it is exposed to external threats.
- Intranet: Can be more secure as it is protected behind firewalls and other security measures.
4. Connectivity:
- Internet: Connects millions of devices worldwide, enabling global communication.
- Intranet: Connects devices within a specific organization, facilitating internal communication.
5. Content and Purpose:
- Internet: Hosts a vast amount of publicly accessible information, services, and websites.
- Intranet: Primarily used for internal purposes such as sharing company resources, documents, and collaboration.
6. Monitoring and Control:
- Internet: Can be monitored and controlled to some extent by service providers and government agencies.
- Intranet: Can be more closely monitored and controlled by the organization, ensuring data privacy and compliance.
7. Scalability:
- Internet: Designed to accommodate a large number of users and devices across the globe.
- Intranet: Designed to serve the specific needs of a particular organization, generally smaller in scale.
8. Cost:
- Internet: Access to the internet typically involves subscription fees or usage charges.
- Intranet: Costs associated with setting up and maintaining an intranet are borne by the organization.
In summary, the main difference between the internet and an intranet lies in their accessibility, ownership, security, purpose, and control. The internet is a public network accessible to all, while an intranet is a private network limited to authorized users within an organization. The internet is less secure and more exposed to external threats, whereas an intranet can have higher security measures in place. The internet connects devices globally, while an intranet connects devices within an organization. The internet hosts public information and services, while an intranet is primarily used for internal communication and resource sharing. Finally, the internet can be monitored and controlled by service providers and governments, while an intranet is monitored and controlled by the organization itself.

 Passion has a motivating factor; therefore, it is a significant need for high-quality learning and teaching.

Important Points

• Passion is seeking for the new and experiencing new ideas. 
• Passion is on the basis of effective teaching.
• The passion which is indispensable for learning and teaching facilitates learning through the desire and enthusiasm it creates.
• Passionate teachers by creating effective learning environments endeavor to increase the learning potentials of their students.

Example: Every week a teacher who has a personal interest in music shares with the class current news about musicians and music events and then displays the articles on a bulletin board. The teacher then encourages students to share current events of their own choosing with the class because the teacher is showing enthusiasm for a topic and therefore engaging students in the learning process.

Additional Information

• Only modeling any specific reading strategies or modeling making text-to-text connections by sharing the articles will not be able to keep students' motivation level high or encourage them to follow their passion. We learn by doing not only by reading or writing. 

Hence we can conclude that the right answer to this question is promoting a passion for learning.

The early years are the most significant years for human growth, development and learning of all children including those with special needs due to disability conditions. The all-around capacities that emerge in the 3 to 6 years age group are the prerequisites for later success in school and life.

• National Council of Educational Research and Training has framed the Preschool curriculum that aim at helping teachers, administrators, policy planners and other stakeholders to provide good quality preschool education to children.
• Preschool and primary education together come under the elementary level of education.

Key Points School readiness:

• Before the child enters class 1 i.e. formal schooling, the preparatory school equips him with the appropriate cognitive, pre-literacy and pre-numeracy skills.
• These skills are critical to succeed in the school environment.
• These skills that are reading, writing and arithmetic comprise what is referred to as school readiness.
• Other skills that are desirable to be acquired in some measure before formal schooling begins to include the capacity to be sedentary and pay attention, social interaction, shape and colour identification, correlating alphabets to their sounds, counting numbers etc. 
• Matching, sorting, labelling, grouping, and pattern-making are some of the pre-academic skills required for children to be ready for the higher school curriculum.

Hence, it can be concluded that content executed at pre-primary and primary levels may include readiness for reading, writing and arithmetic.

Mid-day meal scheme is a meal program that was implemented in schools for school-going children to fulfil their nutrition needs. School-going age is the crucial developing years in which physical development rapidly occurs.  

Key Points

• The PM POSHAN is a revamped scheme that has been launched for 5 years, from 2021-22 to 2025-26.
• It will also focus on monitoring the nutritional levels of school children.
• According to this scheme, a nutritional expert will be appointed in each school to ensure that the BMI, weight levels and haemoglobin levels of the students are monitored.
• It also aims to develop nutrition gardens on school campuses with active participation by students.
• Cooking competitions can also be part of this scheme. 

Thus, it can be concluded that PM POSHAN is the correct answer.  

Teaching-learning materials (TLMs) are tools, which are used by teachers to help learners to learn concepts with ease and efficiency They are any collection of materials including animate and inanimate objects and human and non-human resources.

• A teacher may use these in teaching and learning situations to achieve desired learning aims and objectives as per a specific subject.
• They are tools used in instructional activities, which include active learning and assessment. They may be in Print (Textbooks, pamphlets, handouts, study guides, manuals), Audio (Cassettes, microphone, podcast), Visual (Charts, real objects, photographs, transparencies), Audiovisual (Slides, tapes, films, filmstrips, television, video, multimedia), Electronic (Interactive Computers, graphing calculators, tablets).

Important Points

Workbooks: Workbooks are paperback textbooks.  This is a specific kind of instructional material through which students are made to do their classwork and homework with play way exercise. These contain practice problems, with empty space so that the answers can be written directly in the book.

• Student performance on workbook tasks can provide teachers with extended information about the work of each of their students.
• Workbook activities train students to work independently. In most classrooms, students do their workbook tasks independently. It is likely that several years of this kind of activity helps train students to work on their own.​

Key Points

Evaluating Workbook Tasks

• A sufficient proportion of workbook tasks should be relevant to that instruction that is going on in the rest of the unit or lesson.
• Another portion of workbook tasks should provide for a systematic and cumulative review of what has already been taught.
• Workbooks should reflect the most important (and workbook-appropriate) aspects of what is being taught in the program.
• Workbooks should contain, in a form that is readily accessible to students and teachers, extra tasks for students who need extra practice.
• The vocabulary level of workbook tasks should relate to that of the rest of the program and to the students using the program.
• The instructional language used in workbook tasks must be consistent with that used in the rest of the lesson and in the rest of the workbook.

Hence, we can conclude that a specific kind of instructional material through which students are made to do their classwork and homework with playway exercise is called a workbook.

Leadership style is the pattern of behavior that a leader exhibits, in influencing his/her subordinates towards the goals of an organization. Leadership styles change from group to group and also from situation to situation. When a group lacks a sense of direction or purpose, a directive style can be adopted by a leader, and when groups are clear of the organizational goals and objectives and perform well, non-directive styles can be adopted by a leader

Key Points Three different styles of leadership, viz. autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire style of leadership, which are as follows:

1. Autocratic leadership: The autocratic style of leadership is also known as the authoritative style or directive style of leadership, in which the autocratic leader retains most of the authority for himself/herself. This type of leadership is a one-man orchestra. An autocratic leader gives orders to his/her subordinates and expects that subordinates should give complete obedience to the orders issued. In this type, the decisions are taken by the leader without consulting others.
2. Democratic leadership: This style of leadership is also known as participative style of leadership, which can be further categorized as consensus, consultative and democratic. In this style, the subordinates are involved in decision-making. A consultative leader, takes the opinion of the employees, before making a decision and a consensus leader, makes a decision only after consulting the group members. A decision is not made final until all the members agree with the decision. In the democratic style, the final authority of making decisions rests with the subordinates.
3. Laissez-faire leadership: Laissez-faire leadership is also known as free-reign leadership, where the decision-making power is completely left with the subordinates. In this style, the leader‟s involvement in making decisions is minimized and the people are allowed to make their own decisions. The group members are given complete freedom in setting their own goals and achieving them, which gives them complete autonomy. Employees under this leader, tend to become self-sufficient and guidance is not offered by leaders unless requested. 

Thus, it infers that Autocratic leadership is one -man orchestra.

Development is the pattern of progressive, orderly, and predictable changes that begin at conception and continue throughout life. Development mostly involves changes — both growth and decline, as observed during old age. Stages of development in children are as follows:

Key Points

Later childhood is the time period from the age of 'seven to twelve years'. The signs of puberty usually begin to appear in this stage. It is also known as troublesome age, gang age, play age, etc. 

Developmental task of Late childhood

• Learning to get along with age-mates: At this age, children begin to participate in team sports and gain a sense of team success as well as personal success. They should describe close friends as people, who like the same activities, share common interests, enjoy each other’s company, and can count on each other for help. They should develop three important characteristics of team members such as interdependence, division of labor, and competition.
• Learning appropriate masculine or feminine social roles.
• Developing fundamental skills according to their culture for example skills in reading, writing and calculating: Skills are the basis of intellectual competence.
• They combine knowledge and practice directed toward identifying and solving significant and meaningful problems. Developing these concepts are necessary for everyday life.
• Developing conscience-a sense of morality and a scale of values.
• Developing attitude towards social groups and institutions.

Hence, we can conclude that Jatin is showing the developmental task of the Late childhood stage of development.

Intellectual or Cognitive development refers to the growth and change in the mental capacity that begins in infancy and reaches maturity in adolescence. It involves many abilities such as attention, perception, memory, thinking, problem-solving, and intelligence. 

• Intellectual Development is acquiring knowledge with understanding and wisdom. We get experiences with our senses of sight, touch, taste, hearing, and smell. These experiences are to be related to life by learning, understanding, and use.
• In life and the environment, changes occur frequently. The person who is intellectually developed can choose 'what and when' for appropriate action. 

Key Points

Intellectual Development in Early childhood:

• Intellectual development of early childhood depends on physical maturity and emotional relations; speech and sentences (3 years), socialization (5 years). 
• Intellectual development refers to the growth of children in such a way that their brain becomes more and more capable of understanding, analyzing, and evaluating concepts to make sense of the world around them. Part of this would be developing skills of concentration, reasoning, etc. 
• At this time, the preschool child is learning many new concepts and increasing her store of information. From your reading till now, you would have understood that she is forming ideas about things and events, air, water, plants, trees, stars, festivals, colors, numbers, and so forth
• Children's ability to use descriptions of past and future events to infer current physical and mental states.
• Under 'intellectual development', we develop skills of 'memory', 'observation', 'classification', 'reasoning', 'sequential thinking', 'use of language', 'calculative skills', and 'problem solving' etc. 
• By the age of four, most children have a more complicated understanding of time and at seven years, children's intellectual capabilities become more complex. By this time, children become increasingly able to focus on more than one aspect of an event or situation at the same time.

Hint

• Attention is one of the major steps in the learning process. The span of attention varies from individual to individual and depends on various factors. Span of attention means how large an amount of certain sort of materials can be grasped in one view and be errorless announced.
• In other words, how large a number of items like dots, beads, digits, etc. can be perceived in a single quick glance and be reported flawlessly. The capacity to look at an object carefully or with interest (attention) develops at a later age.

Thus, it is clear that increased span of attention is not the characteristics of intellectual development of early childhood.

Bruner advocated the discovery learning approach. The learner should be presented with a problem situation and motivated to seek an alternative solution. Therefore, instruction based on Bruner's theory is learner-centered placing learners as active participants.

Key Points

Discovery Learning was introduced by Jerome Bruner. It is considered a constructivist based approach to education. It is also referred to as problem-based learning and experiential learning.

• ​Discovery Learning is a method of Inquiry-Based Instruction.
• This theory encourages learners to use past experiences and knowledge to form new experiences and knowledge.
• The learner is encouraged to use their intuition, imagination, and creativity, and search for new information to discover facts, correlations, and new truths.
• The concept of discovery learning implies that students construct their own knowledge for themselves, Learner is considered active and constructor of their own knowledge. 
• Teacher guidance where the emphasis is on building upon students’ reasoning and connecting to their experiences. Teachers give direction and make sure the learning is maintained.

Therefore, Activation, maintenance, and direction are must components for Discovery Learning.

Additional Information

Stimulus situation, response, and reinforcement: Associated with operant conditioning theory given by B.F Skinner.

Assimilation, accommodation, and adaptation:

• Piaget believed that there are two basic ways that we can adapt to new experiences and information: assimilation and accommodation.
• Adaptation involves two sub processes: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the application of previous concepts to new concepts. An example is a child who refers to a whale as a “fish.” Accommodation is the altering of previous concepts in the face of new information.

The correct answer is America, Europe, and Africa.

Key Points

 Triangle commerce is a historical word that refers to trade between three ports or areas.

• When a region possesses export items that aren't needed in the region from which its major imports come, triangular trade develops.
• From the 17th century through the early 19th century, the triangle trade, sometimes known as the triangular trade, was a system of Atlantic trading routes.
• The triangle trade was named from the fact that it took place across the Atlantic Ocean between three different regions.
• Slaves, manufactured products, and cash crops were transported between West Africa, North America, and Europe via these trading routes.
• Enslaved Africans were a vital part of the economies of both the American continent and the Caribbean islands.
• Slaves in the Americas grew and harvested cash commodities like tobacco, hemp, and sugar, which were subsequently sent to Europe.
• Sugar, for example, was distilled into rum throughout Europe, usually in the liquid form known as molasses.

The best means of measuring time is by the movement of the earth, the moon, and the planets. The earth rotates 360° in about 24 hours, which means 15° an hour or 1° in four minutes.

Important Points

Earths time zone:

• Longitude plays a major role in the determination of local time.
• The 'whole earth' is divided into twenty-four time zones of approximately equal distance.
• Countries spread over large areas have adopted more than one 'time zone' for convenience.
• Russia, America, and Australia have adopted 11, 9, and 8 time zones respectively.
• The entire earth is divided into 24 zones and each time zone covers 15 degrees longitude.
• Time zones Coordinated Universal Time or UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.
• It is within about 1 second of mean solar time at 0° longitude and is not adjusted for daylight saving time.
• It is effectively a successor to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). 
• There are countries having their separate time zones. Based o the UTC time zone the world is divided into 24 time zones.

​

• There is multiple time zone in the world.

Therefore, option 3 is the correct answer.

In ancient time, there were no such instruments to determine the direction properly. People used to determine the directions with the visible celestial bodies in the sky. Polar star is one of them.

Key Points

Determining the direction in ancient time

• In ancient times, people used to determine directions during the night with the help of stars.
• The North star indicates the north direction. It is also called the Pole Star.
• It always remains in the same position in the sky.
• One can locate the position of the Pole Star with the help of the Saptarishi. 
• The easiest method for finding the North Star is by finding the ‘Plough’, an easy-to-identify group of seven stars.
• It is known as the ‘Big Dipper’ to the Americans and the ‘saucepan’ to many others.
• The North Star will always be five times the distance between these two pointers in the direction that they point (up away from the pan).
• True north lies directly under this star.
• The ‘Plough’ rotates anti-clockwise about the North Star, so it will sometimes appear on its side or even upside down.
• However, its relationship with the North Star never changes and it will always dependably point the way to it.

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

Confusion Points

1. Moon is the only natural satellite of the earth.
2. Mars is very close to the earth (after venus). It is also known as the red planet.
3. The Sun is the center of our solar system, the source of energy for all lives on the earth.

The wind is the movement of air caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun.

Key Points

Characteristics of wind:

• Wind has two important characteristics direction and speed.
• The wind is moving air and is caused by differences in air pressure within our atmosphere.
• Air under high pressure moves toward areas of low pressure.
• The greater the difference in pressure, the faster the air flows.
• The direction of the wind is expressed as the direction from which the wind is blowing.
• For example, easterly winds blow from east to west, while westerly winds blow from west to east.
• Winds have different levels of speed, such as “breeze” and “gale”, depending on how fast they blow.
• Wind speeds are based on the descriptions of winds in a scale called the Beaufort Scale, which divides wind speeds into 12 different categories, from less than 1 mph to more than 73 mph.

Hence option 1 is the correct answer.

The landscape is being continuously worn away by two processes – weathering and erosion. Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind, and ice.

Work of a river:

• The eroded material is carried away or transported by water and eventually deposited.
• This process of erosion and deposition creates different landforms on the surface of the earth. 

V-shapes valley:

• At higher gradients, downward, vertical erosion is more dominant. This produces V-shaped valleys
• The V-shaped valley is typical of one that has been carved by flowing water.
• The erosion is more pronounced when the water flow is a heavy one, and the water carries suspended particles (sedimentary load).

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

1. U-shaped valley: It is an erosional landform by Glacier. U-shaped valleys have steep sides and a wide, flat floor. They are usually straight and deep
2. Loess: When the grains of sand are very fine and light, the wind can carry them over very long distances. When such sand is deposited in large areas, it is called loess. For example, Yellow river valley China.
3. Natural levee: Natural levees are embankments formed naturally after a river floods and recedes.

The correct answer is The entire island group is built of coral deposits.

Key Points

Lakshadweep Island

• The islands of the Arabian sea include Lakshadweep and Minicoy.
• The entire group of islands is broadly divided by the Eleventh-degree channel, north of which is the Amini Island and to the south of the Cannanore Island.
• These are scattered between 8°N-12°N and 71°E -74°E longitude.
• These islands are located at a distance of 280 km-480 km off the Kerala coast.
• The entire island group is built of coral deposits. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• The entire group of islands is broadly divided by the Eleven-degree channel, north of which is the Amini Island, and to the south of the Cannanore Island. Hence, Statement 4 is not correct.
• The Islands of this archipelago have storm beaches consisting of unconsolidated pebbles, shingles, cobbles, and boulders on the eastern seaboard.
• The maritime boundary between the Maldives and India (Lakshadweep) runs through the Eightdegree channel, locally known as Addigiri Kandu.
• Saddle Peak or Saddle Hill is located on North Andaman Island in India's Andaman and the Nicobar Islands. Hence, Statement 3 is not correct.
• Narcondam is a small volcanic island located in the Andaman Sea. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.
• They are supposed to be dormant volcanoes.

​

The correct answer is Brahmaputra.

Key Points

• Majuli is a large river island situated in the middle of the Brahmaputra River in Assam.
  • Majuli is depicted as the largest river island in the world.
  • This island has been formed over a period of time due to the change of direction and area of the Brahmaputra river and its tributaries especially the Lohit river.
  • Majuli can also be called the 'cultural capital of Assam'.
  • Majuli is located in the northern part of the Jorhat district and is separated from the mainland by the Brahmaputra river.

Additional Information

• Brahmaputra River flows through Tibet, India and Bangladesh.
  • The Brahmaputra rises in the north of the Himalayas near Lake Mansarovar in the Purang district of Tibet, where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo.
  • Flowing in Tibet, this river enters the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Flowing in the valley of Assam, it is called the Brahmaputra, and then it is called Jamuna as soon as it enters Bangladesh.​

The correct answer is Expanding desert.

• Desert march process is concerned with expanding of the desert.

Additional Information 

• Desert march also called Desertification.
• Desertification is a type of land degradation in drylands in which biological productivity is lost due to natural processes or induced by human activities whereby fertile areas become increasingly arid.
• It is the spread of arid areas caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change (particularly the current global warming) and overexploitation of soil as a result of human activity.

Articles 12-35 of the Indian Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights. There are six fundamental rights of the Indian Constitution along with the constitutional articles related to them are mentioned below:

• Right to Equality (Article 14-18)
• Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)
• Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Important Points

• Right to Freedom (Articles 19 – 22)- Freedom is one of the most important ideals cherished by any democratic society. The Indian Constitution guarantees freedom to citizens. The freedom right includes many rights such as:
  • Freedom of speech
  • Freedom of expression
  • Freedom of assembly without arms
  • Freedom of association
  • Freedom to practise any profession 
  • Freedom to reside in any part of the country
• ​Right to Equality (Articles 14 – 18)
  • Article 14 is the most significant of the lot. This deals with the general principles of equality. All the situations not covered under 15 to18 are covered under this.
  • Article 14 of the constitution states that: “The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.”
  • This means that every person, who lives within the territory of India, has equal right before the law. That equals will be treated equally.
  • This right also includes the abolition of titles as well as untouchability.
  • Article 17​- Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of Untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with the law.

Thus, we can conclude that the statement 'Untouchability is not a punishable offence' is not correct. 

The correct answer is He may dissolve any House of the Parliament.

Key Points

• Article 85 of the Indian Constitution
  • The President may from time to time —
    • (a) prorogue the Houses or either House
    • (b) dissolve the House of the People
• Article 85 clearly states that it can dissolve the 'House of the People'.
• It does not say both houses.
• Article 86 of Indian Constitution
  • The President may address either House of Parliament or both Houses assembled together, and for that purpose require the attendance of members.
  • The President may send messages to either House of Parliament, whether with respect to a Bill then pending in Parliament or otherwise
• Article 108 of Indian Constitution
  • If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House and has been rejected/disagreed/more than six months have lapsed, the President may call a Joint Sitting.

Important Points

•  Rajya Sabha/Upper House
  • It is a permanent body and is not subject to dissolution.
  • However, one-third of the members retire every second year and are replaced by newly elected members.
  • Each member is elected for a term of six years.
  • The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha.